EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice (have/has been + past participle) is used to describe an action that has been completed at an unspecified time in the past, focusing on the result or the receiver of the action rather than who performed it.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去不特定時間點已完成的動作，其焦點在於動作的承受者或結果，而非動作的執行者。
Many new stars have been discovered by this telescope.
這架望遠鏡已經發現了許多新恆星。
EN： The phrase 'for the first time in history' is a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial modifier to emphasize that an event has never occurred before in human records.
中文： 片語「for the first time in history」（歷史上第一次）是用作副詞修飾語的介系詞片語，用以強調某個事件在人類記載中從未發生過。
The two countries signed a peace treaty for the first time in history.
這兩個國家在歷史上首次簽署了和平條約。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by a comma, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前通常有逗號隔開，且其中的關係代名詞 'which' 不能用 'that' 代替。
He bought a new laptop, which cost him a fortune.
他買了一台新筆記型電腦，花了他一大筆錢。
EN： The past simple tense is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past (e.g., 'announced', 'happened').
中文： 簡單過去式用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作或狀態（例如句中的 'announced' 和 'happened'）。
The company launched its first satellite last year.
該公司去年發射了其第一顆衛星。
EN： The term 'commercial spaceflight' refers to the growing private space industry (such as SpaceX or Axiom Space), which represents a shift from government-funded space exploration (like NASA) to private-sector initiatives, enabling more diverse scientific research in orbit.
中文： 「商業太空飛行」（commercial spaceflight）指的是蓬勃發展的民營太空產業（如 SpaceX 或 Axiom Space）。這代表了太空探索從政府資助（如美國國家航空暨太空總署 NASA）向私營部門主導的轉變，從而使更多元化的科學研究得以在軌道上進行。
EN： Noun Clause as Object (that-clause): The verb 'believe' is followed by a noun clause functioning as its direct object. The conjunction 'that' is omitted here, which is very common in informal and semi-formal English when the meaning is clear.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞（that 子句）：動詞「believe」（相信）後面接一個名詞子句作為其直接受詞。在這裡省略了連接詞「that」，這在非正式和半正式的英文中非常常見，只要語意清楚即可省略。
They believe the project will succeed.
他們相信這個企劃會成功。
EN： Simple Present Tense for General Truths or Current Beliefs: The verbs 'believe' and 'marks' are in the simple present tense because they express a current, ongoing belief and a general statement about the significance of the achievement.
中文： 一般現在時表示普遍真理或當前信念：動詞「believe」和「marks」使用一般現在時，因為它們表達了當前持續的信念，以及對該成就重要性的客觀陳述。
She believes this technology improves our daily lives.
她相信這項技術改善了我們的日常生活。
EN： The Present/Past Perfect or Simple Past with 'for' + duration. Here, 'was' (Simple Past) is used because the situation of ultrasound being the *only* method has just ended with the new X-ray breakthrough. 'For more than forty years' indicates the duration of this past state.
中文： 使用「for」加上一段時間來表示持續的狀態。在這裡使用過去簡單式「was」，是因為隨著新 X 光技術的突破，超音波作為「唯一」方法的狀態已經結束。「For more than forty years」指出這個過去狀態持續的時間。
For more than ten years, this old computer was the only tool I had for my work.
十年多來，這台舊電腦是我工作上唯一擁有的工具。
EN： Relative clauses with 'that'. The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that doctors could use in space') to modify the noun phrase 'the only imaging method'. Since 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'use', it could grammatically be omitted, but keeping it adds clarity.
中文： 使用「that」引導的關係子句。關係代名詞「that」在此引導一個限定修飾的關係子句（that doctors could use in space），用來修飾名詞片語「the only imaging method」（唯一的成像方法）。因為「that」在子句中擔任動詞「use」的直接受格，在文法上是可以省略的，但保留它能使語意更清晰。
This is the only book that the students must read this semester.
這是學生們本學期唯一必須閱讀的書。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a dependent clause (adverbial clause of reason) that explains the cause or reason for the action or state in the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導從屬子句（原因副詞子句），用來解釋主句中動作或狀態的原因。
She stayed at home because it was raining heavily.
她待在家裡，因為雨下得很大。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to state general facts or permanent situations. In the third-person singular ('it'), the verb 'require' takes the ending '-s' to become 'requires'.
中文： 這裡使用現在簡單式來陳述普遍事實或永久的情況。在第三人稱單數（it）之後，動詞「require」字尾需加「-s」變為「requires」。
This recipe requires fresh ingredients.
這道食譜需要新鮮的食材。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to describe two developments that are happening at the same time, meaning 'while' or 'in proportion to the way in which'. It often connects a changing situation with its consequence.
中文： 連接詞「as」在此處用於描述同時發生的兩個發展，意思是「隨著」或「與…同時」。它通常將一個正在變化的情況與其產生的結果連結起來。
As the weather gets colder, people spend more time indoors.
隨著天氣變冷，人們待在室內的時間也變多了。
EN： The passive voice 'are needed' (be verb + past participle) is used when the agent performing the action (the people who need the tools) is obvious, unimportant, or unknown, focusing the attention on the receiver of the action ('better medical tools').
中文： 被動語態「are needed」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於執行動作的人（需要工具的人）是顯而易見、不重要或未知的情況，藉此將注意力集中在接受動作的客體（「更好的醫療工具」）上。
More volunteers are needed for the upcoming charity event.
即將舉辦的慈善活動需要更多的志工。
EN： Apposition (Appositive Phrase): An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename or describe it. In this sentence, 'the lead researcher from Mayo Clinic in Minnesota' is an appositive phrase that provides more information about the subject 'Doctor Sheyna Gifford'. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語（同位語短語）：同位語是緊跟在另一個名詞旁邊，用來重新命名或描述該名詞的名詞或名詞短語。在本句中，「the lead researcher from Mayo Clinic in Minnesota」（來自明尼蘇達州妙佑醫療國際的首席研究員）是一個同位語短語，用來提供關於主詞「Doctor Sheyna Gifford」（謝娜·吉福德醫生）的更多資訊，前後以逗號隔開。
Mr. Davis, the principal of our school, gave a speech.
戴維斯先生，也就是我們學校的校長，發表了演講。
EN： Prepositional Phrases as Modifiers: Prepositional phrases starting with 'from' and 'in' can act as adjectives to describe nouns. Here, 'from Mayo Clinic' describes 'the lead researcher', and 'in Minnesota' describes 'Mayo Clinic', creating a chain of specific details.
中文： 介係詞短語作為修飾語：以「from」和「in」開頭的介係詞短語可以充當形容詞來修飾名詞。在這裡，「from Mayo Clinic」修飾「the lead researcher」，而「in Minnesota」修飾「Mayo Clinic」，形成了一連串具體細節的修飾。
The teacher from the local college in Taipei won an award.
來自台北當地大學的那位老師獲獎了。
EN： Mayo Clinic is a highly prestigious, non-profit academic medical center based in Rochester, Minnesota. It is consistently ranked among the best hospitals in the United States and the world, known for its integrated clinical practice, education, and research.
中文： 妙佑醫療國際（Mayo Clinic）是總部位於明尼蘇達州羅徹斯特的一所享有盛譽的非營利學術醫療中心。它在美國及全球的最佳醫院排名中一直名列前茅，以其整合性的臨床實踐、醫學教育和科學研究而聞名。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of a reporting verb (like 'said'). The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech, but it is kept here to clearly introduce the reported statement.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為述說動詞（如「said」）的直接受詞。在口語中「that」常被省略，但在此處保留以清晰地引出所轉述的內容。
He said that the new project would start next week.
他說新專案將於下週開始。
EN： The quantifier 'too much' is used with uncountable nouns (like 'radiation') to express an excessive amount that goes beyond what is desirable or safe.
中文： 數量詞「too much」與不可數名詞（如「radiation」）連用，用以表示超過理想或安全範圍的過多數量。
Drinking too much coffee can make you feel nervous.
喝太多咖啡會讓你感到緊張。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'so' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing a cause-and-effect relationship where the second clause is the result of the first.
中文： 等立連接詞「so」（因此/所以）用於連接兩個獨立子句，表示因果關係，第二個子句為第一個子句所產生的結果。
The weather was terrible, so we decided to stay indoors.
天氣非常糟糕，所以我們決定待在室內。
EN： The 'that-clause' acts as a noun clause serving as the direct object of the verb 'believed'. It contains a gerund phrase 'taking clear X-ray images in orbit' acting as the subject of the noun clause.
中文： 由「that」引導的子句作為名詞子句，擔任動詞「believed」的直接受詞。該子句內部包含一個動名詞片語「taking clear X-ray images in orbit」作為該子句的主詞。
She believed that learning a new language was very rewarding.
她認為學習一門新語言是非常值得的。
EN： The verb 'give' is a ditransitive verb, which means it can take two objects: an indirect object (the recipient, 'Doctor Gifford's team') and a direct object (the thing being given, 'a new opportunity'). The structure is: Subject + give + Indirect Object + Direct Object.
中文： 動詞「give」（給予）是一個雙賓語動詞（ditransitive verb），這意味著它可以接兩個賓語：間接賓語（接受者，即「吉福德醫生的團隊」）和直接賓語（被給予的事物，即「一個新的契機」）。其結構為：主詞 + give + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。
The company gave the employees a special bonus.
這間公司給了員工們一份特別的獎金。
EN： Noun adjuncts (or noun premodifiers) occur when a noun functions as an adjective to modify another noun. In 'X-ray machines', 'X-ray' acts as an adjective describing the type of 'machines'. Similarly, in 'spaceflight', 'space' modifies 'flight'.
中文： 名詞修飾語（noun adjuncts）是指名詞當作形容詞來修飾另一個名詞。在「X-ray machines」中，「X-ray」（X 光）作為形容詞來描述「machines」（機器）的類型。同樣地，在「spaceflight」中，「space」（太空）修飾了「flight」（飛行）。
She bought a new leather jacket at the clothing store.
她在服飾店買了一件新的皮革夾克。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the noun 'flight crew'. It describes a characteristic or possession of the noun, meaning 'having' or 'possessing'.
中文： 介係詞片語「with...」在此作為形容詞片語，用來修飾名詞「flight crew」（機組人員）。它描述了該名詞的特徵或擁有的事物，意思是「具有」或「擁有」。
A teacher with extensive experience joined our school.
一位擁有豐富經驗的老師加入了我們學校。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('carried') is used to describe a completed action that took place at a specific time in the past (indicated here by the time marker 'In 2022').
中文： 簡單過去式（「carried」）用於描述在過去特定時間（此處由時間標記「In 2022」指出）已經完成的動作。
In 2019, the company launched its first smartphone.
在 2019 年，這家公司推出了它的第一款智慧型手機。
EN： The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or capability, often in a specific past situation where someone succeeded in doing something. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 「be able to」片語用於表示能力或能夠做到某事，通常指在過去的特定情況下成功完成了某事。其後接動詞原形。
She was able to finish the project on time despite the difficulties.
儘管面臨種種困難，她還是能夠按時完成專案。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' can be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause that refers back to the entire preceding clause, rather than just a single noun. It is always preceded by a comma.
中文： 關係代名詞「which」可用於引導非限定關係子句，用來修飾前面整個子句的內容，而不僅僅是單個名詞。在此用法中，which 前面必須加上逗號。
He passed the difficult exam, which surprised everyone.
他通過了那場艱難的考試，這讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is retained here for clarity and formal structure.
中文： 連接詞「that」用於引導名詞子句，作為轉述動詞「said」（說）的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰和正式。
She said that the results would be ready tomorrow.
她說結果明天就會出來。
EN： The preposition 'for' is followed by a gerund ('diagnosing') to express the purpose or function of an object or action. A gerund is a verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun.
中文： 介係詞「for」後面接動名詞（在此為「diagnosing」），用來表示某物或某行為的目的或功能。動名詞是動詞字尾加 -ing 並具有名詞功能的詞。
This tool is excellent for measuring small distances.
這個工具非常適合用來測量微小的距離。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 突破，重大進展
在本文中： 商業的，營利性的
在本文中： 超音波（檢查）
在本文中： 限制，局限性
在本文中： 傳統的
在本文中： 輻射
在本文中： 手提式的，便攜的
在本文中： 極小的，最小限度的
在本文中： 診斷（疾病、問題）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A journey through space
太空飛行，航天
A technique used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes
醫學成像技術
The substance or material through which a sound wave travels
聲波介質
The personnel who operate an aircraft or spacecraft during flight
機組人員，乘務組