EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has said', 'have been') is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has said, have been）用於表示過去某個不確定時間發生的動作，且該動作與現在仍有關聯或影響。
The organizers have announced that the next event will take place in 2030.
主辦單位已經宣布下一屆賽事將於 2030 年舉行。
EN： Apposition is a grammatical construction where two elements (usually noun phrases) are placed side by side, so one element identifies or explains the other. Here, 'Phil Batty' is in apposition to 'The chief executive of Glasgow 2026'.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是一種語法結構，將兩個名詞短語並列放置，用來補充說明或確認同一個對象。在此句中，『菲爾·巴蒂』即為『格拉斯哥 2026 的執行長』的同位語。
The manager of the team, Sarah Jenkins, signed the contract.
該隊的經理莎拉·詹金斯簽署了合約。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Glasgow hosted a scaled-down version of the Games in 2026, reducing the number of sports to make the event more sustainable and affordable for host cities.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉行一次的綜合性運動會，參賽者來自英聯邦成員國。格拉斯哥 2026 採取了精簡舉辦模式，大幅減少比賽項目，旨在降低財務負擔，建立更具永續性的主辦模型。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reported Verbs: The verb 'tell' takes an indirect object (the Guardian) followed by a 'that' clause containing the reported statement.
中文： 間接敘述與轉述動詞：動詞 'tell' 後面接間接受詞（《衛報》），再接由 'that' 引導的名詞子句來轉述說話內容。
She told her team that the project was a total success.
她告訴她的團隊，這個專案非常成功。
EN： Expressing Duration with 'for another + [number] + [time period]': 'Another' is used before a plural noun phrase with a number to indicate an additional period of time.
中文： 使用 'for another + [數字] + [時間單位]' 表示持續時間：'another' 可以放在「數字 + 複數時間名詞」之前，用來表示「再額外增加一段時間」。
We decided to stay in Paris for another three days.
我們決定在巴黎再多待三天。
EN： The Guardian is one of the United Kingdom's most respected daily newspapers, widely read for its coverage of national and international news, sports, and culture.
中文： 《衛報》（The Guardian）是英國最受尊敬的每日報刊之一，以報導英國國內外新聞、體育與文化議題聞名。
EN： 'Compared to' (or 'compared with') is a reduced participle clause used to juxtapose two things, showing contrast or degree of difference.
中文： 「compared to」（與……相比）是一個分詞簡化句型，常用於比較兩件事物，以突顯差異或對比。
This year's sales increased by 20%, compared to a slight drop last year.
今年的銷售額增長了 20%，相比去年的輕微下降有所提升。
EN： Time expressions specifying 'how long ago' (e.g., 'four years ago') can modify noun phrases or prepositional phrases to provide historical context.
中文： 「時間段 + ago」（如 four years ago）用來表示「多久以前」，常用於修飾名詞短語或介詞短語，以提供過去的時間背景。
She moved to London five years ago.
她五年前搬到了倫敦。
EN： The Commonwealth Games in Birmingham 2022 featured a massive lineup of 19 sports. Due to rising costs and sustainability concerns, Glasgow 2026 adopted a scaled-back 'light' model with only 10 sports to ensure the event remains financially viable for future host cities.
中文： 2022 年伯明翰英聯邦運動會舉辦了多達 19 個項目。由於成本上升和可持續性的考量，格拉斯哥 2026 採取了簡化的「精簡版」模式，僅保留 10 個項目，以確保未來主辦城市能夠負擔得起此賽事。
EN： The complex transitive structure 'make + object + complement' (make X Y) is used here with an adjective phrase 'financially sustainable' acting as the object complement, describing the resulting state of 'the event'.
中文： 「make + 受詞 + 受詞補語」結構：在此使用形容詞片語「financially sustainable」作為受詞補語，說明受詞「the event」（賽事）被改變後的狀態。
The new policy made the business highly profitable.
這項新政策使這間企業獲得了高額利潤。
EN： The present perfect tense 'has made' is used to show a past action (changing the format) that has a direct, important result in the present.
中文： 現在完成時態「has made」用於表示過去發生的動作（改變形式）對現在產生了直接且重要的影響或結果。
Technology has made remote work much easier for modern professionals.
科技使得遠距工作對現代專業人士來說變得容易許多。
EN： The 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow were streamlined to 10 sports (down from 19 in Birmingham) to reduce costs and avoid financial strain. This scaled-down model is considered a major shift toward economic sustainability for future international sports competitions.
中文： 2026年格拉斯哥英聯邦運動會將比賽項目大幅減少至10項（上一屆伯明翰為19項），旨在降低舉辦成本並減輕財政負擔。這種縮減規模的辦賽模式被視為國際體育賽事走向經濟永續發展的重要轉型。
EN： The expression 'express pride in [something]' uses the preposition 'in' to indicate the source or cause of one's pride. It can be followed by a noun phrase or a wh-clause functioning as a noun phrase.
中文： 動詞短語「express pride in」（對……表達自豪）後面需接介詞「in」，用來指引自豪的來源或原因。後方可接名詞短語或由疑問詞（如 how）引導的名詞子句。
She expressed great pride in her daughter's achievements.
她對女兒的成就表達了無比的自豪。
EN： The phrasal verb 'come together' means to join, unite, or gather in order to achieve something or support each other.
中文： 片語動詞「come together」意為「團結起來」、「聚在一起」，通常指為了達成某個目標或互相支持而聯合或聚集。
The community came together to support the family in need.
社區居民團結一致，共同幫助有需要的家庭。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Expressing 'pride' in host city collaboration highlights the civic and international unity that the Games aim to promote.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是一項由英聯邦成員國和地區運動員參加的綜合性運動會。表達對主辦城市與英聯邦合作的「自豪感」，強調了該運動會旨在倡導的城市榮譽與國際團結精神。
EN： The reported speech structure with a 'that'-clause is used to report what someone said, thought, or stated. The conjunction 'that' can introduce a subordinate clause functioning as the direct object of the main verb (e.g., 'stated').
中文： 帶有「that」名詞子句的名詞子句結構，常用於轉述某人所說、所想或聲明的內容。連詞「that」引導子句作為主要動詞（如「stated」）的直接受詞，在口語中「that」常可省略。
She mentioned that the event was a great success.
她提到該活動非常成功。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here within indirect speech to show a completed action that has relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於間接敘述中，表示動作已經完成，且其結果或影響持續與現在相關。
The team members have completed their tasks ahead of schedule.
團隊成員已經提前完成了任務。
EN： 'According to' is a prepositional phrase used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
中文： 「According to」是一個介詞短語，意為「根據……」或「據……所說」，用來引述資訊來源或某人的觀點，後面通常接名詞或代名詞。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The idiom 'be here to last' means that something is established, stable, and will continue to exist or succeed for a long time.
中文： 片語「be here to last」表示某事物已經奠定基礎、相當穩固，並且「將會長久存在」或持續發揮作用。
Electric cars are not just a trend; they are here to last.
電動車不只是一時的流行，它們將會長久存在。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a quadrennial multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years, cities have raised concerns over the high cost of hosting large sporting events, leading to debates about the Games' financial sustainability and future relevance.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉行一次的大型綜合性運動會，參賽者來自英聯邦成員國。近年來，由於主辦大型體育賽事的費用過高，不少城市對承辦意願降低，引發了對英聯邦運動會財務可持續性及其未來價值的討論。
EN： Future Passive Voice ('will be + past participle'): Used to describe an action that will happen to the subject in the future, especially when the focus is on the event rather than who performs the action.
中文： 將來時被動語態（will be + 過去分詞）：用於描述未來某事將被執行的情況，當焦點在於事件本身而非執行者時特別常用。
The next Olympic Games will be held in Los Angeles.
下一屆奧林匹克運動會將在洛杉磯舉行。
EN： Preposition 'in' with locations and years: 'In' is used before city/country names (e.g., in Amdavad, India) and before specific years (e.g., in 2030).
中文： 介系詞「in」與地點及年份的搭配：在城市或國家名稱前（如：在印度的阿姆達巴德），以及在具體年份前（如：在 2030 年），均使用介系詞「in」。
The conference will take place in Tokyo in 2028.
該會議將於 2028 年在東京舉行。
EN： Amdavad (also known as Ahmedabad) is the largest city in the state of Gujarat, India. Hosting the 2030 Commonwealth Games highlights India's growing capability and commitment to hosting major international multi-sport events.
中文： 阿姆達巴德（Amdavad，又稱 Ahmedabad）是印度古吉拉特邦的最大城市。舉辦 2030 年英聯邦運動會展現了印度近年承辦大型國際綜合運動賽事的實力與野心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have faced') is used here to express an action or situation that began in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have faced）在此用於表達一個從過去開始發生，並且對現在仍具有影響或相關性的動作或情況。
The company has faced many challenges this year.
這間公司今年面臨了許多挑戰。
EN： Adverbs of degree or addition like 'also' are typically placed after the auxiliary verb ('have') and before the main verb ('faced').
中文： 表示「也」的副詞（如 also），通常放在助動詞（have）之後、主要動詞（faced）之前。
They have also visited the new museum.
他們也參觀了那座新博物館。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. Large-scale international sports events like this often face criticism regarding financial costs, low attendance, or absent top-tier athletes.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是由英聯邦成員國運動員參與的大型綜合運動會。這類大型國際體育賽事常會因財務開支、上座率偏低或頂尖選手缺席等問題而面臨社會各界的批評。
EN： Using 'including' as a preposition to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader group mentioned earlier.
中文： 使用「including」（包含/包括）作為介詞，用來引出屬於前面所提及之較大群體中的具體例子。
Many countries joined the conference, including Japan and South Korea.
許多國家參加了會議，包括日本與韓國。
EN： Noun adjuncts/modifiers where a noun (e.g., 'Olympic champion') functions like an adjective to describe another noun ('Keely Hodgkinson').
中文： 名詞修飾語：使用名詞（如「Olympic champion」）作為修飾用語，性質類似形容詞，用來補充說明其後接的專有名詞（「Keely Hodgkinson」）。
World champion athlete Usain Bolt won many medals.
世界冠軍運動員尤塞恩·博爾特贏得了許多獎牌。
EN： Keely Hodgkinson (middle-distance runner for Great Britain) and Summer McIntosh (Canadian competitive swimmer) are among the world's premier young athletes. Their absence highlights the challenge major non-Olympic multisport events face in attracting elite stars.
中文： 基利·霍奇金森（英國中長跑選手）與薩默·麥金托什（加拿大游泳頂尖選手）皆為當前國際體壇的青年超級巨星。她們缺席該屆賽事，凸顯出大型非奧運綜合運動會在吸引頂尖明星參賽時所面臨的挑戰。
EN： The phrase 'complain about' is a phrasal verb meaning to express dissatisfaction with something. It is followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund.
中文： 動詞短語「complain about」表示「抱怨……」或「對……表示不滿」，後面接名詞、名詞短語或動名詞。
Many passengers complained about the train delay.
許多乘客抱怨火車延誤。
EN： The structure 'the fact that' allows an abstract noun ('fact') to be expanded with a full clause (appositive clause) specifying what the fact is.
中文： 「the fact that」結構允許抽象名詞「fact」（事實）後面連接一個同位語子句，用來詳細說明該事實的具體內容。
He accepted the fact that he needed to work harder.
他接受了他需要更加努力的事實。
EN： Large multi-sport events like the Commonwealth Games rely heavily on local attendance and global broadcasting rights to showcase sustainability and maintain popularity. Public criticism regarding empty seats and reduced TV coverage often sparks debates over ticket pricing and broadcast accessibility.
中文： 像英聯邦運動會這類大型綜合運動會，極度依賴現場觀眾出席率以及全球電視轉播權來展現其可持續性與受歡迎程度。大眾對於現場空位過多和電視轉播減少的批評，常引發關於門票定價與轉播普及度的討論。
EN： 'Despite' is a preposition used to show contrast, meaning 'in spite of'. It is followed by a noun phrase or a gerund (-ing form), not a subject-verb clause.
中文： 「Despite」（儘管）是用來表示轉折對比的介系詞，後面必須接「名詞片語」或「動名詞（-ing）」，不能直接接包含主詞和動詞的子句。
Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go hiking.
儘管下著大雨，他們還是決定去健行。
EN： Appositive phrases are nouns or noun phrases placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. They are usually set off by commas when providing extra (non-essential) information.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）是放置在另一個名詞旁邊、用來解釋或補充說明的名詞或名詞片語。當同位語提供額外（非必要）資訊時，通常會用逗號隔開。
Mr. Chen, a famous local chef, opened a new restaurant last week.
陳先生，一位著名的當地廚師，上週開了一家新餐廳。
EN： 'Commonwealth Sport' (also known as the Commonwealth Games Federation) is the international organization responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games. The event brings together athletes from countries that are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which are former territories of the British Empire.
中文： 「英聯邦運動會聯合會」（Commonwealth Sport）是負責管理與籌辦英聯邦運動會的國際組織。英聯邦運動會每四年舉辦一次，參賽者來自英聯邦（Commonwealth of Nations）的成員國，其中大多數國家歷史上曾為大英帝國的領土或領地。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility in the present or future, followed by the base form of a verb (infinitive without 'to').
中文： 情態助動詞「may」表示現在或未來的可能性，後面接原形動詞（不帶 to 的不定詞）。
The new policy may change how companies handle customer service.
這項新政策可能會改變公司處理客戶服務的方式。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'of' and 'for' are used as post-modifiers to narrow down and clarify the meaning of nouns.
中文： 由「of」和「for」開頭的介系詞片語常用作後置修飾語，用來精確界定與說明前方的名詞。
The key to success for young entrepreneurs is continuous learning.
年輕創業家成功的關鍵在於持續學習。
EN： In major sports administration, the term 'legacy' refers to the long-term positive impact and infrastructure a mega-event leaves behind for host cities and future organizers, such as financial sustainability or reusable hosting models.
中文： 在大型體育賽事管理中，「legacy（遺產/影響）」指的是大型活動為主辦城市及未來主辦方留下的長期正面影響與機制，例如財務永續性或可供後續城市借鏡的簡約辦賽模式。
EN： Using the preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (-ing form) indicates the method or means used to achieve a specific result.
中文： 介系詞「by」後面接動名詞（V-ing），用來表示達成某種結果的方法或手段（透過……方式）。
By practicing every day, she improved her English fluency significantly.
透過每天練習，她的英語流利度大幅提升。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' (or 'which') introduces a relative clause that modifies the preceding noun ('a model'). In this clause, 'that' acts as the object of the verb 'follow'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」（或「which」）引導關係子句，用來修飾前面的名詞（a model）。在此子句中，「that」充當動詞「follow」的受詞。
This is a plan that everyone can support.
這是一個每個人都可以支持的計劃。
EN： The verb 'mean' can be followed by a 'that-clause' functioning as a noun clause (direct object), which explains the result or significance of the subject.
中文： 動詞「mean」（意味著）後面可接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為直接受詞，用來說明主詞所帶來的結果或意義。
Higher test scores mean that students understand the lesson well.
更高的測驗分數意味著學生很好地理解了課程。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express future possibility or capability under specific hypothetical circumstances.
中文： 情態動詞「could」在此處用於表示在特定假設情況下，未來發生的可能性或具備的能力（能夠）。
With better public transport, citizens could travel around the city more easily.
有了更好的公共交通，市民就能更輕鬆地在城市中出行。
EN： In recent years, major sporting events like the Olympics and Commonwealth Games have faced criticism for high hosting costs. Simplifying the format to allow smaller cities to host promotes environmental and financial sustainability.
中文： 近年來，奧運會和英聯邦運動會等大型體育賽事常因高昂的舉辦費用而受到批評。精簡賽事規模、讓較小的城市也能承辦，有利於推動環境與財務上的永續發展。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present moment, focusing on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成時的被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞）用於表示某個動作在過去不確定的時間點已完成，且與現在有著密切關聯，重點在於承受動作的對象，而非執行者本身。
All the questions have been answered by the teacher.
所有的問題都已經由老師解答完畢。
EN： The verb 'appear' followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') means 'seems to be or do something', used to express an impression or likelihood based on evidence.
中文： 動詞 'appear' 後接不定詞（to + 動詞原形）表示「似乎/看起來像……」，用於根據現有證據表達某種印象或可能性。
The new project appears to be very successful.
這個新專案看起來非常成功。
EN： The Commonwealth Games is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. In recent years, concerns have been raised about its financial sustainability and cultural relevance, prompting major reforms like reducing the number of mandatory sports to make it easier for smaller host cities to participate.
中文： 英聯邦運動會是每四年舉辦一次的綜合性運動會，參賽者為來自英聯邦成員國的運動員。近年來，人們對該運動會的財務可持續性與時代意義提出疑慮，因而促成了重大改革（如減少必辦體育項目數量），讓規模較小的主辦城市也能負擔得起並參與其中。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 極好的、非凡的
在本文中： 可持續的、能長期維持的
在本文中： 重要性、相關性（在此指賽事依然有存在價值）
在本文中： 批評、指責
在本文中： 媒體報導、轉播
在本文中： 遺產、留給後世的影響
在本文中： 方法、方式
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To be much better than expected.
超出預期
The process of planning, organizing, and executing events.
賽事／活動管理
A city that provides the infrastructure and facilities for an event.
主辦城市
To sell all the available tickets or products.
售罄、門票賣光