EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述過去某個不確定的時間點發生的動作，且該動作對現在仍有影響或關聯。
Technology has changed how we communicate.
科技改變了我們溝通的方式。
EN： Noun Phrase as Object (the way + clause): The phrase 'the way' is often followed by a clause (people live) to describe the manner in which something is done, acting as the object of the verb.
中文： 名詞短語作為受詞 (the way + 子句)：'the way' 後方經常接一個子句（people live）來描述某事進行的方式，並在句中擔任動詞的受詞。
I like the way she sings.
我喜歡她唱歌的方式。
EN： The term 'pandemic' specifically refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. In English-speaking media, 'COVID-19' and 'the pandemic' are often used interchangeably when referring to the events starting in 2020.
中文： 'Pandemic' (大流行) 一詞專指跨越多個國家或大洲傳播的流行病，通常影響大量人口。在英語媒體中，'COVID-19' 和 'the pandemic' 在提到 2020 年開始的事件時經常互換使用。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed with 'have/has + been + past participle'. It is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has an effect on the present, where the subject is the receiver of the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：由「have/has + been + 過去分詞」構成。用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在，或對現在產生影響的動作，且主詞是動作的承受者。
Many new buildings have been built in this city since last year.
自去年以來，這座城市已經建成了許多新建築。
EN： The preposition 'Since': Used to indicate the starting point of a period of time that continues to the present. It is commonly paired with the Present Perfect tense.
中文： 介系詞「Since」：用於表示持續到現在的一段時間的起點。通常與現在完成式連用。
I have lived here since 2015.
我自 2015 年以來一直住在這裏。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present moment, emphasizing the ongoing effort.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞) 在此用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，強調努力的持續性。
Scientists have studied the virus for many years.
科學家們已經研究這種病毒很多年了。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to protect) functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the governments and organizations have worked hard.
中文： 不定詞 (to + 動詞原形) 在此作為目的副詞使用，解釋政府與組織「為什麼」要努力工作。
He exercised every day to stay healthy.
他每天運動以保持健康。
EN： In many Western cultures, the term 'citizens' in a public health context emphasizes the social contract between the state and its people, highlighting the government's responsibility for collective safety.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，公共衛生語境下的「公民 (citizens)」一詞強調了國家與人民之間的社會契約，突顯了政府對集體安全的責任。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The word 'Understanding' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun). It functions as the subject of the sentence, representing an abstract concept or action.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：單字 'Understanding' 是一個動名詞（動詞 + -ing 作為名詞使用）。它在句中擔任主詞，代表一個抽象的概念或行為。
Learning a new language takes time and patience.
學習一門新語言需要時間和耐心。
EN： Noun Clause with 'How to': The phrase 'how to stay safe' is a noun clause acting as the object of the gerund 'Understanding'. It uses the structure 'wh- word + to-infinitive' to express a method or way of doing something.
中文： 名詞子句與 'How to'：片語 'how to stay safe' 是一個名詞子句，作為動名詞 'Understanding' 的受詞。它使用「疑問詞 + 不定詞」的結構來表達做某事的方法或方式。
She taught us how to cook Italian pasta.
她教我們如何烹飪義大利麵。
EN： In English-speaking healthcare contexts, 'older adults' is often preferred over 'elderly' or 'old people' as it is considered more respectful and neutral.
中文： 在英語國家的醫療保健語境中，通常偏好使用 'older adults' 而非 'elderly' 或 'old people'，因為這被認為更具尊重且語氣中立。
EN： The use of the superlative adjective 'the best' followed by a noun and an infinitive phrase (to + verb) to express purpose or function.
中文： 使用最高級形容詞「the best」後接名詞，再搭配不定詞短語（to + 動詞）來表達目的或功能。
Reading is the best way to improve your vocabulary.
閱讀是增加詞彙量的最佳方法。
EN： The word 'any' is used here in an affirmative sentence to mean 'it doesn't matter which one' or 'every'.
中文： 單字「any」在此肯定句中用於表示「無論哪一個」或「每一種」。
You can call me at any time.
你可以在任何時間打給我。
EN： In public health discourse, the phrase 'prevention is better than cure' is a common idiom that aligns with the sentiment of this sentence.
中文： 在公共衛生論述中，「預防勝於治療」(prevention is better than cure) 是一個常見的成語，與本句的情境相符。
EN： The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to identify a specific item from a group of items that share a common quality. Note that the verb must be singular because the subject is 'One'.
中文： 結構「One of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」用於從一組具有共同特質的事物中挑選出特定的一個。請注意，動詞必須使用單數，因為主詞是「One」（之一）。
One of the most beautiful cities in the world is Paris.
世界上最美麗的城市之一是巴黎。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has been) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to be true up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has been）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態或事實。
She has been a teacher for ten years.
她擔任老師已經十年了。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the doer. Here, 'were developed' focuses on the vaccines rather than who made them.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：當動作本身比執行者更重要時使用。這裡的 'were developed' 將焦點放在疫苗，而非研發者。
The bridge was built in 1990.
這座橋建於 1990 年。
EN： Subordinating Conjunction 'because': Used to introduce a clause that provides the reason for the main action.
中文： 從屬連接詞 'because'：用來引導一個提供主句動作原因的子句。
She stayed home because it was raining.
因為下雨，她待在家裡。
EN： The sentence reflects the unprecedented global scientific collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic, which broke traditional barriers in research and data sharing.
中文： 這句話反映了 COVID-19 疫情期間前所未有的全球科學合作，打破了傳統研究與數據共享的藩籬。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a to-infinitive. In this sentence, 'recognize' and 'fight' are bare infinitives.
中文： 動詞 'help' (幫助) 後面可以接受詞，再接原形不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞）或 to-不定詞。在本句中，'recognize' 與 'fight' 皆為原形不定詞。
This app helps me organize my daily tasks.
這個應用程式幫助我安排日常任務。
EN： The word 'before' acts as a conjunction here, connecting the main clause with a subordinate clause of time. In such clauses, the present simple tense is used to refer to future possibilities.
中文： 單字 'before' (在...之前) 在此作為連接詞，連接主句與時間從句。在這種從句中，通常使用現在簡單式來表示未來的可能性。
Please wash your hands before you eat dinner.
請在吃晚餐前洗手。
EN： In English-speaking medical contexts, 'vaccine' refers to the substance itself, while 'vaccination' or 'getting a shot' refers to the act of receiving it. The phrase 'get sick' is a common, informal way to say 'become ill'.
中文： 在英語醫學語境中，'vaccine' 指的是物質本身，而 'vaccination' 或 'getting a shot' 則是指接種的行為。'get sick' 是表達「生病」的一種常見且非正式的說法。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生，且與現在仍有關係的動作。
I have already finished my homework.
我已經完成我的作業了。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause (which): Used to provide additional information about the entire preceding clause, separated by a comma.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句 (which)：用於對前面的整個子句提供額外的補充說明，前面通常會加上逗號。
It rained all day, which ruined our picnic plans.
下了一整天的雨，這毀了我們的野餐計畫。
EN： In English-speaking countries, the term 'vaccination' and 'vaccine' are often used interchangeably in casual conversation, though 'vaccination' technically refers to the act of receiving the vaccine.
中文： 在英語系國家，'vaccination' (接種疫苗) 和 'vaccine' (疫苗) 在日常對話中常互換使用，儘管技術上 'vaccination' 是指接種的動作。
EN： The First Conditional (If + present simple, will/modal/imperative) is used to talk about real possibilities in the present or future. Here, 'it is a good idea' acts as a suggestion based on a specific condition.
中文： 第一類條件句（If + 現在簡單式，will/助動詞/祈使句）用於討論現在或未來可能發生的真實情況。在這裡，「it is a good idea」是基於特定條件下所提出的建議。
If you are tired, it is a good idea to take a rest.
如果你累了，休息一下是個好主意。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive (have/has + been + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past where the person is the recipient of the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have/has + been + 過去分詞）用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且主詞是該動作的接受者。
The report has already been finished by the team.
報告已經由團隊完成了。
EN： In many Western cultures, the family doctor or 'General Practitioner' (GP) is the primary source of medical advice. It is common practice to consult them before making medical decisions like vaccination.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，家庭醫生或全科醫生（GP）是醫療建議的主要來源。在做出如接種疫苗等醫療決定前，諮詢家庭醫生是當地的普遍做法。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The word 'Wearing' is a gerund (verb + -ing) acting as the subject of the sentence. It treats an action as a singular noun concept.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：單字 'Wearing' 是動名詞（動詞 + -ing），在句中擔任主詞。它將一個動作視為一個單數的名詞概念。
Eating healthy food is good for your body.
吃健康的食物對你的身體有益。
EN： Present Perfect Tense: 'Has been' is used to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式：'Has been' 用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。
She has been a teacher for ten years.
她當老師已經十年了。
EN： In many East Asian cultures, wearing masks was common even before COVID-19 to prevent spreading colds or to protect against pollution. In Western countries, it became a significant cultural and political topic during the pandemic.
中文： 在許多東亞文化中，甚至在新冠肺炎之前，佩戴口罩就很常見，用於防止感冒傳播或防範污染。而在西方國家，這在疫情期間成為了一個重要的文化和政治議題。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The word 'which' is used after a comma to provide extra information about the entire preceding clause ('A mask covers your nose and mouth'). It acts as a connector to show the result or effect.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：在逗號後使用 'which' 來對前面的整個子句（口罩覆蓋你的鼻子和嘴巴）提供額外的補充說明。它在此作為連接詞，用來表示結果或影響。
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.
他通過了考試，這讓他父母非常開心。
EN： The structure 'stop someone/something from doing something' is used to describe preventing an action or a process from happening.
中文： 動詞用法 'stop ... from ...'：此結構用於描述阻止某人或某事進行某個動作或過程。
The rain stopped us from going to the park.
這場雨阻止了我們去公園。
EN： In many East Asian cultures, wearing a mask when sick was a common social etiquette even before the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, in many Western countries, mask-wearing became a significant point of public debate and a new social norm only during the pandemic.
中文： 在許多東亞文化中，即使在 COVID-19 疫情之前，生病時配戴口罩就是一種常見的社交禮儀。相比之下，在許多西方國家，配戴口罩在疫情期間才成為公眾討論的焦點以及新的社交規範。
EN： Past Continuous Tense: Used to describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past or to provide background context for another event.
中文： 過去進行式：用於描述過去某個特定時間點正在進行的動作，或為另一個事件提供背景背景資訊。
While we were walking to the park, it started to rain.
當我們正走向公園時，天開始下雨了。
EN： Passive Voice (Past Simple): Formed with 'was/were + past participle'. It focuses on the person receiving the action rather than the one performing it.
中文： 被動語態（過去簡單式）：由「was/were + 過去分詞」構成。其重點在於接受動作的人或物，而非執行動作的主體。
The students were told to stay quiet during the exam.
學生們被告知在考試期間保持安靜。
EN： In many Western cultures, wearing masks in public was not common before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in many East Asian countries, it was already a social norm to wear masks when sick to protect others.
中文： 在許多西方文化中，在 COVID-19 疫情之前，在公共場合佩戴口罩並不普遍。然而，在許多東亞國家，生病時佩戴口罩以保護他人早已是一種社會規範。
EN： The conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast. In English, unlike in Chinese, you should not use 'but' in the main clause if you have already used 'although' at the beginning.
中文： 連接詞 'although' (雖然) 用於引導表達對比的從屬子句。在英文語法中，若句首使用了 although，後面的主句不可再使用 but，這與中文習慣不同。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然正在下雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The verb 'find' can be used in the pattern 'find + object + adjective' to express an opinion or perception about something after experiencing it.
中文： 動詞 'find' 可用於「find + 受詞 + 形容詞」的句型，用來表達在體驗某事後對其產生的觀點或感覺。
I found the movie very boring.
我覺得那部電影非常無聊。
EN： During the COVID-19 pandemic, mask-wearing became a subject of debate in some Western countries due to concerns over personal freedom, whereas in many Asian cultures, it was more readily accepted as a collective responsibility.
中文： 在 COVID-19 疫情期間，佩戴口罩在一些西方國家因涉及個人自由而成為爭論焦點；相比之下，在許多亞洲文化中，佩戴口罩更容易被視為一種集體責任而被接受。
EN： The use of 'especially' as an adverb of degree to emphasize the adjective 'useful'. It highlights that the benefit is particularly high in specific situations.
中文： 使用 'especially' 作為程度副詞來強調形容詞 'useful'（有用的）。它突顯了在特定情況下，其益處特別高。
This book is especially helpful for beginners.
這本書對初學者特別有幫助。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time starting with 'when'. This structure (when + subject + verb) is used to indicate the specific circumstances or time under which the main action or state occurs.
中文： 由 'when' 引導的時間副詞子句。此結構（when + 主詞 + 動詞）用於表示主句動作或狀態發生的特定情況或時間。
Please turn off the lights when you leave the room.
離開房間時請關燈。
EN： In many East Asian cultures, wearing a mask when sick was a common social etiquette even before the pandemic. However, in many Western countries, this practice only became widespread during COVID-19 and remains a topic of public health discussion.
中文： 在許多東亞文化中，生病時配戴口罩在疫情前就是常見的社交禮儀。然而，在許多西方國家，這種做法直到新冠肺炎期間才普及，且至今仍是公共衛生討論的話題。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have relevance or effect in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述從過去開始並對現在仍具影響力或相關性的動作。
Technology has played a major part in modern education.
科技在現代教育中扮演了重要角色。
EN： The phrase 'play a role in' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when describing the activity being influenced.
中文： 片語「play a role in」（在...中發揮作用）之後若接動作，需使用動名詞（V-ing）形式。
Exercise plays a role in maintaining good health.
運動在維持健康方面發揮了作用。
EN： The term 'quarantine' has historical roots in the Italian word 'quaranta', meaning forty, referring to the 40-day isolation period required for ships arriving in Venice during the Black Death.
中文： 「Quarantine」（隔離）一詞源於義大利語「quaranta」，意為「四十」。這起源於黑死病時期，抵達威尼斯的船隻必須進行為期 40 天的隔離觀察。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action, rather than the one performing it. Here, 'was infected' and 'were asked' emphasize the experience of the individuals.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：此結構用於當重點在於受動作影響的人或事物，而非執行動作的人。在這裡，「was infected」(被感染) 和 「were asked」(被要求) 強調了這些人的經歷。
The students were told to finish their homework by Friday.
學生們被告知要在週五前完成作業。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time (When...): The word 'when' introduces a subordinate clause that establishes the time or condition under which the main action occurs.
中文： 時間副詞子句 (When...)：單字 'when' 引導一個從屬子句，用來建立主要動作發生的時間或條件。
When the bell rings, the class will start.
當鈴聲響起時，課程就會開始。
EN： The term 'quarantine' and the practice of staying at home for a 'specific period' became a global standard during the COVID-19 pandemic, though the exact number of days (e.g., 7, 10, or 14 days) varied by country and health guidelines.
中文： 「隔離」(quarantine) 一詞以及在家待「一段特定時間」的做法在 COVID-19 疫情期間成為全球標準，儘管具體的天數（例如 7 天、10 天或 14 天）因國家和衛生指南而異。
EN： The modal verb 'could not' is the past tense of 'cannot,' used here to express a lack of ability or permission in the past due to specific circumstances.
中文： 助動詞 'could not' 是 'cannot' 的過去式，在此處用於表達過去因特定情況而缺乏能力或不被允許做某事。
He could not attend the meeting because he was feeling unwell.
因為他感到不舒服，所以他無法參加會議。
EN： The past participle 'infected' is used as an adjective to describe the noun 'person,' indicating the state of having been affected by the virus.
中文： 過去分詞 'infected' 在此作為形容詞使用，用來修飾名詞 'person'，表示該人處於被病毒感染的狀態。
The doctor treated the infected wound carefully.
醫生仔細地處理了受感染的傷口。
EN： During the COVID-19 pandemic, 'quarantine' became a globally understood term, though specific rules varied by country. In many cultures, it emphasized the collective responsibility of the individual to protect the community.
中文： 在 COVID-19 疫情期間，「隔離」(quarantine) 成為全球通用的術語，儘管各國的具體規定有所不同。在許多文化中，這強調了個人保護社區的集體責任。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'prevent' is a bare infinitive acting as the object complement.
中文： 動詞「help」(幫助) 後面可以接對象，然後接原形不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞）或帶 to 的不定詞。在本句中，「prevent」是作為受詞補語的原形不定詞。
Exercise helps keep your heart healthy.
運動有助於保持心臟健康。
EN： The structure 'prevent someone/something from doing something' is used to describe stopping an action or process from happening.
中文： 結構「prevent someone/something from doing something」(防止某人/某事做某事) 用於描述阻止某個動作或過程發生。
The heavy rain prevented us from going to the park.
大雨阻止了我們去公園。
EN： In public health contexts, 'community' refers not just to a neighborhood, but to the general public or a group of people living together in a specific area, emphasizing collective responsibility.
中文： 在公共衛生語境中，「community」(社區) 不僅指鄰里，還指公眾或居住在特定區域的一群人，強調集體責任。
EN： The sentence uses a Relative Clause starting with 'that' to provide more information about the noun 'rules'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the subject of the clause.
中文： 本句使用了以 'that' 引導的關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾名詞 'rules'（規定）。在子句中，關係代名詞 'that' 作為主詞。
The company has policies that are difficult to follow.
這間公司有一些難以遵守的政策。
EN： The conjunction 'but' is used to connect two adjectives ('strict' and 'necessary') that show a contrast or a balance between a negative-sounding quality and a positive purpose.
中文： 對等連接詞 'but' 用於連接兩個形容詞（strict 與 necessary），在聽起來較負面的特質與正面的目的之間建立對比或平衡。
The training was long but useful.
這場訓練很長，但很有用。
EN： The term 'quarantine' became a daily part of global vocabulary during COVID-19. In many Western cultures, there was a significant debate between individual freedom and 'public safety' rules, which is reflected in the use of the word 'strict' in this sentence.
中文： 「Quarantine」（隔離）一詞在 COVID-19 期間成為全球日常詞彙。在許多西方文化中，個人自由與「公共安全」規定之間存在顯著辯論，這反映在句子中使用「strict」（嚴格）一詞的語境中。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a result or impact continuing into the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：此處用於描述一個始於過去，且其結果或影響持續到現在的動作。
The experience has changed my perspective on life.
這次經驗改變了我對生活的看法。
EN： Ditransitive Verb (teach someone something): The verb 'teach' can take two objects: an indirect object (us) and a direct object (many valuable lessons).
中文： 雙賓語動詞 (教導某人某事)：動詞 'teach' 可以接兩個受詞：間接受詞 (us) 和直接受詞 (many valuable lessons)。
He taught me a secret technique.
他教了我一個秘訣。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, the phrase 'lessons learned' is commonly used in professional and personal contexts to reflect on past challenges and how to improve in the future.
中文： 在英語系國家中，'lessons learned' (學到的教訓) 是一個常用詞彙，無論是在職場或個人生活中，都常用來反思過去的挑戰以及未來如何改進。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has relevance or results in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞) 在此處用於描述從過去開始並對現在產生影響或結果的動作。
Scientists have discovered a new way to treat the virus.
科學家們已經發現了一種治療該病毒的新方法。
EN： Gerunds (verb + -ing) function as nouns. In this sentence, 'washing' and 'keeping' act as the compound subject of the noun clause.
中文： 動名詞 (V-ing) 具有名詞的功能。在本句中，「washing」和「keeping」作為名詞子句中的複合主詞。
Exercising daily improves your health.
每天運動能改善你的健康。
EN： The phrase 'keeping distance' refers to 'social distancing,' a term that became globally recognized during the COVID-19 pandemic as a key public health strategy.
中文： 「keeping distance」指的是「社交距離」，這個術語在 COVID-19 疫情期間成為全球公認的關鍵公共衛生策略。
EN： The phrasal verb 'depend on' means to be determined or conditioned by something. In the present simple tense, when the subject is singular (Public health), the verb must take an 's' (depends).
中文： 動詞短語 'depend on' 意為「取決於」或「視...而定」。在現在簡單式中，當主詞為單數（Public health）時，動詞必須加上 's'（depends）。
Success depends on your hard work.
成功取決於你的努力。
EN： The quantifier 'every' is used to refer to all members of a group, but it is grammatically followed by a singular countable noun (individual).
中文： 限定詞 'every' 用於指代群體中的所有成員，但在語法上其後必須接單數可數名詞（individual）。
Every student has a unique talent.
每個學生都有獨特的才能。
EN： In Western public health discourse, there is a strong emphasis on 'individual responsibility' alongside government action. This sentence reflects the civic duty expected of citizens during a health crisis.
中文： 在西方的公共衛生論述中，除了政府行動外，也非常強調「個人責任」。這句話反映了在健康危機期間對公民所期望的公民義務。
EN： The conjunction 'Even though' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. It is more emphatic than 'although'. Note that in English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'even though' is used.
中文： 連接詞 'Even though' 用於引導表達讓步或對比的從屬子句，意為「儘管、雖然」。它比 'although' 語氣更強。請注意，英文語法中，當開頭使用了 'even though'，後面的主要子句不可再重複使用 'but'。
Even though it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
儘管下著雨，他們還是決定去散步。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has improved') is used here to describe a state or action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式 ('has improved') 在此處用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生，且與現在情況相關的狀態或動作。
The technology has improved significantly over the last decade.
這項技術在過去十年中已有顯著改善。
EN： In many English-speaking cultures, public health guidelines are often framed as 'recommendations' or 'guidelines' rather than strict 'laws' to encourage individual responsibility and community cooperation.
中文： 在許多英語系國家的文化中，公共衛生準則通常被表述為「建議」或「準則」(guidelines)，而非嚴厲的「法律」，旨在鼓勵個人責任感與社區合作。
EN： The preposition 'By' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved.
中文： 介系詞「By」後接動名詞（V-ing），用來表示達成某個動作的方式或手段。
By practicing every day, you can improve your English skills.
透過每天練習，你可以提升你的英文技巧。
EN： The comparative adjective 'better' is used here to modify the state of being 'prepared', indicating an improvement over the current state.
中文： 比較級形容詞「better」在此用來修飾「prepared」（準備好的）狀態，表示比目前的狀態更進一步的提升。
We need to be better organized for the next meeting.
為了下次會議，我們需要更有組織性。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 大流行病，指疾病在全國或全世界範圍內廣泛流行。
在本文中： 受影響的，指受到疾病、情況或變化的波及。
在本文中： 預防，指防止某事（如疾病）發生的行為。
在本文中： 有效的，指能產生預期效果或結果的。
在本文中： 疫苗，一種用於增強免疫力以預防特定疾病的生物製劑。
在本文中： 辨認、識別，指身體免疫系統識別出病毒。
在本文中： 擁擠的，指擠滿了人或東西的地方。
在本文中： 隔離，指為了防止疾病傳播而限制人員流動的措施。
在本文中： 受感染的，指被細菌或病毒侵入身體。
在本文中： 社區、群體，指居住在同一地區或具有共同特徵的人群。
在本文中： 寶貴的、有價值的，指非常有用的經驗或教訓。
在本文中： 準則、指導方針，指官方建議的行動規則。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To be a very important part of something or have a significant influence on an outcome.
扮演關鍵角色
To maintain a physical space between oneself and others.
保持距離
To cooperate or collaborate with others to achieve a common goal.
合作、齊心協力
A medical state where a patient's condition is severe, often requiring hospitalization or intensive care.
重症 / 嚴重疾病
The science and systems focused on protecting and improving the health of entire populations through organized community efforts.
公共衛生