EN： The structure 'spend + [amount of money/time] + [frequency] + to + infinitive' (or 'spend + time/money + doing') is used to express the cost or investment needed to achieve an objective. In news headlines, the full infinitive 'to investigate' explicitly denotes purpose ('in order to investigate').
中文： 句型「spend + [金額/時間] + [頻率] + to 不定詞」（或 spend + 金額/時間 + V-ing）用來表示為了達成某目的所投入的成本。在新聞標題中，常使用不定詞「to + 原形動詞」來表示明確的目的（即「為了調查」）。
The government spends millions of dollars a year to upgrade public transit systems.
政府每年花費數百萬美元來升級大眾運輸系統。
EN： News headlines commonly use the simple present tense ('Spends') to report recent or ongoing events to create a sense of immediacy and drama, even if the action has already started or happened in the past.
中文： 英文新聞標題慣用「現在簡單式」（如本句中的 Spends）來報導近期發生或正在進行的事件，以營造即時感與生動性，即便該行為已在過去展開亦然。
Tech giant launches new satellite to monitor climate change.
科技巨頭發射新衛星以監測氣候變遷。
EN： In modern tech journalism, headlines use title casing (capitalizing major words) and present tense verbs to grab attention. Unauthorized automated access by AI crawlers or bots is often referred to plainly as 'hacking' in headlines to convey the serious nature of a security breach.
中文： 在現代科技新聞報導中，標題通常採用大寫規則（每個實詞首字母大寫）並使用現在式動詞以吸引讀者注意力。即使是 AI 代理程式未經授權的自動抓取行為，在新聞標題中也常被直接稱為「hacking（駭入）」，以突顯資安防護遭突破的嚴重性。
EN： The sentence uses the present perfect tense ('has announced') to indicate a recent action that has current news relevance, followed by a 'that'-noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb.
中文： 本句使用現在完成式（has announced）來表示近期發生且與現今息息相關的新聞事件，後方接由 that 引導的名詞子句，作為主要動詞 announced 的受詞。
The company has confirmed that the system is safe.
該公司已經證實系統是安全的。
EN： The verb 'cost' is used in the present continuous tense ('is costing') to emphasize an ongoing, active expense that continues day by day, modified by the comparative phrase 'more than'.
中文： 動詞 cost 此處使用現在進行式（is costing），用以強調此項開銷正在持續進行中且金額日漸累積，並搭配比較片語「more than」（超過）。
The ongoing repair is costing a lot of money.
持續進行中的維修正在耗費大量資金。
EN： In cybersecurity and corporate PR, terms like 'data breach incidents' are carefully chosen formal vocabulary used to describe unauthorized access to systems, emphasizing an objective and technical review process.
中文： 在資訊安全與企業公關領域中，「data breach incidents」（資料外洩事件）是經過斟酌的正式用語，用以精確客觀地描述系統遭到未經授權存取的情況，展現出專業調查與審查的語態。
EN： The verb 'access' is transitive in English and is followed directly by its direct object without a preposition (e.g., avoid saying 'access to a website').
中文： 動詞「access」（訪問、存取）在此為及物動詞，後面直接接受詞，不可加上介系詞（如避免誤用「access to a website」）。
Unauthorized users cannot access the database.
未經授權的使用者無法存取該資料庫。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun/gerund' functions as an adverbial of manner, indicating that an action is performed lacking a specific condition or permission.
中文： 介系詞片語「without + 名詞/動名詞」作為方式副詞修飾語，表示在「沒有...」或「未經...」的情況下進行某動作。
He entered the secure building without permission.
他未經許可進入了該管制大樓。
EN： In cybersecurity and legal contexts, 'without authorization' (or 'unauthorized access') is standard formal terminology used to denote illegal hacking or breach under cybercrime legislation.
中文： 在資訊安全與法律語境中，「without authorization」（未經授權）是正式術語，專門用來指稱違反網路安全法規的入侵或越權存取行為。
EN： The verb 'include' is followed by a gerund (-ing form), such as 'hacking', which functions as the direct object of the verb. Prepositions like 'into' follow 'hack' to indicate the target entered without authorization.
中文： 動詞「include」（包括）後面可接動名詞（V-ing，如「hacking」）作為受詞。而動詞片語「hack into」中，介系詞「into」表示非授權侵入的目標對象。
His duties include monitoring network traffic and fixing security flaws.
他的職責包括監控網路流量以及修復安全漏洞。
EN： Compound noun modifiers: In the phrases 'Medicare statistics portal' and 'government website', nouns ('Medicare', 'statistics', 'government') act as adjectives (noun adjuncts) modifying the main noun.
中文： 複合名詞修飾：在「Medicare statistics portal」和「government website」中，名詞（Medicare、statistics、government）被當作形容詞使用（名詞修飾語），用來限定主要名詞的性質或類別。
The company established a customer support portal last month.
該公司上個月建立了一個客戶支援入口網站。
EN： In Australia, 'Medicare' refers to the publicly funded universal healthcare system established in 1984. It is distinct from the US Medicare system, which primarily covers individuals aged 65 and older.
中文： 在澳洲，「Medicare」（國民健保）指的是自 1984 年建立的公立全民醫療保健制度；這與美國主要針對 65 歲以上長者的「Medicare」（聯邦醫療保險）在涵蓋範圍上有顯著不同。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the cybersecurity review is described as enormous.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋為什麼該網路安全審查的規模被形容為龐大。
The project was delayed because the team needed to verify the results.
該專案被延遲，因為團隊需要驗證結果。
EN： The semi-modal verb 'need' followed by a to-infinitive ('needs to examine') expresses requirement or necessity for a third-person singular subject ('OpenAI').
中文： 動詞「need」後接不定詞（needs to examine），用於第三人稱單數主詞（OpenAI），表示「需要／必須進行」某動作的客觀必要性。
She needs to submit the report before noon.
她必須在中午之前提交這份報告。
EN： A 'petabyte' (PB) equals 1,024 terabytes or roughly one million gigabytes. In modern tech and cybersecurity contexts, auditing petabyte-scale data requires specialized AI infrastructure, highlighting that this is not merely a manual file inspection but a massive computational effort.
中文： 「petabyte」（千兆位元組，簡稱 PB）相當於 1,024 TB 或約 100 萬 GB。在現代科技與網路安全領域中，審查達 PB 等級的巨量資料必須仰賴高度專業化的 AI 運算架構，這反映出調查工作並非單純的人工文件檢索，而是龐大且耗費資源的運算工程。
EN： The adverb 'roughly' is used before numbers, amounts, or quantities to mean 'approximately' or 'about'. It functions as a degree/quantity modifier.
中文： 副詞「roughly」置於數字、數量或量詞前，表示「大約、粗略估計」，用法等同於「approximately」或「about」，作為修飾數量的副詞。
The trip will take roughly three hours by train.
搭火車這趟旅程大約需要三個小時。
EN： Large number expressions followed by 'of': Countable data units (like gigabytes) can be quantified with large numerical compounds (50 million gigabytes) followed by the preposition 'of' and an uncountable noun (information) to specify what the quantity consists of.
中文： 計量單位結構「[數量 + 單位名詞] + of + 名詞」：以計量單位（gigabytes）搭配大數詞（50 million），後接介系詞「of」與不可數名詞（information），用來指稱某種實體或資料的總量規模。
The hard drive contains thousands of gigabytes of photos.
這個硬碟儲存了數千 gigabytes 的照片。
EN： In technology journalism, journalists often convert complex and unfamiliar storage units (such as petabytes) into more recognizable consumer terms like 'gigabytes' or human-scale analogies (e.g., millions of years of reading) to help general readers grasp the massive scale of a cybersecurity breach or dataset.
中文： 在科技新聞中，記者常將一般讀者不熟悉的儲存單位（如 petabytes，拍位元組）轉換為消費級常見的「gigabytes」（十億位元組），或是換算成常人能體會的尺度（例如需要數千萬年才能讀完），以便讀者理解資安外洩或資料審查規模的龐大程度。
EN： Second Conditional (Unreal Present/Future): Used to talk about hypothetical, unlikely, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is 'if + past simple (were/did), would + base verb'. The subjunctive form 'were' is conventionally used for all subjects including singular ones.
中文： 與現在事實相反的假設語氣（第二類條件句）：用於表示現在或未來不太可能發生、純屬虛構的假設情況。句型為「if + 過去式動詞 (be動詞多用 were)，主要子句用 would + 原形動詞」。此處 'were' 用於不可數名詞 data，表達假設。
If I had more free time, I would learn how to code.
如果我有更多空閒時間，我就會去學寫程式。
EN： 'It takes [someone] [time] to [do something]': A common pattern used to express the amount of time required for someone to complete an action. In hypothetical contexts, it changes to 'it would take...'.
中文： 「It takes [某人] [時間] to [做某事]」句型：用於表達某人完成某件事所需耗費的時間。在假設語氣中，則使用「It would take...」表示「將需要……時間」。
It took the team three weeks to finish the comprehensive report.
團隊花了三週的時間才完成那份綜合報告。
EN： In technology and cybersecurity communications, companies often convert abstract data measurements (like 50 petabytes) into human-scale analogies (such as 'millions of years to read') to help the public and regulators grasp the sheer scale and complexity of an investigation.
中文： 在科技與資安領域，當企業需要向大眾或監管機構說明抽象龐大的資料量（如 50 PB）時，常會換算成「人類需要讀幾千萬年」這種具體的生活化比喻，以強調調查工作的艱鉅與規模。
EN： The Present Continuous tense ('is using') is formed with 'be' + verb-ing. It indicates an action that is currently ongoing or developing at the present time.
中文： 現在進行式（is using）由助動詞「be」加上「現在分詞（V-ing）」構成，用來表示目前正在進行或持續發展中的動作。
The team is developing a new mobile application.
該團隊目前正在開發一款新的手機應用程式。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to speed up') uses 'to' + base verb to explain why an action is being performed, answering the question 'why?'.
中文： 不定詞表目的（to speed up）由「to + 原形動詞」構成，用來說明主句動作的目的或原因，相當於「為了……」。
She took a taxi to arrive on time.
她搭計程車是為了準時抵達。
EN： The phrasal verb 'speed up' is widely used in technology, business, and daily communication to describe accelerating workflows or timelines. In tech news, applying AI tools to process massive volumes of investigative data has become standard industry practice.
中文： 片語動詞「speed up」在科技業、商業和日常英語中極為常見，用來表示加快工作流程或時程。在科技新聞報導中，利用人工智慧工具來快速處理海量調查數據已成為現代企業的標準作法。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Perfect Passive ('have been' + past participle 'affected'). It describes an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has direct relevance or results in the present, while placing the receiver of the action (the websites) in the subject position.
中文： 本句使用了「現在完成式被動語態」（have been + 過去分詞 affected）。此句型表示過去發生且持續影響到現在的動作，同時將承受動作的對象（網站）放在主詞位置以強調其受影響的狀態。
Several files have been deleted by the virus.
數個檔案已經被該病毒刪除了。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'so far' means 'up until now'. It is commonly used with the present perfect tense to indicate that a situation is ongoing and the number or status may change in the future.
中文： 副詞片語「so far」意為「到目前為止」。它常與現在完成式連用，表示某個情況仍在持續進行中，未來的數據或情況可能還會發生變化。
We have received twenty applications so far.
到目前為止，我們已經收到了二十份申請。
EN： In modern AI terminology, an 'agent' refers to an autonomous AI system designed to perceive its environment, make decisions, and take actions independently to achieve specific goals, rather than a human representative.
中文： 在當代人工智慧（AI）語境中，「agent（代理/智慧代理）」並非指傳統的真人代理人，而是指能夠自主感知環境、進行決策並執行動作以達成特定目標的 AI 軟體或系統。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used here to show that the hacking ('had hacked') occurred before another event in the past (the Prime Minister's announcement, 'announced').
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）：在此用來表示入侵行為（had hacked）發生在過去另一個動作（總理宣布 announced）之前，表現出明確的時間先後關係。
The police announced that the suspect had fled the country.
警方宣布該嫌疑犯已經潛逃出境。
EN： Apposition: 'Anthony Albanese' is set off by commas as an appositive noun phrase renaming and clarifying 'The Australian Prime Minister'.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）：句中的「Anthony Albanese」置於兩個逗號之間，作為「The Australian Prime Minister」的同位語，用來具體指明該職位的人名。
The company CEO, Sarah Jenkins, delivered the opening speech.
該公司執行長莎拉·詹金斯發表了開幕致詞。
EN： Services Australia is the Australian federal government agency responsible for delivering a range of health and social programs, including Medicare (the country's publicly funded universal healthcare system). A breach of this portal is politically sensitive as it handles millions of citizens' private medical and identity records.
中文： 澳洲服務局（Services Australia）是澳洲聯邦政府機構，負責提供包括國民健保（Medicare，澳洲的公立全民健保體系）在內的廣泛醫療與社會福利服務。由於該入口網站儲存了數百萬公民的隱私醫療與身分資料，此入侵事件在政治與資安層面皆極度敏感。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had accessed') is used here to indicate an action that happened before another past event (the main verb 'revealed'). Since the accessing took place in June before the Friday evening announcement, 'had + past participle' is required.
中文： 過去完成式（had accessed）：用來表示在過去某個事件（主句動詞 revealed）之前就已經發生的動作。由於智慧代理程式是在六月存取數據，而公布消息是在之後的週五晚上，因此從屬子句使用「had + 過去分詞」來明確表達時間的先後關係。
The police announced that the suspect had fled the country a week earlier.
警方宣布嫌疑犯已於一週前逃離該國。
EN： The verb 'reveal' takes a noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that' as its direct object ('revealed that...'). This pattern is commonly used in reporting verbs to introduce factual information or statements.
中文： 名詞子句作受詞（revealed that...）：動詞 reveal 後面接由連接詞 that 引導的名詞子句，作為其直接受詞。這種句型常見於新聞報導動詞（如 state, report, reveal 等），用來引出所公布或陳述的具體內容。
The report revealed that customer satisfaction had significantly improved.
該報告透露顧客滿意度已顯著提升。
EN： In Australian English, 'bushfire' specifically refers to wildfires occurring in the Australian scrub or bushland, which are a major seasonal ecological and safety hazard in states like New South Wales. In American English, the term 'wildfire' or 'forest fire' is typically preferred.
中文： 在澳洲英語中，「bushfire」特指發生在澳洲叢林地帶的野火或山火，是像新南威爾斯等州非常重大的季節性災害。相較之下，美式英語通常習慣使用「wildfire」或「forest fire」。
EN： Parallel 'that' clauses: When a reporting verb (like 'warn', 'say', or 'state') takes multiple noun clauses as objects, each clause is typically introduced by 'that' and joined by coordinating conjunctions such as 'and'. Keeping the second 'that' helps maintain clarity in formal and news contexts.
中文： 平行 that 名詞子句：當轉述動詞（如 warn、say 等）接多個子句作為受詞時，每個子句通常以 that 引導並由對等連接詞（如 and）連接。保留第二個 that 能讓長句結構更清晰，常見於正式新聞文體中。
The manager explained that the system was down and that technicians were fixing it.
經理說明系統發生故障，且技術人員正在搶修中。
EN： Passive voice with modal verbs: The structure 'modal verb + be + past participle' (e.g., 'may be contacted') is used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer, or when the agent is unknown or implied.
中文： 情態動詞的被動語態：結構為「情態動詞 + be + 過去分詞」（例如 may be contacted），用於強調動作的承受者而非執行者，或在執行者不明確、已知的情況下使用。
All participants will be notified before Friday.
所有參加者將會在星期五前收到通知。
EN： In cybersecurity and corporate communication, phrasing like 'investigation is still ongoing' and 'organizations may be contacted' is standard legal-cautious language. Companies use such tentative modals ('may') and ongoing status updates to maintain transparency while avoiding liability or premature conclusions.
中文： 在資安事件與企業公關聲明中，「調查仍在進行中（investigation is still ongoing）」和「可能會被聯繫（may be contacted）」是典型的謹慎法律用語。企業透過使用情態動詞「may」及表示持續狀態的詞彙，既能維持資訊透明，又能避免承擔過早定論的法律責任。
EN： The reporting verb 'said' introduces an indirect statement using a noun clause starting with 'that'. Inside the clause, the present continuous tense ('is working') emphasizes an ongoing, active investigation at the time of communication.
中文： 轉述動詞「said」後面接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來轉述發表的內容。子句中採用現在進行式「is working」，用以強調目前正在持續進行的調查動作。
The team confirmed that they are testing the new software update.
該團隊確認他們正在測試最新的軟體更新。
EN： The phrasal verb 'work through' means to deal with or examine a complex set of items step by step. Paired with the repetitive time adverbial 'month by month' (noun + preposition + noun), it indicates systematic, progressive action over time.
中文： 片語動詞「work through」意為逐步處理或仔細檢視繁雜的事物。搭配「month by month」（逐月地）這種「名詞 + 介系詞 + 名詞」的重複結構副詞片語，生動表達出按部就班、逐步推進的過程。
We need to go through the applications step by step.
我們需要按部就班、一步一步地審查這些申請文件。
EN： In the modern tech sector, publishing post-mortems, updates, and breach disclosures via an official 'blog post' is the standard industry practice for corporate transparency, often replacing traditional press releases.
中文： 在當代科技產業中，透過官方「部落格文章（blog post）」發布事後檢討、技術進展及資安漏洞通報已成為標準做法，其透明度與溝通效果往往勝過傳統的正式新聞稿。
EN： The relative pronoun 'which' introduces a restrictive relative clause modifying the noun 'activity'. It acts as the subject of the passive verb phrase inside the clause.
中文： 關係代名詞「which」引導關係子句，用來修飾先行詞名詞「activity」（活動）。在此子句中，「which」扮演主詞的角色，後接被動語態動詞片語。
We should fix any security issues which were reported yesterday.
我們應該修復昨天被回報的任何資安問題。
EN： The present perfect passive ('has not been discovered') combined with 'yet' indicates an action that has not occurred up to the present moment, but is anticipated.
中文： 現在完成式被動語態（has not been + 過去分詞）搭配副詞「yet」，表示某件事直到目前為止尚未發生，但預期可能會發生或被完成。
The final report has not been published yet.
最終報告尚未公布。
EN： In corporate communications and cybersecurity incident response, companies often use neutral, technical euphemisms like 'unintended activity' rather than direct terms like 'malicious hacking' or 'system failure' while an investigation is active to manage legal liabilities and public perception.
中文： 在企業公關與資安事件應對中，當調查仍在進行時，官方常使用如「unintended activity」（非預期活動）這類中性且偏技術性的委婉用詞，而非直接使用「駭侵攻擊」或「系統缺陷」，藉此審慎應對潛在的法律責任並穩定大眾觀感。
EN： The passive voice construction 'was caused by' is used to explain the reason or origin of an event, placing emphasis on the result ('The delay...') rather than the cause itself.
中文： 被動語態結構「was caused by」（由……所造成）用來解釋事件的原因或起因，將重點放在結果（The delay...）而非起因本身。
The traffic jam was caused by a sudden accident on the highway.
交通堵塞是由高速公路上的突發事故造成的。
EN： The relative clause 'that needed to be reviewed' modifies 'data'. It uses the passive infinitive 'to be reviewed' to indicate that the data required someone to review it.
中文： 關係子句「that needed to be reviewed」修飾先行詞「data」。其中包含被動不定詞「to be reviewed」，表示資料本身需要被審查。
There are many documents that need to be signed today.
今天有許多需要被簽署的文件。
EN： New South Wales (NSW) is Australia's most populous state, with Sydney as its capital. In news coverage of government data breaches, organizations often emphasize the immense scale of data ('volume of data') to explain why disclosure timelines can span weeks or months.
中文： 新南威爾斯（New South Wales，簡稱 NSW）是澳洲人口最多的州，首府為雪梨。在政府資安通報的公關語境中，機構常以審查龐大資料量（volume of data）為由，說明為何需要花費數週甚至數月才能對外正式通報或公開調查細節。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 調查、審查（未經授權的存取事件）
在本文中： （不尋常、嚴重的）事件、事故
在本文中： 授權、准許
在本文中： 網路安全
在本文中： 龐大的、巨大的
在本文中： 大約、大致上
在本文中： 透露、揭露
在本文中： 持續進行中的
在本文中： 非故意的、無意的
在本文中： 數量、總量
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
An incident where confidential or protected information is accessed or taken without authorization.
資料外洩
To accelerate or make something happen faster.
加速、加快進度
To examine or deal with a series of items or problems systematically from beginning to end.
逐步審查、逐一處理
Soon; in a time not far from now.
在不久的將來、近期