EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions or states in the past. In this sentence, 'began' is the irregular past form of 'begin', indicating a specific starting point in history.
中文： 過去簡單式（Past Simple）用於描述過去已完成的動作或狀態。在此句子中，「began」是「begin」的不規則過去式，表示歷史上的一個特定起點。
The project began last month and finished yesterday.
該專案上個月開始，昨天結束。
EN： Prepositions of Place (on/in): 'On' is used for islands or specific surfaces, while 'in' is used for larger geographical areas like regions or countries.
中文： 地點介係詞（on/in）：'on' 用於島嶼或特定表面，而 'in' 則用於較大的地理區域，如地區或國家。
He lives on a small island in the Pacific Ocean.
他住在太平洋上的一個小島上。
EN： A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was a renowned scientist and the 11th President of India, often called the 'Missile Man of India'. Rameswaram is a significant pilgrimage town in Tamil Nadu, known for its historical and religious importance.
中文： A.P.J. 阿布杜·卡拉姆是印度著名的科學家，也是第 11 任印度總統，常被稱為「印度導彈之父」。拉梅斯瓦拉姆是泰米爾納德邦一個重要的朝聖城鎮，具有深厚的歷史與宗教意義。
EN： The 'with + noun + -ing' structure is an absolute construction used to provide additional information or circumstances related to the main clause.
中文： 「with + 名詞 + 現在分詞(-ing)」結構是一種獨立主格結構，用於提供與主句相關的補充資訊或背景情況。
She sat by the window, with the rain falling softly outside.
她坐在窗邊，窗外下著綿綿細雨。
EN： The phrase 'earn a living' is a common collocation meaning to work to provide the money you need to live.
中文： 短語「earn a living」是一個常見的搭配，意思是工作以賺取生活所需的金錢（維持生計）。
He earns a living as a freelance graphic designer.
他以自由接案平面設計師的身份維持生計。
EN： Rameswaram is a coastal town in India where fishing and boat-related trades were historically central to the local economy. The mention of poverty highlights the humble beginnings of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who later became the President of India.
中文： 羅美斯瓦倫（Rameswaram）是印度的一個沿海小鎮，歷史上漁業和造船相關貿易是當地經濟的核心。文中提到貧困，強調了 A.P.J. 阿布杜·卡拉姆出身卑微，他後來成為了印度總統。
EN： The semi-modal verb 'had to' is the past tense of 'have to,' used to express a strong external obligation or necessity that existed in the past.
中文： 半助動詞 'had to' 是 'have to' 的過去式，用於表達過去存在的強烈外部義務或必要性（不得不）。
She had to finish the report before the deadline.
她必須在截止日期前完成報告。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to help...' acts as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' Abdul had to work.
中文： 不定詞短語 'to help...' 作為目的狀語，解釋了阿布杜為什麼必須工作的「目的」。
He saved money to buy a new bicycle.
他存錢是為了買一輛新自行車。
EN： In many developing regions during the early 20th century, it was common for children to contribute to the family income. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who later became the President of India, is often cited as an inspiration for overcoming such humble beginnings through education.
中文： 在 20 世紀初的許多開發中地區，孩童分擔家計是很常見的。後來成為印度總統的阿布杜·卡拉姆（A.P.J. Abdul Kalam）常被視為勵志典範，因為他克服了貧困的出身，透過教育改變了命運。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (V-ing): Used here as a 'reduced relative clause' or to describe a simultaneous action/circumstance. 'Getting up' provides more information about how or when he performed his main action.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (V-ing)：此處用作「簡化子句」或描述伴隨發生的動作或情況。「Getting up」提供了關於他如何或何時執行主句動作的額外資訊。
She sat by the window, watching the rain fall.
她坐在窗邊，看著雨落下。
EN： Infinitive of Purpose (to + verb): The phrase 'to deliver them' explains the reason or purpose for getting up early.
中文： 不定詞表示目的 (to + 動詞)：短語「to deliver them」解釋了早起的理由或目的。
He saved money to buy a new bicycle.
他存錢是為了買一輛新單車。
EN： In many developing economies during the 20th century, children selling newspapers was a common way to support their families. This reflects the value of hard work and filial responsibility often emphasized in the biography of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
中文： 在 20 世紀許多發展中經濟體中，孩童賣報紙是補貼家計的常見方式。這反映了勤奮工作和孝道責任的價值觀，這也是 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 傳記中經常強調的特質。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose to explain 'why' the action was performed.
中文： 不定詞 (to + 動詞) 在此作為副詞用法，用來表示目的，解釋「為什麼」執行該動作。
She saved money to buy a new laptop.
她存錢是為了買一台新筆電。
EN： The present participle phrase (showing...) acts as a resultative or descriptive clause, providing additional information about the preceding action.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (showing...) 作為分詞構句，用來補充說明前述動作所帶來的結果或展現的特質。
He finished the project early, impressing his boss.
他提早完成了專案，讓他的老闆印象深刻。
EN： In many traditional cultures, including India during the early 20th century, children often contributed to the family's survival. This sense of 'filial responsibility' is a highly regarded virtue.
中文： 在許多傳統文化中（包括20世紀初的印度），孩童協助維持家計是很常見的。這種「孝道責任感」被視為一種非常崇高的美德。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (V-ing) is used here as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'birds', describing an ongoing action or state.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (V-ing) 在此處作為形容詞使用，用來修飾前面的名詞 'birds' (鳥類)，描述一個正在進行的動作或狀態。
The children watched the leaves falling from the trees.
孩子們看著葉子從樹上飄落。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) indicates that the subject is the receiver of the action. 'Fascinated' is the past participle of 'fascinate'.
中文： 被動語態 (be + 過去分詞) 表示主詞是動作的接受者。'Fascinated' 是 'fascinate' (使著迷) 的過去分詞。
She was fascinated by the ancient ruins.
她被那些古代遺跡深深吸引。
EN： A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, known as the 'Missile Man of India', grew up in Rameswaram, a small island town. His early fascination with flight eventually led him to become a scientist and the 11th President of India. This sentence highlights the humble beginnings of his scientific curiosity.
中文： 阿布杜·卡拉姆·卡拉姆 (A.P.J. Abdul Kalam) 被譽為「印度導彈之父」，他在拉梅斯沃勒姆這個小島鎮長大。他早期對飛行的著迷最終引領他成為一名科學家，並擔任印度第11任總統。這句話強調了他科學好奇心的卑微起點。
EN： Relative Clause with Omitted Relative Pronoun: The phrase 'he could find' is a relative clause modifying 'everything'. The relative pronoun 'that' is omitted because it serves as the object of the verb 'find'.
中文： 省略關係代名詞的關係子句：短語 'he could find' 是一個關係子句，用來修飾 'everything'。由於關係代名詞 'that' 在子句中擔任動詞 'find' 的受詞，因此可以省略。
I have finished every task I had to do.
我已經完成了我必須做的每一項任務。
EN： Participle Phrase (Result/Simultaneous Action): 'devouring...' is a present participle phrase used to describe how the main action was performed or to provide additional information about the subject's state during the action.
中文： 分詞短語（伴隨動作）：'devouring...' 是一個現在分詞短語，用來描述主句動作進行的方式，或提供關於主詞在動作期間狀態的額外資訊。
She sat by the window, watching the rain fall.
她坐在窗邊，看著雨落下。
EN： The word 'devouring' literally means eating hungrily or quickly. In a literary context, it is used metaphorically to describe reading with intense enthusiasm and speed, highlighting Abdul Kalam's passion for learning despite his humble beginnings.
中文： 'devouring' 原意是狼吞虎嚥地吃。在文學語境中，它被隱喻地用來形容以極大的熱情和速度閱讀，突顯了阿布杜·卡拉姆儘管出身貧寒，卻對學習充滿渴望。
EN： The First Conditional (If + present simple, present simple/modal) is used here to express a general truth or a logical requirement. In this case, 'need to' acts as the modal requirement for the condition.
中文： 第一類條件句（If + 現在簡單式，現在簡單式/助動詞）在此用於表達普遍真理或邏輯要求。在句中，'need to' 作為達成條件的必要要求。
If you want to pass the exam, you need to study hard.
如果你想通過考試，你就必須努力學習。
EN： The phrase 'One of' is followed by a plural noun ('teachers') but the overall subject is singular, which is why the verb 'told' (past tense of tell) refers to that specific single individual.
中文： 短語 'One of'（其中之一）後面必須接複數名詞（teachers），但整體主詞視為單數。這裡動詞使用 'told'（tell 的過去式）來描述該位老師過去所說的話。
One of my friends lives in London.
我的一位朋友住在倫敦。
EN： This quote reflects a common theme in inspirational literature: the importance of vision and imagination as the starting point for any real-world achievement. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, who later became the President of India, often emphasized the power of dreaming to the youth of his country.
中文： 這段話反映了勵志文學中的常見主題：願景與想像力是實現任何現實成就的起點。後來成為印度總統的阿布杜·卡拉姆（A.P.J. Abdul Kalam）經常向該國年輕人強調「夢想的力量」。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (Reduced Relative Clause): The phrase 'sparking his imagination...' is a participle phrase that functions as an adverbial modifier, indicating a result or a simultaneous action caused by the main clause.
中文： 現在分詞短語（簡化關係子句）：'sparking his imagination...' 是一個分詞短語，在此作為副詞修飾語，用來表示主句所產生的結果或同時發生的動作。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, causing severe flooding in the city.
大雨持續了數小時，導致城市嚴重淹水。
EN： Intransitive Verb with Adverb: 'Resonate' is an intransitive verb (a verb that does not take a direct object). It is often paired with an adverb like 'deeply' to describe the intensity of a feeling or reaction.
中文： 不及物動詞與副詞：'Resonate' 是個不及物動詞（不需要直接受詞）。它常與 'deeply' 等副詞連用，用來描述感受或反應的強度。
Her words resonated with the audience.
她的話語引起了聽眾的共鳴。
EN： The subject of the story, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, is a highly revered figure in India, known as the 'People's President' and the 'Missile Man of India.' His life story is a classic example of overcoming poverty through education and perseverance, which is a value deeply cherished in many cultures.
中文： 故事的主角阿布杜·卡拉姆（A.P.J. Abdul Kalam）在印度是一位備受尊敬的人物，被譽為「平民總統」和「印度飛彈之父」。他的生平是透過教育與毅力克服貧窮的經典範例，這也是許多文化中深受珍視的價值觀。
EN： The verb 'dream' is often followed by the preposition 'of' or 'about' followed by a gerund (V-ing) to describe the content of the dream or ambition.
中文： 動詞 'dream'（夢想）通常後接介系詞 'of' 或 'about'，再接動名詞 (V-ing)，用來描述夢想或抱負的內容。
She dreams of becoming a professional pianist one day.
她夢想有一天能成為一名職業鋼琴家。
EN： Parallel structure with 'and': When using coordinating conjunctions like 'and', the grammatical forms should match. Here, 'building' and 'exploring' are both gerunds acting as objects of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 使用 'and' 的平行結構：當使用對等連接詞 'and' 時，語法形式應保持一致。在此句中，'building' 和 'exploring' 均為動名詞，共同作為介系詞 'of' 的受詞。
He enjoys hiking in the mountains and swimming in the lake.
他喜歡在山中健行以及在湖中游泳。
EN： A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is a legendary figure in India, known as the 'Missile Man of India' for his work on rocket technology. His journey from a poor background to becoming the President of India is a source of great national pride and inspiration.
中文： A.P.J. 阿布杜·卡拉姆是印度的傳奇人物，因其在火箭技術方面的貢獻被譽為「印度導彈之父」。他從貧困背景成長為印度總統的歷程，是印度國家自豪感與激勵人心的重要來源。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to show contrast. It must be followed by a noun, a noun phrase, or a gerund (V-ing), never a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 介系詞 'Despite' 用於表示對比（儘管）。它後面必須接名詞、名詞短語或動名詞（V-ing），不能接包含主詞和動詞的完整子句。
Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued.
儘管下著大雨，足球賽仍繼續進行。
EN： The structure 'be determined to + verb' expresses a strong sense of resolve or firm decision to do something.
中文： 結構 'be determined to + 動詞' 表達了做某事的堅定決心或果斷態度。
She was determined to win the competition.
她決心要贏得這場比賽。
EN： A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, known as the 'Missile Man of India,' rose from a humble background to become the President of India. His life story is a powerful symbol of social mobility through education in Indian culture.
中文： A.P.J. 阿布杜·卡拉姆被譽為「印度導彈之父」，他出身寒微，最終成為印度總統。他的生平故事在印度文化中是透過教育實現社會流動的強大象徵。
EN： The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('studied', 'earned') to describe completed actions in the past. The conjunction 'and' connects two independent clauses with the same subject, allowing the second 'he' to be omitted for conciseness.
中文： 本句使用過去簡單式（studied, earned）來描述過去已完成的動作。連接詞「and」連接兩個具有相同主詞的獨立子句，為了簡潔，第二個主詞「he」被省略了。
She worked late and finally finished the report.
她工作到很晚，最後終於完成了報告。
EN： The adverb 'eventually' is used to describe something that happens after a long time or a lot of effort, often placed before the main verb to emphasize the result of a process.
中文： 副詞「eventually」（最終）用於描述在長時間或大量努力後發生的事情，通常置於主要動詞之前，以強調過程後的結果。
They traveled for hours and eventually reached the summit.
他們走了好幾個小時，最終到達了山頂。
EN： In many cultures, including India, obtaining a degree in engineering is highly prestigious and seen as a primary pathway to social mobility, especially for those from humble backgrounds like Abdul Kalam.
中文： 在包括印度在內的許多文化中，獲得工程學位被視為極具聲望的成就，也是社會流動的主要途徑，特別是對於像 Abdul Kalam 這樣出身寒門的人來說。
EN： The sentence uses an 'Adjective Phrase as a Complement' (ready to...). This phrase describes the state of the subject (He) at the time he joined the agency, functioning similarly to a reduced relative clause ('who was ready to...').
中文： 本句使用了「形容詞短語作為補語」(ready to...)。這個短語描述了主詞 (He) 在加入機構時的狀態，其功能類似於省略了關係代名詞與連繫動詞的子句（即省略了 who was）。
She arrived at the interview, confident in her abilities.
她抵達面試現場，對自己的能力充滿信心。
EN： The idiom 'put something to work' means to use a skill, knowledge, or resource for a practical purpose or to achieve a specific result.
中文： 成語「put something to work」意為將某種技能、知識或資源投入實際用途，以達成特定目標，即「付諸實踐」或「發揮作用」。
It is time to put your ideas to work.
是時候將你的想法付諸實踐了。
EN： ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is a source of immense national pride for India. Abdul Kalam, known as the 'Missile Man of India,' played a pivotal role in its early success, eventually becoming the 11th President of India.
中文： ISRO（印度太空研究組織）是印度巨大的民族驕傲。阿布杜·卡拉姆被譽為「印度導彈之父」，在該組織的早期成功中發揮了關鍵作用，後來更成為了印度第 11 任總統。
EN： The verb 'begin' can be followed by a gerund (V-ing) to indicate the start of an ongoing activity or profession. In this context, 'working' functions as the direct object of 'began'.
中文： 動詞 'begin' 後面可以接動名詞 (V-ing)，用來表示開始一項持續性的活動或職業。在此語境中，'working' 作為 'began' 的直接受詞。
She began teaching at the university last year.
她去年開始在大學任教。
EN： Appositive Phrase: The phrase 'a groundbreaking achievement for India' is an appositive that renames or provides more information about the preceding clause or the specific project mentioned.
中文： 同位語片語：'a groundbreaking achievement for India' 是一個同位語，用來重新命名或提供關於前述子句或所提到之特定計畫的更多資訊。
The team won the championship, a remarkable feat for such a young group.
該團隊贏得了冠軍，這對於如此年輕的團體來說是一項了不起的壯舉。
EN： A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is known as the 'Missile Man of India' for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. His transition from a humble background to the Presidency of India makes him a symbol of meritocracy and national pride.
中文： A.P.J. 阿布杜·卡拉姆因其在彈道飛彈和運載火箭技術開發方面的貢獻，被譽為「印度飛彈之父」。他從貧寒背景到擔任印度總統的歷程，使他成為功績主義和民族自豪感的象徵。
EN： The noun 'capability' is often followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) to specify what kind of ability or power is being described. It functions as an adjectival phrase modifying the noun.
中文： 名詞「capability」（能力）之後經常接「不定詞」（to + 動詞），用來具體說明是什麼樣的能力或力量。這在語法上作為形容詞片語來修飾該名詞。
The company has the capability to produce high-quality chips.
這間公司具備生產高品質晶片的能力。
EN： The phrase 'For the first time' is an adverbial phrase of frequency/time. When placed at the beginning of a sentence, it emphasizes the novelty or significance of the event, often followed by a comma.
中文： 片語「For the first time」（第一次/首度）是一個時間副詞片語。當放在句首時，它強調了該事件的新穎性或重要性，通常後面會加上逗號隔開。
For the first time, I felt truly independent.
我第一次感到真正地獨立。
EN： This sentence refers to India's significant milestone in space exploration. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, known as the 'Missile Man of India,' played a pivotal role in developing the SLV-III (Satellite Launch Vehicle), which made India a member of the exclusive 'Space Club.'
中文： 這句話指的是印度太空探索的重要里程碑。被譽為「印度導彈之父」的阿布杜·卡拉姆（A.P.J. Abdul Kalam）在開發 SLV-III（衛星運載火箭）中發揮了關鍵作用，這使印度成為少數擁有自主發射能力國家的「太空俱樂部」成員。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 貧窮，貧困的狀態
在本文中： 貢獻，捐助（金錢或心力）
在本文中： 著迷的，深受吸引的
在本文中： 狼吞虎嚥地閱讀，廢寢忘食地吸收（知識）
在本文中： 引起共鳴，產生深遠影響
在本文中： 抱負，野心，志向
在本文中： 下定決心的，意志堅定的
在本文中： 航空航太（的）
在本文中： 開創性的，突破性的
在本文中： 能力，功能，潛力
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to earn enough money to pay for the things you need
謀生，維持生計
to fly high in the sky with great ease
在高空翱翔
to start using something or someone for a particular purpose
運用，投入使用
to make someone feel interested and creative
激發某人的想像力
Rockets used to carry a payload (such as a satellite or spacecraft) from Earth's surface into outer space.
運載火箭 / 載具
A government organization responsible for a nation's space program and research.
太空研究機構 / 航太局