EN： The phrasal verb 'fall short of' is used to describe a situation where something fails to reach a required standard, expectation, or goal. In formal contexts like news headlines, it is often used to report on clinical trials or financial targets.
中文： 動詞片語「fall short of」用於描述某事未能達到要求的標準、預期或目標。在新聞標題等正式語境中，常用於報導臨床試驗或財務指標未達標的情況。
The company's quarterly earnings fell short of analysts' expectations.
該公司的季度收益未達到分析師的預期。
EN： In news headlines, the present simple tense ('Falls Short') is frequently used to describe recent past events to create a sense of immediacy and urgency.
中文： 在新聞標題中，經常使用一般現在時（如「Falls Short」）來描述最近發生的過去事件，以營造一種即時性和緊迫感。
Government announces new policy to combat climate change.
政府宣布應對氣候變遷的新政策。
EN： Compound noun phrases are common in technical English. Here, 'Landmark NHS Blood Test Trial' acts as a single complex subject. The head noun is 'Trial', and the preceding words function as attributive modifiers.
中文： 複合名詞短語在技術英語中很常見。在這裡，「Landmark NHS Blood Test Trial」作為一個單一的複雜主詞。核心名詞是「Trial」，前面的單詞則作為定語修飾語。
The high-speed rail construction project faced several delays.
這項高速鐵路建設項目面臨了多次延誤。
EN： The NHS (National Health Service) is the publicly funded healthcare system in the UK. It is a source of great national pride but also frequent political debate, especially regarding funding and the efficacy of large-scale trials like the one mentioned.
中文： 英國國家醫療服務體系 (NHS) 是英國由公共資金資助的醫療保健系統。它是國家自豪感的來源，但也經常引發政治辯論，特別是關於資金投入以及像文中提到的這類大規模試驗的有效性。
EN： The past participle phrase 'designed to detect...' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'blood test'. This is a reduced relative clause (which was designed to...).
中文： 過去分詞短語「designed to detect...」作為形容詞修飾名詞「blood test」。這是一個縮減後的關係子句（原為 which was designed to...）。
The software developed to protect user privacy is now available.
旨在保護用戶隱私而開發的軟體現在已經可以使用了。
EN： The present participle 'involving' introduces a participial phrase that modifies 'clinical trial', indicating what the trial included or who participated in it.
中文： 現在分詞「involving」引導一個分詞短語來修飾「clinical trial」，說明該試驗包含的內容或參與對象。
A new policy involving all employees will be implemented next month.
一項涉及全體員工的新政策將於下個月實施。
EN： The present perfect tense 'has failed' is used to describe a recent event that has current relevance or provides new information in a news context.
中文： 現在完成式「has failed」用於描述最近發生且具有當前相關性，或在新聞語境中提供新訊息的事件。
The government has failed to reach an agreement with the labor union.
政府未能與工會達成協議。
EN： The NHS (National Health Service) is the publicly funded healthcare system in the UK. Mentioning it highlights that the trial was conducted within a major national framework, adding significant weight and scale to the study's findings.
中文： 英國國家醫療服務體系 (NHS) 是英國由公家資助的醫療保健系統。提及 NHS 顯示該試驗是在一個重大的國家框架內進行的，這為研究結果增添了顯著的分量和規模感。
EN： The past participle phrase 'unveiled at...' functions as an adjective modifying 'The results'. It is a reduced relative clause (which were unveiled), providing additional context about the subject.
中文： 過去分詞短語「unveiled at...」作為形容詞修飾「The results」。這是一個縮減的關係子句（原為 which were unveiled），用於提供關於主語的額外背景資訊。
The report, published last month, highlights the risks of climate change.
上個月發布的報告強調了氣候變遷的風險。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'revealed'. It introduces the specific finding or fact being reported.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「revealed」的直接受詞。它引出了被報導的具體發現或事實。
Scientists revealed that the new drug is effective against the virus.
科學家揭示了這種新藥對該病毒有效。
EN： The adverb 'significantly' is used here in a statistical context, meaning the results were not large or important enough to be considered meaningful in a scientific trial.
中文： 副詞「significantly」在此處用於統計背景，意指結果的大小或重要程度不足以在科學試驗中被視為具有意義（顯著性）。
The new policy did not significantly alter the company's revenue.
新政策並未顯著改變公司的營收。
EN： The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting is the world's premier oncology event, where major clinical trial results are often first presented to the global medical community. The mention of 'Chicago' is significant as it is the long-standing host city for this massive international gathering.
中文： 美國臨床腫瘤學會 (ASCO) 年會是全球最重要的腫瘤學盛會，重大的臨床試驗結果通常在此首次向全球醫學界展示。提到「芝加哥」具有特定意義，因為該市是這一大型國際會議的長期主辦地。
EN： Inverted Conditional (Third Conditional): The sentence uses 'Had the trial succeeded' instead of 'If the trial had succeeded'. This inversion of the auxiliary verb 'had' and the subject is a formal way to express a hypothetical situation in the past that did not actually happen.
中文： 倒裝假設句（第三類條件句）：句子使用「Had the trial succeeded」代替「If the trial had succeeded」。這種將助動詞「had」與主詞對調的倒裝結構，是用於表達「與過去事實相反」的假設，語氣較為正式。
Had I known about the meeting, I would have attended.
如果我當時知道有那場會議，我就會參加了。
EN： Mixed/Past Modal 'would have + past participle': This structure is used to describe the hypothetical result of a past condition. It indicates what 'would have' been the outcome if the condition in the 'if' clause (or inverted clause) had been met.
中文： 過去完成式助動詞「would have + 過去分詞」：此結構用於描述過去假設情況下可能產生的結果。它表示如果假設條件（if 子句或倒裝子句）達成，當時「本會」產生的影響。
The project would have failed without your help.
如果沒有你的幫助，這個專案當時就會失敗了。
EN： The sentence reflects the high stakes and formal register of medical journalism. The use of 'transformative breakthrough' is a common academic and journalistic collocation used to describe scientific advancements that fundamentally change a field.
中文： 這句話反映了醫學新聞的高標準與正式語體。「transformative breakthrough」（變革性突破）是學術與新聞界常用的固定搭配，用來描述從根本上改變某個領域的科學進展。
EN： The use of non-defining relative clauses (starting with 'which') provides additional information about a noun without being essential to the sentence's core meaning. These are always separated by commas.
中文： 非限定性關係子句（以 'which' 開頭）用於提供關於名詞的額外資訊，但並非句子核心意義所必需。這類子句前後必須使用逗號隔開。
The new drug, which was developed over ten years, has finally been approved.
這款研發超過十年的新藥終於獲得批准。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is used in formal academic or legal registers to mean 'to be considered as' or 'to form'. It is more formal than 'is' or 'makes up'.
中文： 動詞 'constitute' 用於正式的學術或法律語境，意指「被視為」或「構成」。它比 'is' 或 'makes up' 更為正式。
The evidence provided does not constitute a legal defense.
所提供的證據並不構成法律辯護。
EN： The past participle 'aged' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'who were aged'), used to efficiently describe the age range of a group in scientific reporting.
中文： 過去分詞 'aged' 在此作為簡略關係子句（原為 'who were aged'），在科學報告中用於高效地描述群體的年齡範圍。
The survey focused on adults aged eighteen to thirty.
該調查針對 18 至 30 歲的成年人。
EN： The term 'randomised controlled trial' (RCT) is considered the gold standard in medical research. In the context of the NHS (United Kingdom's National Health Service), such large-scale trials are significant because they involve a centralized, public healthcare database, making the results highly influential for global health policy.
中文： 「隨機對照試驗」(RCT) 被視為醫學研究的金標準。在英國國家醫療服務體系 (NHS) 的背景下，這類大規模試驗具有重要意義，因為它們涉及集中化的公共醫療數據庫，使得結果對全球衛生政策具有高度影響力。
EN： The verb 'undergo' is often used in formal or medical contexts to describe experiencing something necessary, unpleasant, or transformative, such as a process, surgery, or trial.
中文： 動詞「undergo」常用於正式或醫療語境，描述經歷某種必要、不愉快或具有變革性的過程，如手術、試驗或檢查。
The patient will undergo a series of tests to determine the cause of the symptoms.
患者將接受一系列檢查以確定症狀的原因。
EN： The conjunction 'while' followed by a present participle (-ing) indicates two actions happening simultaneously by the same subject. It functions as a reduced adverbial clause.
中文： 連詞「while」後接現在分詞（-ing）表示同一主體同時進行的兩個動作。這在語法上屬於簡化後的副詞子句。
He listened to music while working on his assignment.
他在寫作業的同時聽著音樂。
EN： The preposition 'over' is used here to indicate a duration of time, suggesting a continuous or repeated process throughout that period.
中文： 介系詞「over」在此處用於表示一段時間的持續，暗示在該期間內持續或重複進行的過程。
The company's profits have grown significantly over the last decade.
公司的利潤在過去十年中顯著增長。
EN： In the context of the NHS (National Health Service), 'standard cancer screening' refers to the routine tests provided to the public, such as mammograms or cervical screenings. This sentence highlights the rigorous control in clinical trials where new methods (Galleri) are tested alongside existing protocols to ensure ethical standards and comparative accuracy.
中文： 在英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS）的背景下，「標準癌症篩查」是指向公眾提供的常規檢查，如乳房攝影或子宮頸抹片檢查。這句話強調了臨床試驗中的嚴格控制，即在測試新方法（Galleri）的同時，仍保留現有醫療程序，以確保符合倫理標準並進行準確對照。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had hypothesised') is used here to describe a hypothesis that was formed before the results of the clinical trial were known, establishing a clear chronological sequence in a narrative context.
中文： 過去完成式（had hypothesised）在此用於描述在臨床試驗結果揭曉之前所提出的假設，在敘事語境中建立了清晰的時間先後順序。
The team had predicted a different outcome before the final data arrived.
在最終數據送達之前，團隊曾預測過不同的結果。
EN： The use of 'thereby' followed by a present participle (-ing) is a formal way to express a result or consequence of the preceding action. It functions as a conjunctive adverb.
中文： 使用「thereby」後接現在分詞（-ing）是一種正式的表達方式，用以表示前述動作的結果或後果。其功能為連接副詞。
The company reduced its waste, thereby lowering its environmental impact.
該公司減少了廢棄物，從而降低了對環境的影響。
EN： The gerund phrase 'supplementing conventional screening with...' acts as the subject of the 'that' clause. The structure 'supplement A with B' means to add B to A to improve it.
中文： 動名詞短語「supplementing conventional screening with...」作為「that」子句的主詞。結構「supplement A with B」意指在 A 中加入 B 以使其更完善。
Supplementing your diet with vitamins can improve your health.
在飲食中補充維生素可以改善你的健康。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clauses: The clause 'who serves as...' provides additional information about the subject (Doctor Julie Gralow) but is not essential to identify her. It is set off by commas.
中文： 非限定性關係子句：'who serves as...' 子句提供了關於主詞（朱莉·格拉洛博士）的額外資訊，但對於識別該人物並非必要。此類子句通常用逗號隔開。
Professor Smith, who leads the research department, will give the opening speech.
領導研究部門的史密斯教授將發表開幕演說。
EN： The phrasal verb 'caution against': This structure is used to warn someone not to do something or to advise against a particular course of action, often followed by a gerund (-ing form).
中文： 片語動詞 'caution against'：此結構用於警告某人不要做某事，或建議不要採取特定行動，後方通常接動名詞（-ing 形式）。
Financial advisors caution against investing all your savings in a single stock.
理財顧問警告不要將所有積蓄投資於單一股票。
EN： Compound Nouns as Titles: In formal contexts, multiple professional titles can be linked with 'and' to describe a single person's complex role.
中文： 複合名詞作為職稱：在正式語境中，多個專業職稱可以用 'and' 連結，用以描述一個人的複雜職責。
He is the founder and managing director of the tech firm.
他是這家科技公司的創辦人兼常務董事。
EN： In high-level medical and scientific reporting, experts often use cautious language (hedging) to avoid misinformation. Terms like 'cautioned against' and 'overly simplistic' reflect the professional standard of nuance when interpreting clinical trial failures.
中文： 在高階醫學和科學報導中，專家經常使用謹慎的語言（規避語）以避免誤導。像是 'cautioned against'（警告不要）和 'overly simplistic'（過於簡單化）等詞彙，反映了在解讀臨床試驗失敗時，專業領域對細微差別的嚴謹要求。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to introduce a concessive clause, meaning 'although' or 'even though'. It sets up a contrast between the positive data trends and the negative trial outcome.
中文： 連接詞「while」在此處用於引導讓步子句，意為「雖然」或「儘管」。它在數據的正面趨勢與試驗的負面結果之間建立了對比。
While the new software is faster, it still has several bugs that need fixing.
雖然這款新軟體速度更快，但它仍有一些需要修復的錯誤。
EN： The verb 'acknowledge' followed by a 'that' clause is a formal way to report information, often used when admitting a fact that might be inconvenient or contrary to one's main point.
中文： 動詞「acknowledge」後接「that」子句是一種正式的資訊報導方式，通常用於承認某個可能令人不便或與主旨相反的事實。
The company acknowledged that mistakes were made during the product launch.
公司承認在產品發布期間犯了錯誤。
EN： The word 'ultimately' is an adverb used to emphasize the final result or the most important fact after a period of time or a series of events.
中文： 「ultimately」是一個副詞，用於強調在一段時間或一系列事件之後的最終結果或最重要的事實。
The decision ultimately rests with the board of directors.
這項決定最終由董事會負責。
EN： In clinical trials, a 'primary endpoint' is the main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked. Failing to meet this endpoint is a significant setback in medical research, often determining whether a drug or test will be approved for public use.
中文： 在臨床試驗中，「主要終點」(primary endpoint) 是研究結束時用來衡量特定治療是否有效的主要指標。未能達到此終點是醫學研究中的重大挫折，通常決定了一種藥物或檢測是否能被批准供大眾使用。
EN： Negative Inversion with 'Not only': When 'not only' begins a sentence for emphasis, the auxiliary verb (do/did/does) or modal verb must precede the subject, following a question-like structure.
中文： 使用 'Not only' 的否定倒裝：當 'not only' 置於句首以示強調時，助動詞（如 do/did/does）或情態動詞必須置於主詞之前，結構類似於疑問句。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also exceeded the budget expectations.
她不僅提前完成了專案，還超出了預算預期。
EN： Statistical Significance: A formal academic and scientific term referring to the likelihood that a relationship between two or more variables is caused by something other than chance.
中文： 統計顯著性（Statistical Significance）：這是一個正式的學術與科學術語，指兩個或多個變量之間的關係並非由偶然因素引起的可能性。
The study failed to reach statistical significance due to the small sample size.
由於樣本量過小，該研究未能達到統計顯著性。
EN： Parallel Structure with 'Not only... but (also)': This correlative conjunction connects two clauses or phrases of equal grammatical weight. The 'also' is optional but frequently used in formal writing.
中文： ‘Not only... but (also)’ 的平行結構：此關聯連接詞用於連接兩個語法地位相等的子句或短語。'also' 是可選的，但在正式寫作中經常使用。
The new policy not only improves efficiency but also reduces operational costs.
新政策不僅提高了效率，還降低了營運成本。
EN： In medical research, 'statistical significance' is the gold standard for determining if a treatment works. Failing to meet this, especially in a trial involving the NHS (the UK's publicly funded healthcare system), is a major setback that often leads to intense public and professional scrutiny regarding funding and future research directions.
中文： 在醫學研究中，「統計顯著性」是判斷療法是否有效的金標準。未能達到此標準，特別是在涉及英國國家醫療服務體系（NHS，英國公立醫療系統）的試驗中，是一個重大的挫折，通常會引發公眾和專業領域對資金投入及未來研究方向的嚴厲審視。
EN： The non-restrictive relative clause (starting with 'who') provides additional information about the subject without changing its identity. It is separated by commas.
中文： 非限定性關係子句（以 'who' 開頭）用於提供關於主詞的額外資訊，但不改變其身份。在書寫時通常用逗號隔開。
The CEO, who founded the company in 1990, announced his retirement.
這位執行長（他在 1990 年創立了這家公司）宣布了退休。
EN： The phrase 'on condition of anonymity' is a formal prepositional phrase used in journalism to indicate that the source's identity will not be revealed.
中文： 短語 'on condition of anonymity' 是新聞報導中常用的正式介系詞短語，表示在「要求匿名」的條件下提供資訊。
The official spoke to the press on condition of anonymity.
該官員在要求匿名的情況下接受了媒體採訪。
EN： The adverb 'far' is used as an intensifier before comparative adjectives or adverbs (like 'more bluntly') to emphasize a significant difference.
中文： 副詞 'far' 在比較級形容詞或副詞（如 'more bluntly'）之前用作加強語氣，用以強調程度上的巨大差異。
The new model is far more efficient than the previous one.
新模型比舊模型效率高得多。
EN： In Western journalism, 'on condition of anonymity' is a standard ethical agreement. It allows experts or insiders to provide candid assessments (like calling a trial a 'flop') without risking their professional relationships or positions.
中文： 在西方新聞界，「要求匿名」是一項標準的倫理協議。這允許專家或業內人士提供坦率的評估（例如將臨床試驗稱為「失敗」），而不會冒著損害其專業關係或職位的風險。
EN： The adverb 'reportedly' is used to indicate that something is being said by others but has not been definitively proven or witnessed by the speaker. It is a common feature of journalistic register to maintain objectivity and distance from the claim.
中文： 副詞「reportedly」用於表示某事是根據他人所言，但說話者並未親自證實或目睹。這是新聞報導中常見的特徵，旨在保持客觀性並與所陳述的主張保持距離。
The CEO has reportedly resigned following the scandal.
據報導，執行長在醜聞發生後已經辭職。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had unequivocally flopped') is used here because the 'flopping' occurred before the 'stating' in the past. This establishes a clear chronological sequence of events in reported speech.
中文： 此處使用過去完成式（had unequivocally flopped），是因為「失敗」發生在過去的「陳述」之前。這在間接引語中建立了清晰的事件先後順序。
She realized that she had forgotten her keys at the office.
她意識到她把鑰匙忘在辦公室了。
EN： The present participle phrase 'describing...' acts as a supplementary clause, providing additional information about the action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial of manner or result.
中文： 現在分詞短語「describing...」作為補充子句，提供關於主句動作的額外資訊。它在此充當方式或結果的副詞用法。
He walked out of the room, slamming the door behind him.
他走出房間，砰的一聲關上了門。
EN： The phrase 'clear and simple' is a rhetorical device used to emphasize that there is no room for alternative interpretation. In a high-stakes medical context, such blunt language from a professional (even if anonymous) signals a significant blow to the research's credibility.
中文： 「clear and simple」是一個修辭手法，用來強調沒有其他解釋的空間。在涉及重大利益的醫學背景下，專業人士（即使是匿名）使用如此直白的語言，標誌著該研究的公信力受到了重大打擊。
EN： The verb 'underscore' is used figuratively to mean 'to emphasize' or 'to provide additional support for'. It is a formal alternative to 'highlight' or 'stress'.
中文： 動詞「underscore」在比喻用法中意為「強調」或「為……提供額外支持」。它是「highlight」或「stress」的正式替代詞。
The recent data underscore the need for more investment in renewable energy.
最近的數據凸顯了對再生能源進行更多投資的必要性。
EN： The word 'whether' introduces a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'regarding'. It is used to express doubt or choice between possibilities, often paired with 'or not' (implied here).
中文： 「whether」引導一個名詞子句，作為介係詞「regarding」的受詞。它用於表達可能性之間的懷疑或選擇，通常隱含「or not」的意思。
There is uncertainty regarding whether the new policy will be effective.
關於新政策是否會有效，目前還存在不確定性。
EN： The present participle 'growing' is used as an adjective to describe a continuous increase in the state of the following noun ('scepticism').
中文： 現在分詞「growing」被用作形容詞，用來描述後接名詞（scepticism）狀態的持續增長。
There is growing concern about the impact of climate change on coastal cities.
人們對氣候變遷對沿海城市影響的擔憂日益增加。
EN： In medical and scientific journalism, 'candid' often implies a level of honesty that might be uncomfortable or blunt, contrasting with the typically cautious and optimistic tone of institutional press releases. The term 'malignancies' is a formal medical synonym for cancerous tumors, reflecting the high register of the text.
中文： 在醫學和科學新聞中，「candid」（坦率的）通常暗示了一種可能令人不適或直言不諱的誠實程度，這與機構新聞稿中通常謹慎且樂觀的語調形成對比。術語「malignancies」是惡性腫瘤的正式醫學同義詞，反映了本文的高級語體。
EN： The verb 'warrant' is used to indicate that a particular action or reaction is justified or necessary based on the circumstances. It is often used in formal or academic contexts.
中文： 動詞「warrant」用於表示根據情況，某種特定的行動或反應是合理且必要的。這在正式或學術語境中非常常見。
The initial results are promising enough to warrant a larger clinical study.
初步結果非常樂觀，足以證明有必要進行更大規模的臨床研究。
EN： The use of the passive voice 'are rendered' (from 'render a judgment') is a formal way to describe the act of officially announcing or delivering a decision or opinion.
中文： 使用被動語態「are rendered」（源自「render a judgment」）是一種正式的表達方式，用來描述正式宣布或交付決定或意見的行為。
A final verdict will be rendered by the jury after they deliberate.
陪審團將在商議後做出最終判決。
EN： The conjunctive adverb 'Nevertheless' is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or modifies what has just been said, similar to 'however' but often carrying more weight.
中文： 連接副詞「Nevertheless」用於引出與前文形成對比或對其進行修正的陳述，類似於「however」，但通常語氣更重、更正式。
The hike was exhausting; nevertheless, the view from the top was worth it.
這次徒步旅行非常累人；儘管如此，山頂的景色還是值得的。
EN： In scientific and medical reporting, the term 'secondary findings' refers to data collected during a study that was not the primary focus but may still be significant. This highlights the cautious optimism often found in research even when a primary goal is not met.
中文： 在科學和醫學報告中，「次要發現」（secondary findings）是指在研究過程中收集到的、非主要研究目標但仍可能具有重要意義的數據。這體現了科研領域中常見的謹慎樂觀態度，即即使未達到主要目標，也會尋找其他有價值的線索。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 開創性的、先驅的，指在某個領域首次嘗試且具有重大意義的。
在本文中： 變革性的、徹底改變的，指能產生巨大且正面影響的變化。
在本文中： 無症狀的，指感染或患病但沒有表現出任何臨床徵兆。
在本文中： 假設、假定，指根據已知事實提出的初步理論或預測。
在本文中： 警告、提醒注意，指告誡某人不要過早下結論或採取行動。
在本文中： 可行性、生存能力，指某種方法或計畫是否能成功運作。
在本文中： 匿名，指不公開姓名或身分的狀態。
在本文中： 毫不含糊地、明確地，指表達非常清晰，沒有任何歧義。
在本文中： 懷疑態度，指對某事物的真實性或有效性持保留或不信任的看法。
在本文中： 使…有必要、值得，指某種情況證明了進一步行動的合理性。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The main goal or most important purpose of a project or study.
主要目標
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group.
隨機對照試驗
A determination that a relationship between variables is caused by something other than chance.
統計顯著性
Agreement to provide information only if the person's name is not revealed.
在匿名的條件下
To fail to reach a required or expected standard or amount.
未達到、低於預期