EN： The present continuous tense ('are rejecting') is formed with 'be' + verb-ing. Here, it describes an ongoing trend or developing action occurring around the present time.
中文： 現在進行式（'are rejecting'）由「be 動詞 + 動詞-ing」構成。在此處用來描述目前正在持續發生或發展中的趨勢與行動。
Several local councils are adopting new renewable energy policies.
幾個地方議會正在採納新的可再生能源政策。
EN： The relative clause 'that was built by...' modifies the noun 'platform'. Inside the clause, the passive voice ('was built') is used to emphasize the product rather than the agent ('by the US company Palantir').
中文： 關係子句「that was built by...」用來修飾先行詞「platform」（平台）。子句內部採用了被動語態（'was built'），將焦點放在被建構的對象而非執行者（'by the US company Palantir'）身上。
They bought a software system that was developed by an international team.
他們購買了一個由國際團隊開發的軟體系統。
EN： The NHS (National Health Service) is the publicly funded healthcare system in the UK, deeply valued by the British public. Collaborations involving sensitive patient records and private, foreign technology contractors often face intense public scrutiny regarding data privacy and governance.
中文： 英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）是英國由公共資金資助的全民醫療照護體系，在英國社會享有極高的象徵地位。因此，每當涉及敏感病患資料與外國私人科技承包商合作時，往往會引發公眾對於數據隱私與治理的高度檢視與爭議。
EN： The sentence features nested noun clauses acting as objects: the main verb 'show' takes a 'that'-clause ('that many health bosses believe...'), and the verb 'believe' inside it takes a zero-that clause ('[that] other systems are equal or better').
中文： 本句包含多層名詞子句（賓語從句/受詞子句）：主動詞「show」後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞；該子句內的動詞「believe」後方則省略了連接詞「that」，接另一個名詞子句作受詞（[that] other systems are equal or better）。
Reports indicate that scientists believe new methods are safer.
報告指出，科學家認為新方法更安全。
EN： Predicate adjectives linked by 'or': 'equal or better' serves as the subject complement describing 'other systems' through the linking verb 'are'.
中文： 對等連接詞「or」連接兩個表語形容詞：「equal or better」（旗鼓相當或更好）透過連繫動詞「are」作為主詞補語，用來修飾「other systems」。
The results are similar or better than expected.
結果與預期相似或甚至更好。
EN： In the UK, 'Freedom of information' (FOI) refers to requests made under the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which gives the public the right to access recorded information held by public authorities like the NHS.
中文： 在英國，「Freedom of information」（資訊自由，簡稱 FOI）特指依據《2000年資訊自由法》提出的資訊公開請求。該法賦予公眾查閱公立機構（如英國國家醫療服務體系 NHS）所持有之紀錄資料的權利，常用於新聞調查。
EN： Compound sentence with 'and': Two independent clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and'. Each clause contains its own subject and finite verb ('The technology cost...' and 'it was designed...').
中文： 使用對等連接詞「and」構成的複合句：連接兩個獨立子句，各自擁有完整的主詞與限定動詞（「The technology cost...」與「it was designed...」）。
The project took three years to complete, and it helped thousands of local families.
該專案耗時三年完成，並幫助了數千個在地家庭。
EN： Passive Voice with Infinitive of Purpose ('be designed to do'): 'Was designed' uses passive voice (be + past participle) to show the technology received the action of designing. The following infinitive 'to connect' indicates the specific intended purpose.
中文： 被動語態搭配表目的的不定詞（be designed to do）：「was designed」採用被動語態（be動詞 + 過去分詞），表示該技術是被設計出來的；接續的「to connect」不定詞則用以表達其預期的設計目的。
This software was designed to protect personal information online.
這款軟體旨在保護網路上的個人隱私資訊。
EN： In the UK context, 'pounds' refers to British pounds sterling (£). Large public procurement figures like '330 million pounds' often attract substantial political scrutiny and public debate, especially when dealing with NHS funding and sensitive patient medical records.
中文： 在英國背景下，「pounds」指英鎊（£）。高達「3.3 億英鎊」的大型公共採購合約往往會引發嚴格的政治審查與社會討論，特別是涉及英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）預算分配及敏感的患者醫療隱私數據時更是如此。
EN： The structure 'make + it + adjective + to-infinitive' uses 'it' as a dummy object (preparatory object). The real object is the infinitive phrase ('to manage waiting lists...'), which is placed at the end to keep the sentence balanced and clear.
中文： 「make + it + 形容詞 + 不定詞 (to V)」結構中，'it' 作為虛受詞（形式受詞），真正的受詞是後面的不定詞片語（to manage waiting lists...）。這種句型能避免受詞過長導致句子頭重腳輕。
The new app has made it convenient to order groceries online.
這款新應用程式讓在線上訂購日用品變得十分方便。
EN： Parallel structure allows coordinating conjunctions like 'and' to connect verbs of equal grammatical form. Here, 'manage' and 'plan' are both base form verbs sharing the infinitive marker 'to' (to manage... and [to] plan...).
中文： 對等連接詞（如 and）連接平行結構，連接的動作必須具備相同的文法形式。在此處，'manage' 與 'plan' 皆為原形動詞，共用前面的不定詞符號 'to'（to manage... and [to] plan...）。
She wants to learn French and travel across Europe.
她想要學習法語並環遊歐洲。
EN： In the UK's National Health Service (NHS), 'waiting lists' are a persistent national talking point, often referring to the long queues for non-urgent elective treatments and specialized surgeries.
中文： 在英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）中，「候診名單」（waiting lists）是長久以來的重大民生與政治議題，通常指非緊急常規治療及專科手術漫長的預約排隊時間。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. Note that although the reporting verb is in the past tense ('said'), the subordinate clause uses the present tense ('do not use') to emphasize an ongoing, current habitual fact.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為轉述動詞「said」的受詞。值得注意的是，雖然主要動詞為過去式（said），但子句卻採用現在式（do not use），用以強調目前依然持續的現狀或常態事實。
The committee reported that they do not support the proposal.
委員會回報表示他們並不支持該項提案。
EN： 'At least' is an adverbial quantifier phrase meaning 'not less than' or 'the minimum number of', commonly placed before numbers or quantities.
中文： 「At least」是一個副詞性數量修飾語，意思是「至少」或「不少於」，通常置於數字或數量詞組之前修飾數量。
At least twenty members attended the emergency meeting.
至少有二十名成員出席了緊急會議。
EN： In the UK's National Health Service (NHS), an 'NHS trust' is an organizational unit that provides a specific type of care, such as acute hospital services or mental health services. 'Health boards' typically manage healthcare services in specific geographic regions, especially in Scotland and Wales.
中文： 在英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）架構下，「NHS trust」（國民保健署信託基金）是負責提供特定醫療服務的組織單位，例如綜合醫院服務或心理健康照護；而「health boards」（衛生委員會）通常負責特定行政區內的整體醫療統籌與資源分配。
EN： Compound sentence with the coordinating conjunction 'but': Connects two independent clauses ('Others tested...' and 'they later went back...') to contrast an initial action with a subsequent change of mind or direction.
中文： 對等連接詞「but」引導的對等複合句：連接兩個獨立子句（「Others tested...」與「they later went back...」），用以對比最初的嘗試與後續重返原狀的決定。
We tried the new software, but we decided to keep the original program.
我們試用了新軟體，但後來決定保留原來的程式。
EN： Relative clause with 'which': Introduces a defining relative clause ('which they used before') modifying the noun 'tools'. In modern English, 'that' can also be used here, and the pronoun can even be omitted as it functions as the object of 'used'.
中文： 由關係代名詞「which」引導的關係子句：修飾先行詞名詞「tools」（工具），在子句中作動詞「used」的受詞。在此種受格關係子句中，「which」亦可替換為「that」或直接省略。
She returned to the book which she bought last week.
她又拿起了上週買的那本書。
EN： In the UK health sector, large-scale IT procurement is notoriously difficult. NHS trusts operate with considerable local autonomy, meaning that individual hospitals or regional boards often resist top-down national software rollouts if existing localized software is perceived as more reliable or better customized.
中文： 在英國醫療體系中，大規模 IT 採購向來挑戰重重。英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）旗下的各信託機構享有相當大的地方自主權；若既有的在地工具被認為更可靠或更符合需求，個別醫院或地方委員會往往會抗拒由中央推行的一體適用型大型軟體系統。
EN： Indirect Speech with Omitted 'that': In reported speech, verbs like 'said' often introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object. The conjunction 'that' is frequently omitted in informal and journalistic styles without changing the meaning.
中文： 間接引語中連接詞「that」的省略：在轉述語句中，像 said 這類動詞常引導一個名詞子句作為受詞。在新聞或口語表達中，連接詞 that 經常被省略，語意保持不變。
The manager said our project was approved.
經理表示我們的專案已經獲得批准。
EN： Comparative Construction with 'more than': The phrase 'more than [clause]' is used to compare quantities, degrees, or extents between two things or actions.
中文： 使用「more than」的比較結構：片語「more than ＋ 子句」用於在兩件事物或動作之間比較數量、程度或範圍，表示「比……更多／超出……」。
The new laptop performed better than the technician expected.
這台新筆記型電腦的表現比技術人員預期的更好。
EN： In the UK's National Health Service (NHS), an 'NHS trust' is an organizational unit that serves either a specific geographical area or a specialized function (such as an acute hospital or mental health services). It is not a financial trust fund, but a public healthcare operating entity.
中文： 在英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）中，「NHS trust」（國民保健署信託機構）是指負責管理特定地區醫院或專科醫療服務（如急診或心理健康服務）的公立醫療法人單位，並非金融性質的信託基金。
EN： The pattern 'describe + object + as + adjective/noun' is used to state what characteristics someone or something is believed to have.
中文： 動詞句型「describe + 受詞 + as + 形容詞/名詞」，用來表達「將某人或某物描述為……」或「認為某事物具有某種特質」。
The manager described the new software as reliable and efficient.
經理將這款新軟體描述為可靠且高效率。
EN： The present participle 'meaning...' functions as a participial phrase providing additional clarification or definitions for the preceding quoted terms.
中文： 現在分詞短語「meaning...」（意思是……）在此作補充修飾語，用來對前文引用的特定詞彙進行即時的定義或解釋說明。
He called the policy redundant, meaning unnecessary and repetitive.
他稱這項政策是多餘的，意思是沒有必要且重複。
EN： In the UK health system (NHS), local integrated care boards (ICBs) hold significant autonomy in deciding how healthcare budgets are spent and which software tools suit regional hospital trusts best.
中文： 在英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）架構下，各地方的整合照護委員會（Integrated Care Boards）擁有相當大的預算分配與行政自主權，能自行評估並決定最適合該區域醫療院所的數位工具與管理軟體。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' introduces an embedded noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'decide'. It expresses an indirect choice or question between alternatives (whether to do something or not).
中文： 連字號「whether」（是否）引導名詞子句，作為主要動詞「decide」的受詞，表達在不同選項之間的考慮或間接疑問。
The committee must consider whether they can approve the budget.
委員會必須考慮他們是否能批准這筆預算。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to end...' functions as an adverbial of purpose (infinitive of purpose), explaining why the government would use the break clause.
中文： 不定詞片語「to end...」作目的副詞使用（表目的的不定詞），用來解釋政府行使解約條款的目的。
He negotiated carefully to protect his company's rights.
他謹慎地協商，以保護公司的權益。
EN： A 'break clause' is a standard legal provision in British commercial and property contracts that allows either party to terminate the agreement before the full term ends, often at pre-agreed milestones.
中文： 「Break clause」（解約條款／提前終止條款）是英國商業合約與租賃合約中極為常見的法律條款，允許雙方或其中一方在合約規定期限（如固定年限）屆滿前，依約定條件提前終止合約。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has faced') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. It indicates an action or experience that happened at an unspecified time in the past and remains relevant to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has faced）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成，表示過去某個未明確指出的時間點發生、且其影響或關聯性持續延伸至今的經歷或動作。
The company has faced criticism over its privacy policies.
這家公司因其隱私政策而面臨批評。
EN： 'Because' is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a subordinate clause of cause or reason ('because it works with...'). It explains why the action in the main clause took place.
中文： 「because」是從屬連接詞，用來引導表示原因的子句（because it works with...），用以解釋主要子句動作發生的原因。
He decided to leave because the environment was toxic.
他決定離開，因為那個環境令人難以忍受。
EN： Palantir Technologies is heavily involved in government defense, law enforcement, and intelligence contracting. Its work with military bodies and agencies like US Homeland Security often sparks public controversy and ethical debate, particularly when applying the same technologies to public healthcare systems.
中文： 帕蘭提爾（Palantir Technologies）深度參與國防、執法與情報領域的政府合約。該公司與軍事單位以及美國國土安全部等機構的合作經常引發公眾爭議與倫理討論，尤其是當同一套數據分析技術被引進公共醫療體系時。
EN： The adjective 'worried' is commonly followed by the preposition 'about' to indicate the cause of anxiety or concern: 'be worried about something/someone'.
中文： 形容詞「worried」（擔憂的）通常與介系詞「about」連用，構成片語「be worried about」，用來表示對某事或某人感到擔憂或焦慮。
Many citizens are worried about the rising cost of living.
許多公民對日益上漲的生活成本感到擔憂。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to describe the same person or entity, adding extra descriptive detail. Here, 'the tech billionaire Peter Thiel' explains who 'the company's cofounder' is.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是指將兩個名詞短語並列放置，用以指涉同一人或物並提供進一步說明。在本句中，「the tech billionaire Peter Thiel」作為「the company's cofounder」的同位語，用來具體說明其身份。
My friend, an experienced software engineer, helped me fix the bug.
我的朋友——一位經驗豐富的軟體工程師，幫我修復了這個程式錯誤。
EN： Peter Thiel is a prominent American venture capitalist, political conservative, and cofounder of PayPal and Palantir. His past comments criticizing public healthcare systems (such as the NHS) and Palantir's defense contracts have generated significant public debate in the UK.
中文： 彼得·泰爾（Peter Thiel）是美國知名的創投家兼政治保守派人士，也是 PayPal 與帕蘭提爾（Palantir）的共同創辦人。他過去曾公開批評英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）等公共醫療制度，加上帕蘭提爾承攬國防與國安合約，使他在英國引發相當大的公眾爭議。
EN： The structure 'make + object + adjective' is a causative pattern meaning 'to cause someone or something to enter a particular state'. In this sentence, 'makes people sick' means causes people to become ill.
中文： 「make + 受詞 + 形容詞」是一種使役結構，意思是「使某人或某物處於某種狀態」。句中的「makes people sick」表示「使人們生病/生病倒下」。
Eating too much junk food can make you sick.
吃太多垃圾食物會讓你生病。
EN： The clause 'that he made in 2023' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun 'comment'. The relative pronoun 'that' functions as the object of the verb 'made'.
中文： 子句「that he made in 2023」是限定關係子句，用來修飾前面的名詞「comment（言論）」。關係代名詞「that」在子句中作動詞「made」的受詞。
The decision that they made yesterday surprised everyone.
他們昨天做出的決定讓所有人感到驚訝。
EN： The National Health Service (NHS) is widely cherished in the UK as an iconic national institution offering free healthcare at the point of delivery. Peter Thiel's provocative statement sparked public controversy and political debate, as Palantir was competing for large data infrastructure contracts with the NHS.
中文： 英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）在英國被視為國寶級的公共機構，提供全民公費醫療服務。由於帕蘭提爾當時正積極爭取該體系的龐大數據平台合約，彼得·泰爾這番激進的言論引發了極大的公眾爭議與政界不滿。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 拒絕接受或使用
在本文中： 引起爭議的，有爭議的
在本文中： （電腦或數位系統的）平台、軟體系統
在本文中： 外科手術
在本文中： 試驗，試用階段
在本文中： 提供，給予
在本文中： 重複的，多餘重複的
在本文中： 倒退的，逆行退步的
在本文中： 抗議，反對活動
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The legal right of the public or journalists to access information and documents held by government and public bodies.
資訊自由（法）
A list of people who are waiting for something that is not immediately available, such as hospital treatment.
等候名單，輪候清單
To return to a previous state, activity, or choice.
回到，重新採用（舊有的做法或狀態）
A term in a contract that allows one or both parties to end the agreement early at a specified date.
提前終止條款，解約條款