EN： Present Perfect Tense (has announced): Used here to describe a recent action that has a result or relevance in the present. It is formed with 'have/has' + past participle.
中文： 現在完成式 (has announced)：此處用於描述最近發生的動作，且該動作對現在具有影響或關聯。其結構為「have/has + 過去分詞」。
The company has launched a new product today.
該公司今天發表了一款新產品。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'announced', explaining what was announced.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：單字「that」在此引導一個從屬子句，作為動詞「announced」的直接受詞，用來具體說明宣佈的內容。
I believe that we can solve this problem.
我相信我們可以解決這個問題。
EN： The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Traditionally, British banknotes feature a portrait of the reigning monarch on the front and a historical figure on the back. Switching to wildlife represents a significant shift in national iconography.
中文： 英格蘭銀行是英國的中央銀行。傳統上，英國紙幣正面印有在位君主的肖像，背面則印有歷史名人。改用野生動物圖案代表了國家形象符號的重大轉變。
EN： Future Passive Voice: Formed by 'will be' + past participle (V3). It is used when the focus is on the person or thing that experiences an action in the future, rather than who performs it.
中文： 未來式被動語態：由「will be + 過去分詞 (V3)」構成。用於強調未來某個受詞將「被」如何處理，而非執行動作的主體。
The new library will be opened next month.
新圖書館將於下個月開幕。
EN： Parallel Structure in Lists: When listing multiple items, they should follow the same grammatical form. Here, 'five, ten, twenty, and fifty' are all adjectives modifying 'pound notes'.
中文： 列表中的平行結構：在列舉多個項目時，應保持語法形式一致。在此句中，「five, ten, twenty, and fifty」皆為形容詞，用以修飾「pound notes」。
She bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
她買了蘋果、橘子和香蕉。
EN： British banknotes currently feature prominent historical figures such as Winston Churchill (£5), Jane Austen (£10), J.M.W. Turner (£20), and Alan Turing (£50). The transition to wildlife represents a shift in national identity and values, emphasizing environmental conservation.
中文： 目前的英鎊鈔票印有著名的歷史人物，例如溫斯頓·邱吉爾（5鎊）、珍·奧斯汀（10鎊）、J.M.W. 泰納（20鎊）以及艾倫·圖靈（50鎊）。改用野生動物作為主題，代表了國家認同與價值觀的轉變，更加強調環境保育。
EN： The verb 'means' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object of the sentence to explain the result or implication of a situation.
中文： 動詞 'means' (意味著) 後面接由 'that' 引導的子句，此子句作為句子的直接受詞，用來解釋某種情況所導致的結果或含義。
The dark clouds mean that it will rain soon.
烏雲意味著很快就要下雨了。
EN： The phrase 'no longer' is an adverbial phrase used to indicate that an action or state that used to happen has stopped.
中文： 'No longer' 是一個副詞短語，用來表示過去曾經發生或存在的動作或狀態現在已經停止，意為「不再」。
He no longer lives in this city.
他不再住在這個城市了。
EN： British banknotes traditionally feature the reigning monarch on the front and a famous historical figure on the back. The decision to switch to wildlife marks a significant departure from this tradition, reflecting a modern focus on environmental conservation and national natural heritage.
中文： 英國鈔票的傳統是在正面印有在位的君主，背面則印有一位著名的歷史人物。決定改用野生動物作為主題，標誌著對這一傳統的重大改變，反映了現代社會對環境保護和國家自然遺產的重視。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞)：此處用於描述過去某個不確定的時間點發生的動作，且該動作與現況有所關聯。
The company has announced a new policy regarding remote work.
公司已經宣佈了一項關於遠距工作的新政策。
EN： Gerund after Prepositions: The word 'removing' is a gerund (verb+ing acting as a noun) because it follows the preposition 'about'.
中文： 介係詞後的動名詞：'removing' 是一個動名詞（動詞+ing 作為名詞使用），因為它接在介係詞 'about' 之後。
She is thinking about moving to another city.
她正在考慮搬到另一個城市。
EN： Winston Churchill was a Prime Minister who led Britain during WWII, and Jane Austen was a world-renowned 19th-century novelist. Both are iconic symbols of British heritage, which is why their removal from banknotes is a sensitive political topic.
中文： 溫斯頓·邱吉爾是二戰期間領導英國的首相，而珍·奧斯汀則是享譽世界的19世紀小說家。兩者都是英國文化遺產的標誌性象徵，這也是為什麼將他們從鈔票上移除會成為一個敏感的政治話題。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a connection to the present, or to show a result that is still relevant.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作與現在有聯繫，或其結果在目前仍具重要性。
Recent studies have shown that exercise improves mental health.
最近的研究顯示，運動能改善心理健康。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': A noun clause functions as a noun within a sentence. Here, 'that most people actually support...' acts as the direct object of the verb 'shown'.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：名詞子句在句子中充當名詞的功能。在此句中，「that most people actually support...」作為動詞「shown」的直接受詞。
I believe that we can find a solution.
我相信我們可以找到解決方案。
EN： In the UK, the Bank of England often uses public consultations to involve citizens in major changes, such as currency design. This reflects a democratic approach to national symbols, balancing historical tradition with modern public values.
中文： 在英國，英格蘭銀行經常透過「公眾諮詢」讓公民參與重大變革（如貨幣設計）。這反映了一種對國家象徵的民主處理方式，旨在歷史傳統與現代大眾價值觀之間取得平衡。
EN： The Present Simple Tense is used here to describe a regular habit or a general fact. The adverb 'regularly' emphasizes the frequency of the action.
中文： 現在簡單式在此用於描述規律的習慣或普遍事實。副詞「regularly」(定期地) 強調了該動作發生的頻率。
The company regularly updates its software to fix bugs.
這間公司定期更新其軟體以修復錯誤。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an infinitive with or without 'to' (help to do / help do). In this sentence, it is used to show the purpose or result of an action.
中文： 動詞「help」(幫助) 後面可以接帶有 to 的不定詞或省略 to 的原形動詞。在本句中，它用於表示某個動作的目的或結果。
Drinking water helps to keep your skin healthy.
喝水有助於保持皮膚健康。
EN： The Bank of England frequently updates banknote designs not just for aesthetics, but as a critical security measure. Modern British banknotes are now made of polymer (a thin, flexible plastic) which is harder to counterfeit than traditional paper.
中文： 英格蘭銀行頻繁更新鈔票設計不僅是為了美觀，更是一項關鍵的安全措施。現代英國鈔票現在由聚合物（一種薄且靈活的塑料）製成，這比傳統紙幣更難偽造。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses: The phrase starting with 'which' provides extra information about the subject 'a panel of experts'. It is separated by commas and can be removed without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：以 'which' 開頭的片語為前面的主詞「專家小組」提供額外資訊。這種用法通常用逗號隔開，即使刪除也不會影響句子的核心意義。
My car, which I bought last year, is already broken.
我的車（去年買的那輛）已經壞了。
EN： Future tense with 'will': Used here to express a planned action or a firm intention that will happen in the future.
中文： 使用 'will' 的未來式：在此處用於表達未來將發生的計劃行動或堅定的意圖。
The committee will announce the winner tomorrow.
委員會將於明天公佈獲勝者。
EN： The Bank of England often uses advisory committees to ensure that national symbols on currency reflect a broad range of expertise and public interest, balancing tradition with modern values.
中文： 英格蘭銀行經常使用諮詢委員會，以確保貨幣上的國家象徵能反映廣泛的專業知識和公眾利益，並在傳統與現代價值觀之間取得平衡。
EN： The Future Simple tense (will + base verb) is used here to express a planned action or a future event that is expected to happen. The adverb 'then' is placed between the auxiliary 'will' and the main verb 'vote' to indicate a sequence of events.
中文： 未來簡單式（will + 原形動詞）在此用於表達計劃中的行動或預期發生的未來事件。副詞「then」（隨後）被放置在助動詞「will」和主要動詞「vote」之間，用以表示事件的先後順序。
The committee will then decide on the winner next week.
委員會隨後將在下週決定獲勝者。
EN： The preposition 'on' is used after the verb 'vote' to specify the subject or topic of the vote. This is a common verb-preposition collocation (vote on something).
中文： 介系詞「on」接在動詞「vote」之後，用來指定投票的主題或對象。這是一個常見的動詞與介系詞搭配用法（就某事進行投票）。
We need to vote on the new proposal.
我們需要就這項新提案進行投票。
EN： In the UK, public consultations and votes are common ways for institutions like the Bank of England to engage citizens in national decisions, such as choosing figures or themes for currency, reflecting a democratic approach to national identity.
中文： 在英國，公眾諮詢和投票是英格蘭銀行等機構讓公民參與國家決策（例如選擇貨幣上的的人物或主題）的常用方式，這反映了建構國家認同的民主方法。
EN： Non-defining relative clause: The phrase starting with 'which' provides extra information about the preceding nouns (hedgehog, robin, barn owl). It is separated by a comma and is used when the identity of the noun is already clear.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：以 'which' 開頭的片語為前面的名詞（刺蝟、知更鳥、倉鴞）提供額外資訊。它用逗號隔開，用於名詞身份已經明確的情況。
My favorite book, which I bought yesterday, is on the table.
我最喜歡的那本書（我昨天買的）在桌子上。
EN： Compound adjectives: 'Well-loved' is a compound adjective formed by an adverb and a past participle, used to describe a noun. These are often hyphenated when they appear before the noun they modify.
中文： 複合形容詞：'Well-loved' 是由副詞和過去分詞組成的複合形容詞，用來修飾名詞。當它們出現在所修飾的名詞之前時，通常會加上連字號。
This is a well-known story in our country.
這是在我們國家家喻戶曉的故事。
EN： The robin is often considered the national bird of the UK and is a symbol of British gardens, especially during winter and Christmas. The hedgehog is also a beloved garden visitor, though its numbers have been declining, making it a significant symbol for British wildlife conservation.
中文： 知更鳥通常被認為是英國的國鳥，是英國花園的象徵，尤其是在冬季和聖誕節期間。刺蝟也是深受喜愛的花園訪客，儘管其數量一直在下降，這使它成為英國野生動物保育的重要象徵。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) when proposing an action. In this sentence, 'featuring' acts as the object of the verb 'suggested'.
中文： 動詞 'suggest'（建議）後面接動名詞 (V-ing) 來表示提議某項行動。在本句中，'featuring' 作為動詞 'suggested' 的受詞。
The committee suggested postponing the meeting until next week.
委員會建議將會議延期到下週。
EN： The relative clause 'that have been brought back from extinction' uses the passive voice in the present perfect tense to describe a completed action with current relevance.
中文： 關係子句 'that have been brought back from extinction' 使用了現在完成式的被動語態，用來描述一個已經完成且與現狀相關的動作（被從滅絕中救回）。
The ancient traditions that have been preserved are still practiced today.
那些被保存下來的古老傳統至今仍在實踐。
EN： Natural England is an executive non-departmental public body in the UK, responsible for ensuring that England's natural environment is protected and improved. The mention of 'extinction' refers to successful reintroduction programs in Britain, such as the white-tailed eagle.
中文： Natural England（英格蘭自然署）是英國的一個非部會公共機構，負責確保英格蘭的自然環境得到保護和改善。文中提到的「滅絕」是指英國成功的物種重新引進計畫，例如白尾海鵰。
EN： The verb 'include' is used to introduce parts of a whole. It is often followed by a list of items that belong to a larger group mentioned previously.
中文： 動詞「include」(包括) 用於引出整體中的一部分。它通常後接一系列屬於前文提到的較大群體中的項目。
The price of the tour includes lunch and transport.
旅費包括午餐和交通。
EN： Compound adjectives (like 'white-tailed') are often formed by combining a color or quality with a noun ending in '-ed' to describe a specific physical feature.
中文： 複合形容詞（如「white-tailed」，白尾的）通常由顏色或特質結合字尾加了「-ed」的名詞組成，用來描述特定的身體特徵。
The red-breasted robin is a common sight in winter.
紅胸鴝是冬季常見的景象。
EN： The white-tailed eagle and the large blue butterfly are significant conservation success stories in the UK. Both species became extinct in Britain but were successfully reintroduced through careful environmental management.
中文： 白尾海雕和大藍蝶是英國保育成功的重大案例。這兩個物種都曾在英國滅絕，但透過精細的環境管理成功地重新引進。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has called) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation or news context.
中文： 現在完成式 (has called) 在此用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作與目前的狀況或新聞背景相關。
The government has announced a new policy regarding public transport.
政府已經宣布了一項關於大眾運輸的新政策。
EN： The Passive Infinitive (to be represented) consists of 'to be' + past participle. It is used when the focus is on the person or thing that receives the action rather than the one performing it.
中文： 被動不定詞 (to be represented) 由 'to be' 加上過去分詞組成。當重點在於動作的承受者而非執行者時，會使用此結構。
The students asked for the rules to be changed.
學生們要求更改規則。
EN： The RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) is a very prominent charity in the UK. British culture places a high value on animal welfare, and the RSPCA often influences public debate on how animals are treated or perceived in society.
中文： RSPCA（皇家防止虐待動物協會）是英國非常著名的慈善機構。英國文化非常重視動物福利，RSPCA 經常影響公眾對於動物在社會中應如何被對待或看待的討論。
EN： The verb 'mention' is a transitive verb, meaning it is followed directly by an object (the things being mentioned) without a preposition like 'about'.
中文： 動詞 'mention' (提到) 是一個及物動詞，這意味著它後面直接接賓語（所提到的事物），不需要像 'about' 這樣的介系詞。
She mentioned the new project during the meeting.
她在會議中提到了這個新專案。
EN： The structure 'mention A as B' is used to define the role or category (B) that the subject assigns to the object (A).
中文： 句型 'mention A as B' 用於定義主體為賓語 (A) 所分配的角色或類別 (B)。
The coach mentioned him as a potential captain.
教練提到他是潛在的隊長人選。
EN： The RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) is a very influential charity in the UK. Their suggestion to include 'unpopular' animals like rats and pigeons reflects a British cultural value of fairness and the idea that all wildlife, not just the 'cute' ones, are part of the national identity.
中文： RSPCA（英國皇家防止虐待動物協會）在英國是非常有影響力的慈善機構。他們建議將老鼠和鴿子等「不受歡迎」的動物納入，反映了英國文化中公平的價值觀，以及認為所有野生動物（而不僅僅是「可愛」的動物）都是國家認同的一部分。
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective Phrase: The phrase 'issued by...' uses the past participle ('issued') to modify the noun 'banknotes'. It functions like a shortened relative clause ('which are issued by').
中文： 過去分詞作為形容詞片語：'issued by...' 片語使用過去分詞 (issued) 來修飾名詞 'banknotes'。它的功能類似於省略後的關係子句 (which are issued by)，用來補充說明該名詞的狀態或來源。
The books written by this author are very popular.
這位作者寫的書非常受歡迎。
EN： The Adverb 'Already': This adverb is used to indicate that something has happened sooner than expected or to emphasize a current state that began in the past. In this sentence, it emphasizes that Scotland is ahead of England in using wildlife designs.
中文： 副詞 'already' (已經)：此副詞用於表示某事比預期更早發生，或強調從過去就開始持續到現在的狀態。在本句中，它強調蘇格蘭在採用野生動物設計方面領先於英格蘭。
I have already finished my homework.
我已經完成我的作業了。
EN： In the United Kingdom, several retail banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland have the right to issue their own banknotes. While the Bank of England issues notes for the whole UK, Scottish notes are widely accepted but have distinct designs that often celebrate Scottish heritage and nature.
中文： 在英國，蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭的幾家零售銀行有權發行自己的鈔票。雖然英格蘭銀行發行通行全英國的鈔票，但蘇格蘭鈔票也被廣泛接受，且擁有獨特的設計，通常用以慶祝蘇格蘭的傳承與自然景觀。
EN： The Present Simple tense is used here to state a permanent fact or general truth about what is printed on the banknotes.
中文： 現在簡單式在此用於陳述關於鈔票上印製內容的永久事實或普遍真理。
The map shows the locations of all major cities.
這張地圖顯示了所有主要城市的位置。
EN： The Oxford Comma is the final comma in a list of three or more items, placed before 'and'. It helps clarify that the last two items are separate.
中文： 牛津逗號（Oxford Comma）是清單中三個或更多項目時，放在 'and' 之前的最後一個逗號。它有助於釐清最後兩個項目是獨立分開的。
I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
我買了蘋果、柳橙和香蕉。
EN： In the UK, different banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland issue their own banknotes, which often feature distinct regional designs compared to the Bank of England's notes. The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) 'Fabric of Nature' series specifically highlights Scottish wildlife.
中文： 在英國，蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭的不同銀行會發行自己的鈔票，其設計通常與英格蘭銀行的鈔票不同。蘇格蘭皇家銀行 (RBS) 的「自然之本」(Fabric of Nature) 系列特別強調了蘇格蘭的野生動物。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result in the present, emphasizing the receiver of the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：由「has/have + been + 過去分詞」構成。用於描述過去發生但時間不明確，且對現在有影響的動作，重點在於動作的承受者。
The new library has been opened by the mayor.
新圖書館已由市長剪綵開幕。
EN： Agent with 'by': In passive sentences, the person or thing performing the action (the agent) is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
中文： 使用 'by' 引出執行者：在被動句中，執行動作的人或事物（施事者）通常由介係詞 'by' 引導。
The song was written by a famous musician.
這首歌是由一位著名的音樂家創作的。
EN： The five pound note (often called a 'fiver') is the lowest denomination of banknote in the UK. Chris Packham is a very influential naturalist and TV presenter in Britain, known for his strong views on wildlife conservation.
中文： 五英鎊紙幣（常被稱為 'fiver'）是英國面額最低的紙幣。克里斯·帕卡姆（Chris Packham）是英國非常有影響力的自然學家和電視節目主持人，以其對野生動物保育的強烈觀點而聞名。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to state how someone or something is characterized. 'As' functions as a preposition here, followed by a noun phrase or adjective that defines the object.
中文： 結構「describe A as B」用於說明某人或某事物的特徵。這裡的「as」作為介係詞，後面接名詞短語或形容詞來定義受詞。
The teacher described the student as hardworking and creative.
老師將這位學生描述為勤奮且有創意。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'animals'. Since 'that' acts as the subject of the clause, it is followed directly by the verb 'deserve'.
中文： 單字「that」引導一個關係子句（形容詞子句），用來提供關於名詞「animals」的更多資訊。由於「that」在子句中擔任主詞，其後直接接動詞「deserve」。
I like books that have happy endings.
我喜歡有快樂結局的書。
EN： Chris Packham is a well-known British naturalist and TV presenter. His nomination of the red fox is significant because foxes are controversial in the UK; while many love them, they are also seen as pests in urban areas and were historically hunted in the countryside.
中文： 克里斯·派克漢（Chris Packham）是英國著名的自然學家和電視節目主持人。他提名紅狐具有重要意義，因為狐狸在英國頗具爭議；雖然許多人喜愛牠們，但牠們在城市地區也被視為害獸，且在鄉村歷史上有狩獵狐狸的傳統。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 野生動植物
在本文中： 鈔票；紙幣
在本文中： 貨幣
在本文中： 諮詢；磋商
在本文中： 偽造；製造假幣
在本文中： 決選名單；候選名單
在本文中： 標準；準則
在本文中： 絕種；滅絕
在本文中： 候選人；候選物
在本文中： 提名
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To cause something to exist again or return to its original state.
恢復；使...重新出現
Famous or important people from the past.
歷史人物
To publicly ask for something to happen.
呼籲；要求
The standards or rules used to make a choice.
篩選標準
Not anymore; used to say that a situation has ended.
不再
A formal process in which the public is asked for their opinion on a proposal or change.
公眾諮詢
The person in charge of a meeting, organization, or committee.
主席 / 負責人
A piece of paper money issued by a central bank.
紙幣 / 鈔票