EN： The sentence uses a 'That-Clause' as a Relative Clause to modify the noun 'Tiny Particles'. The word 'that' acts as a relative pronoun and the subject of the verb 'harm'.
中文： 本句使用「that 引導的關係子句」來修飾名詞「Tiny Particles（微小顆粒）」。在子句中，that 作為關係代名詞，同時擔任動詞 harm 的主詞。
The factory uses machines that reduce air pollution.
這間工廠使用能減少空氣污染的機器。
EN： In news headlines, the Present Simple tense ('Finds', 'Release') is often used to describe recent discoveries or events to make the news feel more immediate and relevant.
中文： 在新聞標題中，常使用「現在簡單式」（如 Finds, Release）來描述最近的發現或事件，使新聞讀起來更具即時性與臨場感。
New Report Shows Global Temperatures Rising.
新報告顯示全球氣溫正在上升。
EN： In many parts of Europe and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are marketed as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal. This headline challenges the common public perception that 'less visible smoke' equals 'safer air'.
中文： 在歐洲和英國的許多地區，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤球）被推銷為傳統煤炭的環保替代品。這則新聞標題挑戰了公眾普遍認為「肉眼可見煙霧較少」等於「空氣更安全」的認知。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has revealed) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used for reporting news or research findings.
中文： 現在完成式 (has revealed) 用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生且與現在相關的動作，常用於報導新聞或研究結果。
The scientist has discovered a new species of bird.
這位科學家發現了一種新的鳥類。
EN： The 'as + adjective + as' structure is used to compare two things. When used with 'not', it indicates that the first thing has less of a quality than the second thing.
中文： 「as + 形容詞 + as」結構用於比較兩者。當與 'not' 連用時，表示第一個事物在某種特質上不如第二個事物。
The exam was not as difficult as I expected.
這場考試不如我預期的那麼難。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog) in cities. However, this sentence highlights a growing scientific concern that invisible pollutants can be even more dangerous.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」以減少城市中可見的空氣污染（煙霧）。然而，這句話強調了科學界日益增長的擔憂：不可見的污染物可能更加危險。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'that' as the direct object of the verb 'discovered'. This structure allows you to report a fact or finding.
中文： 本句使用由「that」引導的「名詞子句」作為動詞「discovered」的直接受詞。這種結構常用於報告事實或研究發現。
Scientists found that the ice is melting quickly.
科學家發現冰層正在快速融化。
EN： The word 'burning' is a 'Gerund' (a verb ending in -ing acting as a noun), which serves as the subject of the noun clause.
中文： 單字「burning」是一個「動名詞」（以 -ing 結尾且具有名詞功能的動詞），在名詞子句中擔任主詞。
Eating vegetables is good for your health.
吃蔬菜對你的健康有益。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution in cities, but this study highlights a hidden environmental cost.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）以減少城市中肉眼可見的空氣污染，但這項研究揭示了隱藏的環境代價。
EN： The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect. 'So' emphasizes the degree of the adjective, while the 'that' clause describes the resulting consequence.
中文： 「so + 形容詞 + that」結構用於表達因果關係。「so」強調形容詞的程度，而「that」引導的子句則描述產生的結果。
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
音樂聲太大，以至於我聽不見他說話。
EN： The conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two parallel verb phrases ('travel deep' and 'cause problems') that share the same subject ('they').
中文： 連接詞「and」在此處用於連接兩個平行的動詞短語（「深入移動」和「導致問題」），這兩個動作共享同一個主詞（「they」）。
He decided to go home and rest for a while.
他決定回家並休息一會兒。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the action is more important than who is performing it. Here, 'are sold' indicates that the fuels are the recipients of the selling action.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：當動作本身比執行者更重要時使用此結構。這裡的 'are sold' 表示燃料是「被銷售」的對象。
Fresh vegetables are sold at the local market every morning.
每天早上當地市場都會販售新鮮蔬菜。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'as... for...': 'As' is used here to function as a preposition meaning 'in the role of', while 'for' indicates the purpose or use of the item.
中文： 介係詞短語 'as... for...'：這裡的 'as' 作為介係詞，意思是「作為...的身分/功能」，而 'for' 則用來表示該物品的目的或用途。
This room is used as a study for the children.
這個房間被用作孩子們的書房。
EN： In many parts of the UK and Ireland, 'smokeless zones' were established to reduce air pollution. In these areas, only authorized smokeless fuels (like anthracite or certain manufactured briquettes) can be burned in fireplaces, as traditional coal and wood produce too much visible smoke.
中文： 在英國和愛爾蘭的許多地區，政府設立了「無煙區」以減少空氣污染。在這些區域內，壁爐只能燃燒核准的無煙燃料（如無煙煤或特定的人造煤磚），因為傳統的煤炭和木材會產生過多肉眼可見的煙霧。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞)：用於描述過去某個不特定時間發生，且與現在情況相關的動作。
She has lived in this city for ten years.
她在這座城市已經住了十年了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'they' (fuels) are the ones being expected by people.
中文： 被動語態 (be + 過去分詞)：當重點在於動作本身或動作的承受者，而非執行者時使用。在本句中，「它們」（燃料）是被大眾所期待的對象。
The results are expected to be announced tomorrow.
結果預計將於明天公佈。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are a common term for anthracite or manufactured solid fuels used in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible pollution, though this study challenges their actual safety.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」(smokeless fuels) 是一個常見術語，指在「煙霧管制區」使用的無煙煤或人造固體燃料，旨在減少肉眼可見的污染，儘管這項研究挑戰了它們的實際安全性。
EN： The use of 'something' followed by an adjective (surprising). In English, indefinite pronouns like something, anything, or nothing are modified by adjectives that come after the pronoun, not before it.
中文： 不定代名詞（如 something, anything, nothing）的後置修飾。在英文中，形容詞必須放在這些代名詞之後，而非之前。
I want to try something different for dinner tonight.
我今晚晚餐想嘗試一些不同的東西。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past (during their tests).
中文： 過去簡單式。此處用於描述在過去特定時間（測試期間）已經完成的動作。
The team finished the report yesterday.
團隊昨天完成了報告。
EN： The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news writing, specifying the institution adds credibility to the scientific findings being discussed.
中文： 高威大學（University of Galway）是愛爾蘭一所著名的研究型大學。在學術與新聞寫作中，明確指出研究機構能增加所討論科學發現的可信度。
EN： The sentence follows the 'Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement' pattern (SVC). The linking verb 'was' connects the subject 'The discovery' to the adjective 'accidental' which describes it.
中文： 此句子遵循「主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 主詞補語」(SVC) 的句型。連綴動詞 'was' 將主詞 'The discovery' 與描述它的形容詞 'accidental' 連接起來。
The meeting was productive.
那次會議很有成效。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used here to describe a completed state or fact in the past. 'Was' is the past form of the verb 'to be' for singular subjects.
中文： 這裡使用過去簡單式來描述過去一個已完成的狀態或事實。'Was' 是動詞 'to be' 針對單數主詞的過去式形態。
The movie was exciting.
那部電影很刺激。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'accidental discovery' often refers to 'serendipity'—finding something valuable while looking for something else. This is a common theme in the history of science (e.g., the discovery of Penicillin).
中文： 在科學背景下，「偶然的發現」通常指「意外收穫」(serendipity)——即在尋找其他事物時發現了有價值的東西。這是科學史上一個常見的主題（例如青黴素的發現）。
EN： The Past Continuous Tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past or to provide background information for a story.
中文： 過去進行式 (was/were + 現在分詞) 用於描述過去某個特定時間點正在進行的動作，或為故事提供背景資訊。
The team was analyzing the data when they found the error.
當團隊發現錯誤時，他們正在分析數據。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two equal parts of a sentence (nouns, adjectives, or phrases), emphasizing that two things are included.
中文： 對等連接詞「both... and...」(兩者都...) 用於連接句子中兩個對等的成分（如名詞、形容詞或短語），強調兩者皆包含在內。
The study examined both urban and rural air quality.
這項研究檢查了城市和鄉村的空氣品質。
EN： In many European countries like Ireland and the UK, traditional wood or coal-burning stoves are common for home heating. However, due to air quality concerns, governments are increasingly regulating what types of fuel can be burned, leading to the rise of 'smokeless' alternatives.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國等許多歐洲國家，傳統的木柴或燃煤爐灶在家庭取暖中非常普遍。然而，由於對空氣品質的擔憂，政府正加強管制可燃燒的燃料類型，這促使了「無煙」替代燃料的興起。
EN： The phrase 'As expected' is a fixed idiomatic expression used as a sentence adverb to indicate that the information following it confirms a previous prediction or common knowledge.
中文： 短語 'As expected' 是一個固定的慣用語，用作句子副詞，表示接下來的信息證實了先前的預測或常識（意為「正如所料」）。
As expected, the team won the championship easily.
正如預期的那樣，這支球隊輕鬆贏得了冠軍。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: 'Less' is the comparative form of 'little' (used with uncountable nouns like 'smoke') to compare two things. The structure is 'less + [uncountable noun] + than'.
中文： 比較級形容詞：'Less' 是 'little' 的比較級形式（用於不可數名詞，如 'smoke'），用來比較兩者。結構為「less + [不可數名詞] + than」。
This new engine uses less fuel than the old one.
這台新引擎比舊引擎消耗更少的燃料。
EN： In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce urban air pollution, though this study challenges their perceived safety.
中文： 在包括愛爾蘭和英國在內的許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）在「煙霧管制區」是法律要求的，以減少城市空氣污染。然而，這項研究挑戰了人們對其安全性的認知。
EN： The structure 'X times more + [noun]' is used to express multiples or comparisons. It indicates that the quantity of something is multiplied by a specific factor compared to another reference point.
中文： 結構「X times more + [名詞]」用於表達倍數或比較。它表示某物的數量與另一個參考點相比增加了特定的倍數。
This new engine produces four times more power than the old one.
這款新引擎產生的動力是舊款的四倍。
EN： The past participle 'burned' acts as a reduced relative clause (which was burned), functioning as an adjective to modify the noun 'kilogram'.
中文： 過去分詞「burned」在此作為簡化關係子句（省略了 which was），充當形容詞來修飾名詞「kilogram」（公斤）。
For every dollar spent, you earn one reward point.
每花費一美元，您就可以獲得一個獎勵積分。
EN： In many European countries, including Ireland and the UK, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'smoke control areas' to reduce visible air pollution. However, this study highlights a hidden danger that these regulations might have overlooked.
中文： 在包括愛爾蘭和英國在內的許多歐洲國家，為了減少肉眼可見的空氣污染，「控煙區」法律規定必須使用「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）。然而，這項研究揭示了這些法規可能忽視的隱藏危險。
EN： The verb 'means' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as the direct object. In English, the conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal or journalistic writing when the meaning remains clear.
中文： 動詞「means」(意味著) 後面接了一個「that 子句」作為受詞。在英文中，當語意清晰時，連接詞「that」在非正式或新聞寫作中經常會被省略。
The dark clouds mean (that) it will rain soon.
烏雲意味著很快就要下雨了。
EN： The phrase 'become deposited' uses 'become' as a linking verb followed by a past participle (deposited) to describe a change of state or a process of being placed somewhere.
中文： 短語「become deposited」使用「become」作為連綴動詞，後接過去分詞 (deposited)，用來描述狀態的改變或被放置於某處的過程。
Sediment can become deposited at the bottom of the river.
沉積物可能會沉積在河底。
EN： Appositive phrases (Non-restrictive): The phrase 'from the University of Galway' acts as an appositive or a parenthetical modifier, providing extra information about the subject (Professor Jurgita Ovadnevaite). It is set off by commas to show it is non-essential to the sentence structure.
中文： 同位語片語（非限定性）：'from the University of Galway' 這個片語作為同位語或插入式的修飾語，提供關於主詞（Jurgita Ovadnevaite 教授）的額外資訊。它用逗號隔開，表示這在句子結構上並非核心必要成分。
Mr. Smith, a local baker, won the competition.
當地的麵包師傅史密斯先生贏得了比賽。
EN： Simple Past Tense: The verb 'explained' is in the simple past tense, used to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 一般過去式：動詞 'explained' 使用一般過去式，用來描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。
The doctor explained the treatment plan to the patient.
醫生向病人解釋了治療計劃。
EN： The University of Galway is a prestigious research university in Ireland. In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce experts by their full title and institutional affiliation to establish authority on the subject matter.
中文： 高威大學（University of Galway）是愛爾蘭一所著名的研究型大學。在學術和新聞語境中，通常會介紹專家的完整頭銜和所屬機構，以建立其在該主題上的權威性。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another point in the past. Here, 'had considered' refers to the period before the study's findings were revealed.
中文： 過去完成式：用於描述在過去某個時間點或動作之前已經完成的動作。在這裡，「had considered」指的是在研究結果揭曉之前的這段時間，人們尚未考慮到這一點。
She had finished her homework before her parents arrived home.
在她的父母回到家之前，她已經完成了功課。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a subordinate clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'consider'. It explains exactly what was not considered.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：單字「that」引導一個從屬子句，作為動詞「consider」的直接受詞，用來詳細說明「沒有被考慮到」的具體內容是什麼。
He realized that he had left his keys in the car.
他意識到他把鑰匙留在車子裡了。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted by governments to reduce visible air pollution (smog). This sentence highlights a scientific irony where a solution to one problem (smoke) inadvertently creates another (invisible particles).
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，政府推廣「無煙燃料」以減少可見的空氣污染（煙霧）。這句話凸顯了一個科學上的諷刺現象：解決一個問題（煙霧）的方案，卻在無意中產生了另一個問題（肉眼看不見的微粒）。
EN： The 'not... until' structure is used to indicate that an action or situation did not happen before a specific time or event. It emphasizes that the event only occurred at that later point.
中文： 「not... until」結構用於表示某個動作或情況在特定時間或事件之前並未發生。它強調該事件直到那個較晚的時間點才發生。
I did not realize my mistake until he pointed it out.
直到他指出來，我才意識到我的錯誤。
EN： 'Such a/an + adjective + noun' is used to emphasize the degree or quality of something. It is more emphatic than using 'very'.
中文： 「such a/an + 形容詞 + 名詞」用於強調某事物的程度或性質。這比單純使用「very」更具強調語氣。
It was such a beautiful day that we went for a walk.
那是如此美好的一天，以至於我們去散步了。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is technically the plural of 'datum', but in modern English, it is commonly used as an uncountable noun with a singular verb. However, researchers often treat it with high precision as it represents the foundation of their evidence.
中文： 在科學背景下，'data' 技術上是 'datum' 的複數形式，但在現代英語中，它通常被當作不可數名詞並搭配單數動詞。然而，研究人員通常會非常精確地對待它，因為它代表了他們證據的基礎。
EN： Non-defining Relative Clause: The phrase 'who also worked on the study' provides extra information about the subject (Doctor Chunshui Lin). It is set off by commas and can be removed without changing the basic meaning of the sentence.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：短語 'who also worked on the study' 為主詞（林春水博士）提供額外資訊。這種用法通常用逗號隔開，即使刪除也不會改變句子的基本結構。
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
我哥哥住在倫敦，他是一名醫生。
EN： Spend Time Doing Something: The structure 'spend + time + V-ing' is used to indicate how much time is dedicated to a specific activity.
中文： 花費時間做某事：結構為 'spend + 時間 + 動詞-ing'，用於表示投入多少時間在特定的活動上。
She spent three hours reading the report.
她花了三個小時閱讀這份報告。
EN： In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce a person's full name and title followed by a relative clause to establish their credibility or role in the story.
中文： 在學術與新聞脈絡中，通常會先介紹人物的全名與頭銜，隨後接一個關係子句，以建立該人物在報導中的公信力或所扮演的角色。
EN： Prepositional Phrases as Adverbials: The sentence starts with 'After the laboratory findings,' which is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverbial of time. It sets the context for when the main action occurred.
中文： 介係詞短語作為狀語：句子以 'After the laboratory findings' 開頭，這是一個介係詞短語，充當時間狀語，為主要動作發生的時間設定背景。
After the long meeting, the team decided to take a break.
在漫長的會議之後，團隊決定休息一下。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'Go back': This verb means to return to a place or a previous activity. In this context, it is followed by an infinitive 'to check' to express purpose.
中文： 片語動詞 'Go back'：這個動詞意指回到某個地方或恢復之前的活動。在此語境中，其後接不定詞 'to check' 以表示目的。
He went back to the library to find his lost notebook.
他回到圖書館尋找他遺失的筆記本。
EN： Dublin is the capital of Ireland, while Birr is a smaller heritage town. The study's focus on both an urban center and a smaller town helps researchers understand how air quality issues affect different types of communities across the country.
中文： 都柏林是愛爾蘭的首都，而比爾 (Birr) 則是一個較小的遺產鎮。這項研究同時關注城市中心和小鎮，有助於研究人員了解空氣品質問題如何影響全國不同類型的社區。
EN： Indirect Questions: When a question (e.g., 'How do particles affect air quality?') is embedded within another sentence, it follows statement word order (Subject + Verb) instead of question word order.
中文： 間接問句：當一個疑問句（例如：顆粒如何影響空氣品質？）嵌入另一個句子中時，它必須使用陳述句的語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
I don't know where he lives.
我不知道他住在哪裡。
EN： Infinitive as Object: The verb 'want' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate the action that is desired.
中文： 不定詞作為受詞：動詞 'want'（想要）後面接「to + 原型動詞」構成的不定詞，用來表示想要進行的動作。
She wants to study environmental science.
她想要學習環境科學。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are legally required in 'Smoke Control Areas' to reduce visible soot, but as this study shows, they still pose invisible health risks.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，為了減少可見煙塵，法律規定在「煙霧管制區」必須使用「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤磚）。然而如本研究所示，這些燃料仍存在隱形的健康風險。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. In this context, 'suggest' means to indicate or show that something is likely to be true.
中文： 動詞「suggest」後面接一個「that 子句」，該子句作為句子的直接受詞。在這種語境下，「suggest」的意思是顯示或表明某事可能是真實的。
The evidence suggests that the climate is changing rapidly.
證據顯示氣候正在迅速變化。
EN： The word 'need' is used as a transitive verb followed by a noun phrase ('more attention'). It expresses a necessity or requirement for something.
中文： 「need」在此作為及物動詞，後接名詞短語（more attention）。它表達了對某事物的必要性或需求。
This old house needs a new coat of paint.
這棟舊房子需要刷一層新漆。
EN： The verb 'believe' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is used to report opinions, thoughts, or facts.
中文： 動詞「believe」(相信/認為) 後面接一個由「that」引導的名詞子句，作為整句的直接受詞。這種結構常用於表達觀點、想法或事實。
Scientists believe that climate change is a serious threat.
科學家們認為氣候變遷是一個嚴重的威脅。
EN： The passive voice 'should be updated' (modal verb + be + past participle) is used here because the focus is on the regulations being changed, rather than who is changing them.
中文： 被動語態「should be updated」(助動詞 + be + 過去分詞) 在此處被使用，是因為重點在於「法規被修改」，而非誰去修改它們。
The software should be updated regularly to ensure security.
軟體應該定期更新以確保安全。
EN： In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) were promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal to reduce visible smog in cities. This sentence reflects a shift in scientific understanding where 'invisible' pollution is now seen as a major threat.
中文： 在許多歐洲國家，「無煙燃料」（如無煙煤或人造煤球）曾被推廣為傳統煤炭的環保替代品，以減少城市中肉眼可見的煙霧。這句話反映了科學認知的轉變：現在「不可見」的污染被視為主要的健康威脅。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 揭露、顯示出原本不為人知的事實
在本文中： 極微小的、超細微的
在本文中： 可供選擇的替代方案或事物
在本文中： 偶然的、意外的
在本文中： 沉積、堆積（於某處）
在本文中： 測量結果、數值
在本文中： 有毒的、有害的
在本文中： 規章、條例、監管措施
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to result in or cause something to happen
導致、引起
the degree to which the air is clean or polluted
空氣品質
to return to a place, subject, or activity
回到、重新查看
in the way that was planned or thought likely to happen
正如預料、不出所料
Particles with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers, often resulting from combustion.
超細懸浮微粒
To settle or accumulate in a specific place through a natural or physical process.
沉積 / 堆積
A small amount of a substance taken to be tested or analyzed in a laboratory.
燃料樣本 / 試樣
Data points or readings collected by sensors to determine the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere.
空氣監測數據 / 測量值