EN： The preposition 'through' is used here to indicate the medium or means by which an action is performed.
中文： 介系詞「through」在此處用來表示執行某項動作所透過的「媒介」或「方式」（譯為：透過、經由）。
You can pay your bills through the online banking system.
你可以透過網路銀行系統支付你的帳單。
EN： The phrase 'for the first time' is an adverbial time expression used to describe something happening as a new experience.
中文： 片語「for the first time」為時間副詞語塊，意思是「第一次」或「首次」，用來強調某事是全新的體驗或突破。
She visited Japan for the first time last summer.
她去年夏天第一次造訪日本。
EN： London is one of Europe's largest markets for ride-hailing services. Transport for London (TfL) regulates all taxis and private hire vehicles in the city, enforcing strict safety standards before autonomous technology can be made available to the public.
中文： 倫敦是歐洲最大的叫車服務市場之一。倫敦交通局（TfL）負責監管該市所有的計程車和私人租賃車輛，在向公眾開放自動駕駛技術之前，必須通過其極為嚴格的安全標準規範。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is set off by commas and provides extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things.
中文： 非限定關係子句用逗號隔開，針對名詞提供額外的補充說明（若省略不影響句子主幹表達）。當指代事物時，使用關係代名詞「which」。
The new laptop, which I bought last week, is very fast.
這台新筆記型電腦是我上週買的，速度非常快。
EN： The passive voice is formed with 'be' + past participle (V3). It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performed it.
中文： 被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞 (V3)」構成。當焦點放在動作本身或動作的接受者（而非執行者）時使用。
The official report was published on Friday.
這份官方報告已於週五發布。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with 'The chances of...': The head noun of the subject phrase is 'chances' (plural), so it takes the plural verb 'are', despite the singular noun 'robotaxis' or 'one' appearing closer to the verb.
中文： 主詞與動詞一致性（The chances of...）：此句主詞核心字為複數名詞「chances」，因此動詞需使用複數形式的「are」，不受中間靠近動詞的單數名詞影響。
The chances of winning the lottery are extremely small.
中樂透的機率極小。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Tense ('have been licensed'): Combines the present perfect (have/has + past participle) with the passive voice (be + past participle) to show that an action was completed prior to the present by an unnamed agent.
中文： 現在完成時態的被動語態（have been licensed）：結合現在完成時（have/has + 過去分詞）與被動語態（be + 過去分詞），用來表示某個動作在現在之前已經由某人完成（強調狀態或結果）。
All the tickets have been sold out so far.
到目前為止，所有的門票都已經售罄了。
EN： The 'There + be' structure is used to indicate the existence of something. 'There' acts as a dummy subject, while the real grammatical subject follows the verb 'be'.
中文： 「There + be」句型用於表示「某處有某物/人」。句中的 there 為形式主語，真正的文法主語則放在動詞 be 之後。
There are many historical buildings in this city.
這座城市裡有許多歷史建築。
EN： A present participle (-ing) phrase ('already operating...') can be used after a noun to reduce a relative clause ('which are already operating...'). It modifies the preceding noun with an active meaning.
中文： 現在分詞短語（如 operating...）可放在名詞後方，作為形容詞子句（which are operating...）的簡化形式，用主動語態修飾前面的名詞。
The people waiting outside the station are getting impatient.
在車站外等待的人們變得越來越沒耐性。
EN： In London, 'private hire vehicles' (PHVs) refer to licensed minicabs or rideshare services (like Uber) that must be pre-booked, as opposed to traditional 'black cabs' (hackney carriages) that can be hailed on the street.
中文： 在倫敦，「private hire vehicles」（私人租賃車/專利營運車輛）指的是必須預先預約的計程車或網約車（如 Uber），這與可以在街頭隨手招攬的傳統「黑色計程車」（black cabs）在營運法規上有所區分。
EN： The object complement structure 'have + object + present participle (-ing)' is used to describe someone or something being in a particular state or performing an action.
中文： 「have + 賓語 + 現在分詞 (-ing)」結構，用於描述某人或某物處於某種狀態或正在進行某項動作（作為賓語補語）。
She had a young child holding her hand during the tour.
導覽期間，她有一位小孩牽著她的手。
EN： Past participles (e.g., 'licensed') can function as adjectives to describe a noun that has received or undergone a specific action.
中文： 過去分詞（如 licensed）可作為形容詞使用，用來修飾接受或完成該動作的名詞（表示「受過的」或「具備資格的」）。
Only qualified professionals can perform this delicate surgery.
只有合格的專業人員才能進行這項精密的手術。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take over' means to assume control or responsibility of something. It can be used with a direct object like 'the controls'.
中文： 片語動詞「take over」意為「接管」或「承擔責任」。它可以搭配直接受詞使用，例如「the controls」（控制權）。
The co-pilot was ready to take over the plane.
副駕駛已準備好接管飛機的操控。
EN： 'If' introduces a First Conditional clause describing a real or possible future situation ('something goes wrong'), where the present simple tense is used after 'if'.
中文： 「if」引導條件副詞子句，用來描述真實或可能發生的狀況（「something goes wrong」）。在「if」引導的子句中，須使用現在簡單式代表未來可能發生的情況。
Call me if you need help.
如果你需要幫忙，請打電話給我。
EN： The structure 'license [something] as [something]' uses 'as' as a preposition meaning 'in the role or capacity of' to indicate the official status or category granted to the object.
中文： 「license [某物] as [某身份/類別]」結構中，介系詞「as」表示「作為……的身份或類別」，用來說明賦予該物件的官方認證身份。
The government certified the building as a historical landmark.
政府將這棟建築認證為歷史地標。
EN： Possessive apostrophe with joint ownership: When two nouns share ownership or modification of a single object, the apostrophe-s ('s) is added only to the second noun (e.g., 'Uber and Wayve's modified cars').
中文： 共同所有格的用法：當兩個名詞共同擁有或修飾同一個事物時，只需在第二個名詞後面加上所有格符號（'s），例如「Uber and Wayve's modified cars」（Uber 與 Wayve 共同的改裝車）。
Jack and Mary's new apartment is near the station.
傑克和瑪麗的新公寓在車站附近。
EN： In the UK, particularly in London, 'private hire vehicles' (PHVs) refer to minicabs or ride-hailing cars (like Uber) that must be pre-booked, as opposed to traditional 'black cabs' (hackney carriages) which can be hailed on the street. 'Transport for London' (TfL) is the government body responsible for licensing both types of vehicles.
中文： 在英國（特別是倫敦），「private hire vehicles」（私家出租車/專車）指的是必須預先預約的車輛（如 Uber），與可以在街上隨手招攬的傳統「黑色計程車」（black cabs）不同。「倫敦交通局」（Transport for London, TfL）則是負責核發這兩類車輛營運執照的政府機構。
EN： The verb 'require' is used here with the pattern 'require + object + to-infinitive', meaning to demand that someone do something as a rule or law.
中文： 動詞「require」（要求）在此使用「require + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to V)」的句型，表示依據規定或法律要求某人執行某動作。
The company rules require all employees to wear a name tag.
公司規定要求所有員工配戴名牌。
EN： The compound time expression 'at all times' functions as an adverbial phrase meaning 'always' or 'continuously'.
中文： 複合作業時間片語「at all times」充當副詞修飾語，意思是「總是」、「始終」或「時刻」。
Please keep your seatbelts fastened at all times during the flight.
飛行期間請時刻繫緊安全帶。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive Voice ('has not been approved') is used to describe an action that has not happened up to the present moment, focusing on the receiver of the action (the concept/technology) rather than the agent.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has not been approved）用於描述直到目前為止尚未發生的動作，重點在於接受動作的對象（概念或技術），而非執行動作的主體。
The new safety feature has not been tested yet.
這項新的安全功能尚未經過測試。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun/noun phrase' is used to show condition or absence, meaning 'not having' or 'in the absence of' something.
中文： 介系詞短語「without + 名詞/名詞短語」用來表示條件或缺乏，意思是「沒有」或「在缺乏……的情況下」。
You cannot enter the facility without a official pass.
沒有官方通行證，你不能進入該設施。
EN： The passive voice construction 'is seen as' (be + past participle + as) is used to express how something is regarded, perceived, or categorized by people in general.
中文： 被動語態結構「is seen as」（被動動詞 + as）用於表達某事或某物普遍被大眾視為、看作或歸類為什麼。
This new policy is seen as a major step toward environmental protection.
這項新政策被視為邁向環境保護的重要一步。
EN： The possessive noun ending with ''s' (Thursday's) indicates time or origin, showing that the event or noun belongs to or happens on that specific time.
中文： 名詞所有格加上「's」（如 Thursday's）可用於表示時間或來源，說明該事件或名詞屬於或發生於該特定時間。
Yesterday's meeting was postponed until next week.
昨天的會議被延期到下週。
EN： The structure 'allow + object + to-infinitive' is used to express giving permission or making it possible for someone/something to do an action.
中文： 「allow + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to + 動詞原形)」結構，用於表示「允許或使得某人/某事能夠做某動作」。
The new law allows students to travel for free on public transport.
這項新法律讓學生能夠免費搭乘大眾運輸工具。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause to modify the preceding plural noun 'technology companies', defining which specific companies are being referred to.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」在此引導限定修飾的關係子句，用來修飾前方的複數名詞「technology companies（科技公司）」，明確指出是哪些特定的公司。
We need to hire engineers that have experience in artificial intelligence.
我們需要雇用在人工智慧領域擁有經驗的工程師。
EN： London is a high-stakes market for autonomous technology due to its complex street layout, strict regulatory environment controlled by Transport for London, and heavy traffic. Securing a foothold here provides technology companies with a strategic advantage across European markets.
中文： 倫敦對於自動駕駛技術而言是一個至關重要的戰略市場。由於其複雜的街道格局、倫敦交通局嚴格的監管環境以及龐大的交通流量，能成功在倫敦落地營運，將為科技公司進軍整體歐洲市場帶來極大的競爭優勢。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Here, 'is considered' shows that people in general consider London to be something.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於將焦點放在動作的接受者而非執行者上。在此處，「is considered」表示倫敦被大眾認為是某種對象。
This strategy is considered effective by many experts.
這項策略被許多專家認為是有效的。
EN： The preposition 'for' indicates purpose or destination, while 'across' means extending throughout a whole area or region.
中文： 介系詞「for」在此表示目的或對象，而「across」意為橫跨、遍及整個區域。
The company plans a new advertising campaign across Asia.
這間公司計劃在全亞洲開展新的廣告活動。
EN： London is often used as a primary testing ground and launchpad for tech companies in Europe due to its complex urban environment, high population density, and strict regulatory framework. Success in London usually signals readiness for expansion across the European continent.
中文： 倫敦因其複雜的城市環境、高人口密度和嚴格的監管框架，常被科技公司視為在歐洲的首要測試基地與發布平台。在倫敦取得成功，通常意味著該技術已具備向整個歐洲大陸擴展的成熟度。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + verb-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently taking place or ongoing around the present time.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 動詞-ing）在此用於描述目前正在進行或現階段持續發生的動作。
Many tech firms are testing new software this month.
許多科技公司這個月正在測試新的軟體。
EN： The focus adverb 'also' is used to add extra information. It typically comes after the auxiliary verb (in this case, 'are') and before the main verb or rest of the sentence.
中文： 焦點副詞「also」（也）用於補充資訊。通常放在助動詞或 be 動詞（此處為 'are'）之後、主要動詞之前。
They are also developing electric trucks.
他們也正在開發電動卡車。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has + been + V-ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the ongoing duration of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has + been + 現在分詞）用於描述從過去某個時間點開始、一直持續到現在的動作，強調該活動的持續性與進行狀態。
Tech companies have been developing autonomous vehicles for several years.
科技公司多年來一直在研發自動駕駛車輛。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphenated structures (e.g., 'Google-owned') are formed by combining a noun and a past participle to describe a quality or state of a entity.
中文： 由連字號連接的複合形容詞（如『Google-owned』）通常由「名詞 + 過去分詞」組成，用來修飾後面的名詞，表示「被……所擁有的」或「由……所製作的」。
The state-owned enterprise announced its new investment plan today.
這家國營企業今天宣布了新的投資計畫。
EN： 'The British capital' is a common journalistic metonym for London, used to avoid repeating the city's name while adding geographical and political context.
中文： 『The British capital』（英國首都）是新聞報導中常見的換稱手法，用來代替「London」（倫敦），避免文字重複並增加文采。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas, and omitting them does not change the core meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定關代子句以「who」引導，用來補充說明先行詞（人）的額外資訊。此類子句前後需使用逗號隔開，即使省略也不會影響主句的核心意思。
Tim Cook, who is the CEO of Apple, introduced the new iPhone.
Apple 的執行長提姆·庫克介紹了新款 iPhone。
EN： The phrase 'express one's pride about/in something' is used to show how proud someone feels about a specific achievement, event, or person.
中文： 動詞片語「express one's pride about/in...」代表「對某事表達自豪/驕傲之情」，常用於公開場合表達對成就或事件的肯定。
The manager expressed her pride about the team's successful project.
經理對團隊成功完成專案表達了自豪之情。
EN： Wayve is a prominent British AI startup focusing on autonomous driving technology. Launching self-driving services in London is a major technology milestone due to London's narrow, complex streets and unpredictable traffic conditions.
中文： Wayve 是英國著名的人工智慧自動駕駛科技初創公司。在倫敦推出自動駕駛服務是一項重大技術里程碑，因為倫敦擁有狹窄、複雜的歷史街道以及多變繁忙的交通狀況。
EN： Reported speech (indirect speech) is used to report what someone said without using their exact words. When the main reporting verb (e.g., 'said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into a past tense (sequence of tenses). Here, 'is proud' shifts to 'was proud', and the conjunction 'that' is omitted after 'said'.
中文： 轉述語氣（間接話語）用於轉述他人說過的話，而非直接引用原話。當主句的轉述動詞（如 'said'）為過去時態時，從句中的動詞通常也需要時態回溯（時態一致）。在此句中，原話的 'is proud' 轉述為 'was proud'，且動詞 'said' 後面省略了連接詞 'that'。
She said she was ready to start her new job.
她說她準備好要開始新工作了。
EN： The adjective pattern 'be proud to + infinitive' is used to express feeling honored or satisfied about doing a specific action. The infinitive verb (e.g., 'introduce') follows 'proud' directly to state the cause of pride.
中文： 形容詞句型「be proud to + 動詞原形」用於表達對於做某件事感到榮幸或自豪。在 'proud' 後面直接接不定詞動詞（如 'introduce'），用來說明感到自豪的原因。
We are proud to announce the launch of our new product.
我們很自豪地宣布我們的新產品正式上市。
EN： The pattern 'describe A as B' is used to explain or express what someone or something is considered to be. 'A' is the object, and 'B' is a noun phrase or adjective that describes 'A'.
中文： 動詞片語「describe A as B」（將 A 描述/形容為 B）用於說明某人或某物被看待的方式。其中 A 為受詞，B 為形容 A 的名詞片語或形容詞。
She described the experience as unforgettable.
她將那次經歷描述為令人難忘的。
EN： Possessive nouns with an apostrophe and 's' (e.g., 'company's') indicate ownership or association, functioning as a modifier for the noun that follows.
中文： 名詞所有格加上撇號與 s（如 'company's'）表示所有權或關聯性，在句中充當後方名詞的修飾語。
The city's history attracts many tourists every year.
這座城市的歷史每年都吸引許多遊客。
EN： In corporate language, 'home city' or 'home market' refers to the city where a startup or company was founded and developed, often serving as its primary testing ground before global expansion.
中文： 在企業與創業用語中，「home city」（大本營/總部所在地）或「home market」（本土市場）指的是初創公司成立與發展的城市。這類城市通常是公司在進行全球擴張前最主要的測試與營運據點。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述過去某個未明確說明時間發生的動作，且該動作對現在仍具影響或相關性。
Many people have registered for the new online course this week.
這週許多人已經報名了這門新的線上課程。
EN： A non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' can refer back to the entire previous clause, providing extra comment or information about the whole situation.
中文： 由 'which' 引導的非限定關係子句可以用來指代前面的整個句子（即前面的整件事），對該狀況進行額外補充或評論。
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone in his class.
他通過了那場艱難的考試，這讓班上的每個人都很驚訝。
EN： London is one of Europe's largest markets for ride-hailing platforms like Uber. The introduction of autonomous vehicles (robotaxis) in such a dense and historic city represents a major milestone in technology adaptation and urban transport regulation.
中文： 倫敦是 Uber 等叫車平台在歐洲最大的市場之一。在這座人口稠密且歷史悠久的城市導入自動駕駛車（機器人計程車），標誌著科技應用與城市交通監管方面的重要里程碑。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 自動駕駛的；自主的
在本文中： 獲得許可的；領有執照的
在本文中： 經過改裝的；修改過的
在本文中： 監督；監控
在本文中： 自動化
在本文中： 里程碑；重大事件
在本文中： 至關重要的；決定性的
在本文中： 登記；註冊
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To assume control or responsibility for something.
接管；接替
Referring to a vehicle that can guide itself without human intervention.
自動駕駛的
To advance beyond someone or something; to get an advantage over competitors.
領先；超越
A licensed vehicle that must be booked in advance, not hailed on the street.
預約出租車（如網約車、Uber 等）