EN： The 'keep + object + in/on/at + place' pattern is used to describe storing or maintaining something in a specific location or state.
中文： 「keep + 受詞 + 介係詞（in/on/at） + 地點」的句型，用於描述將某物存放或保持在特定的位置或狀態。
You should keep these documents in a safe place.
你應該將這些文件保存在安全的地方。
EN： The 'to + infinitive' (to-infinitive) is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the action is performed (equivalent to 'in order to').
中文： 「to + 不定詞」（不定詞片語）在此處用作目的副詞，解釋「為什麼」要進行該動作（相當於「為了……」）。
She woke up early to catch the first train.
她早起是為了趕上第一班火車。
EN： In Western culture, wine storage is highly valued. A 'cellar' (often underground) is traditionally considered the ideal place to store wine because it naturally maintains a cool, constant temperature and high humidity, protecting the wine from light and temperature fluctuations.
中文： 在西方文化中，葡萄酒的儲存非常受到重視。傳統上，「地窖」（通常在地下）被認為是儲存葡萄酒的理想場所，因為它能自然保持陰涼、恆溫和高濕度，保護葡萄酒免受光線和溫度波動的影響。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, but has a strong relevance or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間點所發生的動作，但該動作與現在有著密切的關聯或影響。
The local council has found a new way to recycle plastic waste.
地方議會已經找到了一種回收塑膠垃圾的新方法。
EN： Comparative adjectives (e.g., 'more creative') are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify. For longer adjectives, we place 'more' before the adjective.
中文： 比較級形容詞（例如 'more creative'）用於比較其修飾的兩個對象之間的差異。對於較長的形容詞，我們會在形容詞前面加上 'more'（更...）。
This is a more sustainable approach to energy production.
這是一個更具永續性的能源生產方法。
EN： North-east England has a rich industrial history, particularly known for coal mining during the Industrial Revolution. Today, many of these abandoned, flooded mines are being repurposed for geothermal energy, representing a shift from traditional fossil fuels to innovative green technology.
中文： 英格蘭東北部擁有豐富的工業歷史，尤其以工業革命時期的煤炭開採而聞名。如今，許多這些被廢棄且淹水的礦井正被重新利用於地熱能，代表著從傳統化石燃料向創新綠色科技的轉變。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense ('has/have been' + present participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式（has/have been + 現在分詞）用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的動作，強調該活動的持續時間或進行狀態。
She has been studying English for five years.
她已經學了五年的英文。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time (e.g., 'for the last eight winters'), showing how long an action has been taking place.
中文： 介系詞「for」用於表示一段持續的時間（例如「在過去的八個冬天裡」），顯示某個動作已經進行了多久。
EN： The UK's industrial heritage includes thousands of deep coalmines that are now abandoned and flooded. Using the geothermal energy from these mines is an innovative way to repurpose old industrial infrastructure for green, sustainable energy.
中文： 英國的工業遺產包括數千個現已廢棄並積水的深層煤礦。利用這些礦井中的地熱能，是一種將舊工業基礎設施轉化為綠色、永續能源的創新方式。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'helps the company keep' uses the bare infinitive 'keep'. Both 'helps the company keep' and 'helps the company to keep' are grammatically correct, but the bare infinitive is more common in modern English.
中文： 動詞「help」（幫助）後面可以接受詞，再接不帶 to 的不定詞（原形動詞）或帶 to 的不定詞。在本句中，「helps the company keep」使用的是原形動詞「keep」。這兩種用法皆正確，但現代英語中更常用不帶 to 的原形動詞。
This new software helps us complete our tasks much faster.
這款新軟體幫助我們更快地完成任務。
EN： The verb 'keep' can function as a complex transitive verb, taking an object followed by an object complement (often a prepositional phrase or adjective) to describe the state of the object. Here, 'keep its warehouses [object] at the ideal temperature [prepositional phrase as complement]' describes the state in which the warehouses are maintained.
中文： 動詞「keep」（保持/維持）可作為複合及物動詞，後接受詞與受詞補語（通常是介系詞片語或形容詞），用來描述受詞的狀態。在這裡，「keep its warehouses（受詞）at the ideal temperature（介系詞片語作為補語）」描述了倉庫被維持的狀態。
Please keep the door closed during the meeting.
會議期間請保持車門關閉。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'inside the flooded mine...' acts as an adjectival modifier, post-modifying the noun 'The water'. In English, long modifying phrases are placed after the noun they describe, unlike in Chinese where modifiers typically precede the noun.
中文： 介係詞片語「inside the flooded mine...」（在被水淹沒的礦坑內...）作為形容詞修飾語，後置修飾名詞「The water」（水）。在英文中，較長的修飾片語會放在其所修飾的名詞之後，這與中文修飾語通常放在名詞前方的習慣不同。
The book on the top shelf of the library is very old.
圖書館頂層書架上的那本書非常古老。
EN： The simple present tense verb 'stays' is used here to describe a permanent state or a scientific fact. Because the subject 'The water' is uncountable (treated as singular), the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s'.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式動詞「stays」來描述一個永久的狀態或客觀事實。因為主詞「The water」（水）為不可數名詞（視為單數），所以動詞必須加上第三人稱單數接尾詞「-s」。
The temperature in this room remains constant throughout the day.
這個房間的溫度整天都保持恆定。
EN： Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, North East England, historically known for its heavy coal mining industry. Today, these abandoned, flooded mines are being repurposed for geothermal energy, showcasing a transition from fossil fuels to green technology.
中文： 蓋茨黑德（Gateshead）是位於英格蘭東北部泰恩-威爾郡的一個城鎮，歷史上以重工業和煤礦開採聞名。如今，這些廢棄且被水淹沒的礦坑正被重新利用於地熱能，展示了從化石燃料向綠色科技的轉型。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means of doing something. It answers the question 'How?'.
中文： 介系詞「by」後面接動名詞（V-ing）可用來表示做某事的方法或手段，用以回答「如何（How）」的問題。
She improved her English by watching movies.
她透過看電影來增進她的英文能力。
EN： The phrasal verb 'pump out' means to remove liquid from a place using a pump. The preposition 'of' is used to indicate the source or origin from which the liquid is being removed.
中文： 片語動詞「pump out」意為用幫浦將液體抽出。介系詞「of」與「out」連用（out of），用來指示液體被抽離的來源或起點。
They had to pump the water out of the flooded basement.
他們必須把水從淹水的地下室中抽出來。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. Here, 'is extracted', 'is boosted', and 'is distributed' are all in the present simple passive voice because the heat and water are inanimate objects being acted upon.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）：當焦點在於動作本身或接受動作的人事物，而非執行者時使用。在此處，「is extracted」（被提取）、「is boosted」（被增壓）和「is distributed」（被輸送）皆為現在簡單式的被動語態，因為熱能與水是被動接受處置的無生命物體。
The water is filtered and then heated by a solar panel.
水被過濾，然後由太陽能板加熱。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time with 'before': The conjunction 'before' introduces a time clause indicating that the action in the main clause happens prior to the action in the dependent clause. Note that the subject 'it' in the 'before' clause refers back to 'a portion of the heat'.
中文： 由「before」引導的時間副詞子句：連接詞「before」（在……之前）引導一個時間子句，表示主句的動作發生在該從屬子句動作之前。請注意，「before」子句中的主詞「it」是指代前述的「一部分熱能」（a portion of the heat）。
The milk is pasteurized before it is bottled.
牛奶在裝瓶之前會先經過巴氏殺菌。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' is used here in a non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clause, separated by a comma. In this context, 'which' refers back to the entire preceding clause ('the target temperature is between 8 and 10 degrees Celsius') rather than just a single noun.
中文： 關係代名詞「which」在此處用於非限定（非限制性）關係子句中，並用逗號隔開。在這種語境下，「which」代表的是前面整個子句（「目標溫度是在攝氏 8 到 10 度之間」），而不僅僅是單一個名詞。
The company decided to use renewable energy, which reduced their heating costs significantly.
該公司決定使用再生能源，這顯著降低了他們的供暖成本。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'between A and B' is used to express a range between two points, numbers, or limits. In this sentence, it specifies the temperature range.
中文： 介系詞片語「between A and B」（在 A 與 B 之間）用於表示兩個點、數字或限制之間的範圍。在本句中，它指定了溫度的範圍。
The ideal storage temperature for these goods is between 15 and 20 degrees.
這些物品的理想儲存溫度在 15 到 20 度之間。
EN： Apposition (同位語) is a grammatical construction in which two elements, typically noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify or define the other. In this sentence, 'a director at Lanchester Wines' is an appositive that provides more information about the subject 'Veronica Cleary'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是一種語法結構，通常將兩個名詞短語並列放置，其中一個用來識別或定義另一個。在本句中，「a director at Lanchester Wines」（蘭徹斯特葡萄酒公司的一位董事）是一個同位語，用來提供關於主詞「Veronica Cleary」（維羅妮卡·克利里）的更多資訊。它前後用逗號隔開。
Mr. Green, a teacher at our school, won the award.
格林先生，我們學校的一位老師，贏得了這個獎項。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (一般過去時) is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. Here, the regular verb 'explain' is conjugated to 'explained' to show that the action of explaining occurred in the past.
中文： 一般過去時（Simple Past Tense）用於描述在過去特定時間完成的動作。在這裡，規則動詞「explain」（解釋）被變化為「explained」，以表示解釋的動作發生在過去。
She explained the rules of the game to us yesterday.
她昨天向我們解釋了遊戲規則。
EN： The structure 'like + object + to be + adjective/noun' is used to express a preference or desire regarding the state or condition of something. Here, 'like it to be 8 to 10 degrees' indicates the preferred temperature state for the wine.
中文： 結構「like + 受詞 + to be + 形容詞/名詞」用於表達對某事物的狀態或條件的偏好或期望。在此處，「like it to be 8 to 10 degrees」表示對葡萄酒所期望的溫度狀態。
I like my coffee to be hot.
我喜歡我的咖啡是熱的。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to introduce the topic or the entity being discussed, meaning 'regarding' or 'as far as ... is concerned'. It helps to set the context at the beginning of the clause.
中文： 介係詞「for」在此處用於引出所討論的主題或對象，意思是「關於」或「就……而言」。它有助於在子句開頭建立背景脈絡。
For beginners, this exercise might be difficult.
對於初學者來說，這個練習可能會很困難。
EN： The use of 'do' before a base verb ('do still encourage') is called the emphatic 'do'. It is used in affirmative sentences to add strong emphasis or to contrast with a previous expectation.
中文： 在原形動詞前使用「do」（如「do still encourage」）被稱為強調助動詞「do」。它用於肯定句中以增加強烈的語氣，或與先前的預期形成對比。
I do believe that we can find a better solution.
我確實相信我們能找到更好的解決方案。
EN： The verb 'encourage' is followed by an object and a to-infinitive ('encourage someone to do something') to express the action of motivating or advising someone to perform an activity.
中文： 動詞「encourage」（鼓勵）後面接賓語（受詞）和不定詞（encourage someone to do something），用來表示激勵或建議某人進行某項活動的結構。
The teacher encourages her students to read every day.
老師鼓勵她的學生每天閱讀。
EN： In the UK, 'fleeces' (fleece jackets) are extremely common casual wear, especially in offices, warehouses, or outdoor environments where temperatures can be chilly. Mentioning fleeces adds a touch of typical British dry humor and practicality to the workplace description.
中文： 在英國，「fleeces」（刷毛外套）是非常常見的休閒服飾，特別是在溫度較低的辦公室、倉庫或戶外環境中。提到穿刷毛外套，為職場描述增添了一抹典型英國式的幽默與務實感。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a result or relevance in the present. In this sentence, 'has reduced' and 'has lowered' show the ongoing positive impact of the system.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個始於過去且對現在產生影響或結果的動作。在本句中，「has reduced」（已減少）和「has lowered」（已降低）展現了該系統持續帶來的積極影響。
The new policy has improved the working conditions of the employees.
新政策改善了員工的工作條件。
EN： Parallel Structure with Coordinating Conjunction: The conjunction 'and' connects two parallel verb phrases in the present perfect tense: 'has reduced...' and 'has lowered...'. This maintains grammatical balance and clarity.
中文： 對等連接詞的平行結構：連接詞「and」連接了兩個現在完成式的平行動詞片語：「has reduced...」與「has lowered...」，這維持了句子的語法平衡與清晰度。
She has completed the report and has sent it to the manager.
她已經完成了報告，並將其發送給了經理。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. Unlike defining relative clauses, it is separated by a comma and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 由「, which」引導的非限定關係子句，用於對前面整個主要子句所描述的情況進行補充說明。與限定關係子句不同，它前面必須有逗號，且其中的關係代名詞「which」不能用「that」替換。
The company reduced its energy consumption, which saved them thousands of dollars.
該公司減少了能源消耗，這為他們節省了數千美元。
EN： The existential clause 'There is/are' is used to state the existence of something. 'There are' is used with plural countable nouns (e.g., 'flooded mines'), while 'There is' is used with singular or uncountable nouns (e.g., 'huge potential').
中文： 存在句型「There is/are」（有……）用於表示某物的存在。「There are」後面接複數可數名詞（例如「flooded mines」），而「There is」後面接單數或不可數名詞（例如「huge potential」）。
EN： The United Kingdom has a rich industrial history, particularly in coal mining during the Industrial Revolution. Today, many of these abandoned, flooded coal mines are being reimagined as geothermal energy sources, reflecting the UK's modern shift toward green technology and sustainability.
中文： 聯合王國擁有豐富的工業歷史，特別是工業革命時期的煤炭開採。如今，許多這些廢棄且淹水的煤礦正被重新構想為地熱能源，這反映了英國現代向綠色科技和可持續發展的轉型。
EN： The phrase 'a handful of' is a quantifier meaning a small number of people or things. It is followed by a plural countable noun (e.g., 'schemes') and takes a plural verb ('exist') when referring to the individual members of the group.
中文： 量詞片語「a handful of」表示「少數的、一把的」人或事物。其後須接複數可數名詞（例如「schemes」），且在指代群體中的各個成員時，動詞需使用複數動詞（例如「exist」）。
Only a handful of students attended the extra lecture.
只有少數學生參加了那場額外的專題演講。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'so' is used to connect two independent clauses, where the second clause expresses the result or consequence of the first clause.
中文： 對等連接詞「so」（因此、所以）用於連接兩個獨立子句，第二個子句用來表示第一個子句所產生的結果或後果。
The weather was terrible, so we decided to stay indoors.
天氣非常糟糕，所以我們決定待在室內。
EN： In the UK and Europe, renewable energy initiatives are highly encouraged by governments to meet climate goals. However, using flooded coalmines for geothermal heating is an innovative concept. Since coal mining was a major industry in the UK during the Industrial Revolution, there are thousands of abandoned, flooded mines that are now being reconsidered as valuable clean energy assets.
中文： 在英國和歐洲，各國政府大力鼓勵再生能源計劃以達成氣候目標。然而，利用廢棄積水煤礦進行地熱供暖是一個非常創新的概念。由於工業革命時期煤礦業曾是英國的主要產業，如今留下了數千個廢棄且積水的礦坑，這些礦坑現在正被重新評估為珍貴的清潔能源資產。
EN： Noun clause as direct object: The verb 'hope' is followed by a noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that' (which can be omitted in informal contexts). This clause functions as the direct object of the verb, expressing the content of the hope.
中文： 名詞子句作為直接受詞：動詞「hope」（希望）後面接由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句（在非正式語境中可省略）。該子句在句中充當動詞的直接受詞，用以表達希望的具體內容。
She hopes that her new project will succeed.
她希望她的新專案會成功。
EN： Relative clause with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that want to use this form of sustainability') to modify the preceding nouns 'companies and even homes'.
中文： 使用「that」的關係子句：關係代名詞「that」引導一個限定性關係子句（that want to use this form of sustainability），用來修飾先行詞「companies and even homes」（公司甚至是家庭）。
We need to find solutions that protect the environment.
我們需要找到能保護環境的解決方案。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a dependent clause (adverbial clause of reason) that explains the cause of the action in the main clause. When the 'because' clause comes first, it is typically separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導從屬子句（原因副詞子句），用以解釋主要子句中動作發生的原因。當「because」引導的子句放在句首時，通常會用逗號與主要子句隔開。
Because the weather was bad, the outdoor concert was canceled.
因為天氣惡劣，戶外音樂會被取消了。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express a future possibility or potential. It suggests that while the outcome is not guaranteed, it is a realistic and achievable prospect based on current conditions.
中文： 情態助動詞「could」在此處用於表示未來的可能性或潛力。它表明雖然結果無法百分之百保證，但根據現有條件，這是一個切實可行且有望實現的前景。
With proper funding, this project could solve the local water shortage.
有了適當的資金支援，這個項目可能會解決當地的缺水問題。
EN： The United Kingdom (UK) has a rich industrial heritage, particularly in coal mining, which powered the Industrial Revolution. Today, as the UK strives to meet its net-zero carbon emissions targets, innovative projects are repurposing these abandoned, flooded coal mines as geothermal energy sources. This represents a symbolic transition from fossil fuels to green, renewable energy, utilizing the country's industrial past to fuel its sustainable future.
中文： 英國（UK）擁有豐富的工業遺產，特別是曾推動工業革命的煤炭開採業。如今，隨著英國努力實現淨零碳排放目標，許多創新項目正將這些廢棄且積水的煤礦重新利用為地熱能源。這代表了從化石燃料向綠色再生能源的象徵性轉變，利用該國的工業歷史來驅動其永續的未來。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 有創造力的、創新的，指能想到新穎且實用解決方案的能力
在本文中： 儲存、儲藏，指將物品保存於特定空間的行為或狀態
在本文中： （能源）可再生的，指自然界中可源源不絕產生且對環境友好的能源
在本文中： 倉庫、貨棧，用於存放大量貨物的建築物
在本文中： 提取、提煉，此處指將熱能從水中抽取出來
在本文中： 提高、增強，此處指使熱能的溫度或效率提升
在本文中： 分發、配送，此處指將熱能透過管道輸送分佈到各處
在本文中： （食物或飲料的）變質、腐敗
在本文中： 依賴、依靠，指對某人或某物的依附狀態
在本文中： 顯著地、相當大地，指程度變化非常明顯
在本文中： 潛力、可能性，指未來發展或成功的潛在能力
在本文中： 創新、改革，指引入新思想、新方法或新產品
在本文中： 永續性、可持續性，指在不損害後代福利的情況下滿足當代需求的發展模式
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A natural source of energy that is not depleted by use, such as water, wind, or solar power.
再生能源
A device that transfers heat from a colder area to a hotter area by using mechanical energy.
熱泵
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
A small number of people or things.
少數的、寥寥無幾的