EN： Imperative sentences are used to give commands, instructions, or make requests. They start directly with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), omitting the subject 'you' because it is understood.
中文： 祈使句用於給予命令、指示或提出請求。它們直接以動詞原形（不帶 to 的不定詞）開頭，省略了主詞「you」（你/你們），因為主詞在語境中是顯而易見的。
Listen to the music playing in the background.
聽著背景播放的音樂。
EN： Present participle phrases (verb-ing) can act as adjectives to modify a preceding noun. In this sentence, 'moving across the table' is a participle phrase modifying 'the robot', indicating an active, ongoing action.
中文： 現在分詞片語（動詞-ing）可以充當形容詞，用來修飾前面的名詞。在本句中，「moving across the table」是一個分詞片語，修飾「the robot」（機器人），表示一個正在進行的主動動作。
Do you see the dog running in the park?
你有看到那隻在公園裡奔跑的狗嗎？
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective Modifier: The past participle 'built' (from the verb 'build') is used here as an adjective phrase 'built by our club' to modify the noun 'machine'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was built by our club'.
中文： 過去分詞作形容詞修飾語：過去分詞「built」（源自動詞 build）在此處引導形容詞片語「built by our club」，用來修飾名詞「machine」（機器）。這是關係子句「which was built by our club」的簡化形式。
This is the cake made by my sister.
這是由我姐姐製作的蛋糕。
EN： Demonstrative Pronoun 'That': 'That' is used as a demonstrative pronoun to point to a specific singular thing that is physically or temporally distant from the speaker.
中文： 指示代名詞「That」：「That」用作指示代名詞，用來指代空間或時間上距離說話者較遠的特定單數事物。
That is the car I want to buy.
那就是我想買的那輛車。
EN： Present Participle Phrases (V-ing) as Adjective Modifiers: The present participle phrase 'working here' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The students'. It describes an ongoing action or state of the subject. This phrase is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are working here'.
中文： 現在分詞短語（V-ing）作形容詞修飾語：現在分詞短語「working here」用作形容詞，修飾名詞「The students」（學生們），描述主詞正在進行的動作或狀態。這個短語是關係子句「who are working here」的簡化形式。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
正在彈鋼琴的男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Plural Nouns: When the subject of a sentence is a plural noun ('The students'), the verb must also be plural ('are'), even if there are singular words or phrases (like 'here') separating the subject and the verb.
中文： 複數名詞的主詞與動詞一致性：當句子的主詞是複數名詞（「The students」）時，動詞也必須使用複數形式（「are」），即使主詞和動詞之間隔有單數單字或短語（如「here」）。
The books on the table are mine.
桌上的那些書是我的。
EN： The verb 'see' is a sensory verb (verb of perception). It can be followed by an object and a present participle (V-ing) to describe an action that is in progress or happening at the moment of perception.
中文： 動詞「see」（看見）屬於感官動詞。後面可接受詞與現在分詞（V-ing），用來描述感官察覺到某個動作正在進行或發生。
I heard someone knocking on the door.
我聽到有人在敲門。
EN： The preposition 'near' is used to indicate short distance in space. It means 'close to' and is followed directly by a noun phrase acting as its object.
中文： 介係詞「near」用於表示空間上較短的距離，意思是「在...附近」，後面直接接名詞片語作為其受詞。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'written last week') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun from behind. This is a shortened form of a relative clause ('which was written last week').
中文： 過去分詞片語（例如「written last week」）可用作形容詞片語，從後面修飾名詞。這是關係子句（如「which was written last week」）的簡化形式。
The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning.
昨天寄出的信今天早上寄達了。
EN： The adverb 'finally' is used to show that something happens after a long time or a lot of effort, typically placed before the main verb.
中文： 副詞「finally」（終於）用於表示在一段很長的時間或付出許多努力之後，某事終於發生，通常置於主要動詞之前。
After hours of searching, we finally found the keys.
經過幾個小時的尋找，我們終於找到了鑰匙。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle phrase 'holding the tablet' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The girl'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who is holding the tablet'. This structure helps make sentences more concise by removing the relative pronoun and the verb 'be'.
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞：現在分詞片語「holding the tablet」用作形容詞，修飾名詞「The girl」（那個女孩）。它是關係子句「who is holding the tablet」的簡化形式。這種結構透過省略關係代名詞和 be 動詞，使句子更加簡潔。
The man standing by the door is my uncle.
站在門旁邊的那個人是我叔叔。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (such as a participle phrase), the verb must agree with the main subject noun, not the noun inside the modifier. Here, the singular subject 'The girl' takes the singular verb 'is', despite the plural-sounding context or any intervening nouns like 'tablet'.
中文： 含有修飾語的主詞單複數一致：當主詞後面接有修飾性片語（如分詞片語）時，動詞必須與主要的主詞名詞保持一致，而不是與修飾語內的名詞一致。在此處，單數主詞「The girl」搭配單數動詞「is」，不受修飾語中「tablet」等名詞的干擾。
The students working in the lab are very creative.
在實驗室裡工作的學生們非常有創意。
EN： The past participle ('ordered') is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were ordered') to modify the noun 'parts'. It has a passive meaning, indicating that the parts received the action of being ordered.
中文： 過去分詞（ordered）在此處用作簡化關係子句（為 'which were ordered' 的省略），用來修飾名詞 'parts'。它具有被動意義，表示這些零件是「被訂購」的。
The books written by that author are very popular.
那位作家寫的書非常受歡迎。
EN： 'Those' is a demonstrative pronoun used to point to plural things that are relatively far away from the speaker in distance or time.
中文： 「Those」是指示代名詞，用來指代在空間或時間上距離說話者相對較遠的複數事物。
Those are the shoes I want to buy.
那些是我想要買的鞋子。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle (-ing form) 'showing' is used here to introduce a participle phrase ('showing the data') that modifies the noun 'the screen'. It functions like a relative clause ('which shows the data') but is more concise. It describes an active action being performed by the noun.
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞：這裡的現在分詞（-ing 形式）'showing' 用於引導分詞片語（'showing the data'）來修飾名詞 'the screen'（螢幕）。它的功能類似於關係子句（'which shows the data'），但更為簡潔，用來描述該名詞正在進行的積極動作。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
彈鋼琴的那個男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'showing the data'), the verb must still agree with the main subject noun ('the screen', which is singular), not the noun inside the modifier ('the data', which can be plural). Therefore, the singular verb 'is' is used.
中文： 含有修飾語的主詞與動詞一致性：當主詞後面接有修飾性片語（如 'showing the data'）時，動詞仍必須與主要的主詞名詞（單數的 'the screen'）保持一致，而不是與修飾語內的名詞（可能是複數的 'the data'）一致。因此，這裡使用單數動詞 'is'。
The box of chocolates is on the table.
那盒巧克力在桌上。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + object/modifier) can be used directly after a noun to describe what that noun is doing. It acts like a shortened relative clause (e.g., 'a printer making...' is short for 'a printer which is making...').
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞修飾語：現在分詞片語（動詞-ing + 受詞/修飾語）可以直接放在名詞後面，用來描述該名詞正在進行的動作。這相當於簡化的關係子句（例如 'a printer making...' 是 'a printer which is making...' 的簡化版）。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
那個正在彈吉他的男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Onomatopoeic Verbs: The verb 'hum' is an onomatopoeic word that mimics the continuous, low sound made by machines or bees. When describing a soft sound, it is often paired with the adverb 'softly'.
中文： 擬聲動詞：動詞 'hum'（發出嗡嗡聲）是一個擬聲詞，模仿機器或蜜蜂發出的持續低沉聲音。在描述輕柔的聲音時，它經常與副詞 'softly'（輕柔地）搭配使用。
The refrigerator hums quietly in the kitchen.
冰箱在廚房裡安靜地發出嗡嗡聲。
EN： Present participle phrases (V-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. In this sentence, 'testing the sensor' modifies 'The team', functioning like a relative clause 'who are testing the sensor'.
中文： 現在分詞短語（V-ing）可以用作形容詞短語，用來修飾前面的名詞。在本句中，「testing the sensor」（測試感測器）修飾「The team」（團隊），其功能相當於關係子句「who are testing the sensor」。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
彈吉他的那個男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Linking verbs (such as 'look', 'seem', 'feel') are followed by adjectives to describe the state or appearance of the subject. Here, 'looks' is the linking verb, and 'excited' is the adjective functioning as the subject complement.
中文： 連繫動詞（如 'look'、'seem'、'feel'）後面接形容詞，用來描述主詞的狀態或外觀。在這裡，「looks」是連繫動詞，「excited」是形容詞，擔任主詞補語。
The cake smells delicious.
這蛋糕聞起來很美味。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'started in spring') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun. They have a passive meaning or indicate a completed action. In this sentence, 'started in spring' modifies 'The project'.
中文： 過去分詞片語（例如 'started in spring'）可用作形容詞片語來修飾名詞，具有被動或已完成的意義。在本句中，'started in spring' 修飾主詞 'The project'。
The book written by the famous author is a bestseller.
那位著名作家寫的書非常暢銷。
EN： The passive structure 'is now done' uses the linking verb 'is' with the past participle 'done' (acting as an adjective) to describe the current state of completion.
中文： 被動結構 'is now done' 使用連繫動詞 'is' 搭配過去分詞 'done'（在此作形容詞用），用以描述目前「已完成」的狀態。
My homework is finally done.
我的功課終於做完了。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'filled with...') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a preceding noun. 'Filled' is a past participle acting as a passive modifier, meaning 'which is filled'.
中文： 過去分詞片語（例如「filled with...」）可用作形容詞片語，用來修飾前面的名詞。「filled」在此作為過去分詞，具有被動修飾的意義，表示「被充滿的」或「裝滿的」。
A library filled with books inspires students.
一間裝滿書籍的圖書館能激勵學生。
EN： The simple present tense is used here for a general truth or a state that is currently true. Since the subject 'A workshop' is third-person singular, the verb 'inspire' takes the suffix '-s' to become 'inspires'.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式來表示普遍事實或目前的狀態。由於主詞「A workshop」是單數第三人稱，因此動詞「inspire」字尾需加「-s」變為「inspires」。
Nature inspires many artists.
大自然激發了許多藝術家的靈感。
EN： Present Participle Clause (V-ing clause) for simultaneous actions. When two actions happen at the same time and are done by the same subject, the first action can be shortened into a V-ing clause. Here, 'Stepping into...' is short for 'When I step into...'.
中文： 現在分詞引導的副詞子句（分詞構句）。當兩個動作由同一個主詞同時或接連發生時，可將其中一個子句簡化為 V-ing 開頭的結構。在此處，'Stepping into...' 是 'When I step into...' 的簡化版。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
走在街上時，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： The noun phrase 'a buzz of energy' uses 'a buzz of' metaphorically to describe a strong, exciting feeling or atmosphere of activity and excitement.
中文： 名詞片語 'a buzz of energy'。這裡隱喻式地使用 'a buzz of'（嗡嗡聲/興奮感）來形容一種強烈、令人興奮的活力氛圍或能量波動。
There was a buzz of excitement in the classroom before the field trip.
在戶外教學開始前，教室裡瀰漫著一股興奮的氣氛。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + other words) can be used to modify a noun. It functions like a relative clause in active voice (e.g., 'Students who are working on projects...'). It is placed directly after the noun it modifies.
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞修飾語：現在分詞片語（動詞-ing + 其他單字）可用於修飾名詞。其功能相當於主動語態的關係子句（例如 'Students who are working on projects...'）。它會直接放在所修飾的名詞後面。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在彈鋼琴的女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a long modifier (like 'working on projects') separates the subject ('Students') from the verb ('fill'), the verb must still agree with the plural subject, not the singular noun in the modifier ('projects').
中文： 含有修飾語的主詞與動詞一致性：當長修飾語（如 'working on projects'）將主詞（'Students'）與動詞（'fill'）隔開時，動詞仍必須與複數主詞保持一致，而不是與修飾語中的單數或複數名詞（'projects'）一致。
The books left on the table belong to the library.
遺留在桌上的那些書是屬於圖書館的。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'built by my team') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun. They have a passive meaning and are shortened from relative clauses (e.g., 'which was built by my team').
中文： 過去分詞片語（例如「built by my team」）可用作形容詞片語來修飾名詞。它們具有被動意義，是由關係子句（例如「which was built by my team」）簡化而來。
The laptop repaired by the technician works perfectly now.
由技術人員修理的那台筆記型電腦現在運作得很完美。
EN： Adverbs of manner (e.g., 'smoothly') describe how an action is performed. They are typically placed after the main verb or after the object if there is one.
中文： 地方/方式副詞（例如「smoothly」）用來描述動作進行的方式。它們通常放在主要動詞之後，若有受詞則放在受詞之後。
The train stopped suddenly at the station.
火車在車站突然停了下來。
EN： Past Participle as a Post-modifier: The past participle phrase 'written over many weeks' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The code'. It describes what happened to the noun in a passive sense (the code was written).
中文： 過去分詞作後置修飾語：過去分詞短語「written over many weeks」在此當作形容詞使用，用來修飾名詞「The code」（程式碼）。它以被動的語意來描述該名詞（程式碼是被寫出來的）。
The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning.
昨天寄出的那封信今天早上寄達了。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifier: When a long modifier (like 'written over many weeks') separates the subject ('The code') from the verb ('runs'), the verb must still agree with the singular subject.
中文： 含有修飾語的主詞與動詞一致性：當長修飾語（如「written over many weeks」）將主詞（「The code」，單數）與動詞（「runs」）隔開時，動詞仍必須與單數主詞保持一致，使用單數動詞形式 runs。
The book borrowed from the library belongs to me.
從圖書館借來的那本書是我的。
EN： The verb 'see' is a sensory verb (verb of perception). It can be followed by an object and a present participle (verb-ing) to describe an action that is in progress or happening at the moment of perception.
中文： 動詞「see」（看見）屬於感官動詞。後面可接受詞與現在分詞（V-ing），用來描述感官察覺到某個動作正在進行或發生。
I see a bird flying in the sky.
我看到一隻鳥在天空飛翔。
EN： The present participle 'making' acts as an object complement, describing the ongoing action of the '3D printer'.
中文： 現在分詞「making」在此作為受詞補語，用來修飾並說明受詞「3D printer」當時正在進行的動作。
She heard someone knocking on the door.
她聽到有人在敲門。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle phrase 'flying above us' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The drone'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is flying above us'.
中文： 現在分詞片語：現在分詞片語「flying above us」用作形容詞，修飾名詞「The drone」（無人機）。這是關係子句「which is flying above us」的簡化形式。
The girl standing by the window is my sister.
站在窗戶旁邊的那個女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Passive Voice: The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle' (is controlled). It is used here because the receiver of the action (the drone) is the subject of the sentence, and the doer (a phone) is introduced by the preposition 'by'.
中文： 被動語態：被動語態由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」（is controlled）構成。這裡使用被動語態是因為動作的接受者（無人機）是句子的主詞，而動作的執行者（手機）則由介系詞「by」引導。
This book was written by a famous scientist.
這本書是由一位著名的科學家寫的。
EN： Past participle phrases used as adjectives: The past participle 'shown' (from 'show') is used here as an adjective phrase 'shown on the big screen' to modify the noun 'data'. It has a passive meaning, indicating that the data is being displayed by something else.
中文： 過去分詞片語作形容詞用：過去分詞「shown」（源自動詞 show）在此引導形容詞片語「shown on the big screen」，用來修飾名詞「data」（數據）。此用法具有被動意味，表示數據是被顯示在螢幕上的。
The car repaired by the mechanic runs smoothly.
由技工修理的那輛汽車運轉得很順暢。
EN： The verb 'help' followed by a bare infinitive: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a to-infinitive or a bare infinitive (verb in its base form). In 'helps us improve', 'improve' is a bare infinitive acting as the object complement.
中文： 動詞「help」後接原形動詞：動詞「help」（幫助）後面接賓語（受詞）後，其後的受詞補語可用「to + 原形動詞」或直接用「原形動詞」（省略 to）。在「helps us improve」中，「improve」即為省略 to 的原形動詞。
This map helps us find the way.
這張地圖有助於我們找到路。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle phrase 'holding a soldering iron' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'A girl'. It describes an ongoing action performed by the subject, acting as a shortened version of the relative clause 'who is holding a soldering iron'.
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞：現在分詞片語「holding a soldering iron」（拿著烙鐵）在此作形容詞用，修飾名詞「A girl」（一個女孩）。它描述了主詞正在進行的動作，相當於關係子句「who is holding a soldering iron」的簡化版。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
那個正在彈吉他的男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Nouns: The subject 'A girl' is a singular third-person noun, which requires the singular verb form 'fixes' (verb + -es) in the simple present tense.
中文： 單數名詞的主詞與動詞一致性：主詞「A girl」是單數第三人稱名詞，因此在現在簡單式中，動詞必須使用單數形「fixes」（動詞字尾加 -es）。
The chef prepares a delicious meal.
這位廚師準備了一頓美味的佳餚。
EN： In modern STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, hands-on activities like soldering circuits are highly encouraged for all students. Highlighting a 'girl' performing these technical tasks reflects a progressive shift towards gender inclusivity in engineering and technology fields.
中文： 在現代 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育中，非常鼓勵所有學生進行動手實作，例如焊接電路。句子中特別提到「女孩」在進行這些技術性工作，反映了工程與科技領域中朝向性別包容性的進步趨勢。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle 'guiding' (verb-ing) is used here as an adjective phrase ('guiding us') to modify the noun 'The teacher'. It describes an active action being performed by the noun it modifies.
中文： 現在分詞片語：這裡的現在分詞「guiding」（動詞-ing）引導一個形容詞片語（guiding us）來修飾名詞「The teacher」（老師）。它用來描述被修飾名詞正在進行的主動行為。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
彈鋼琴的那個男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Compound Adjectives: 'Thoughtful' is an adjective meaning showing consideration or deep integration of thoughts. In English, adjectives always precede the nouns they modify, such as 'thoughtful questions'.
中文： 複合形容詞與修飾：形容詞「thoughtful」意為「深思熟慮的」或「發人深省的」。在英文中，形容詞通常置於其所修飾的名詞之前，例如「thoughtful questions」（發人深省的問題）。
She gave a thoughtful speech at the graduation.
她在畢業典禮上發表了一番發人深省的演講。
EN： In Western educational settings, especially in science and project-based learning, teachers often act as 'guides on the side' rather than 'sages on the stage.' Asking 'thoughtful questions' is a key pedagogical strategy to encourage critical thinking and independent problem-solving among students.
中文： 在西方教育環境中（特別是科學和專題式學習中），教師通常扮演「身旁的引導者」而非「講台上的聖人」。提出「發人深省的問題」是一種關鍵的教學策略，旨在鼓勵學生進行批判性思考和獨立解決問題。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'shared here') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun (e.g., 'Ideas'). They have a passive meaning, indicating that the action was done to the noun.
中文： 過去分詞片語（例如「shared here」）可用作形容詞片語來修飾名詞（例如「Ideas」）。它們具有被動意義，表示該動作是被施加在該名詞上。
The books written by this author are very popular.
這位作家寫的書非常受歡迎。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn into' means to change or develop into something else, often used to describe a transformation.
中文： 片語動詞「turn into」意為「變成」或「轉化為」其他事物，常用於描述某種轉變或發展。
With hard work, his dream turned into reality.
憑藉著努力，他的夢想變成了現實。
EN： The past participle phrase 'filled with...' is used as an adjective phrase modifying the preceding noun 'A space'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'A space which is filled with...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「filled with...」（充滿……）在此作形容詞片語，用來修飾前面的名詞「A space」（空間）。這是一個簡化關係子句，由「A space which is filled with...」簡化而來。
A room filled with books is a treasure chest.
一個裝滿書本的房間就像是一個寶藏箱。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object ('learning') and an object complement (the adjective 'exciting') to describe the state or feeling caused by the subject.
中文： 使役動詞「make」後面接受詞（learning）與受詞補語（形容詞 exciting），用來描述主詞所帶來的狀態或感受。
This music makes me happy.
這音樂讓我感到快樂。
EN： Present participle phrases (V-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. In this sentence, 'waiting on the shelf' modifies 'Every tool'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is waiting on the shelf'.
中文： 現在分詞短語（V-ing）可以用作形容詞片語，用來修飾前面的名詞。在本句中，「waiting on the shelf」修飾「Every tool」。這是關係子句「which is waiting on the shelf」的簡化形式。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
正在彈鋼琴的那個男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： The subject 'Every tool' is grammatically singular, so it takes the singular verb 'invites'. The structure 'invite someone to do something' means to encourage or welcome someone to perform an action.
中文： 主詞「Every tool」（每一個工具）在語法上是單數，因此搭配單數動詞「invites」。結構「invite someone to do something」表示邀請或鼓勵某人去做某事。
The warm weather invites us to go for a walk.
溫暖的天氣吸引著我們去散步。
EN： Present Continuous Tense in Questions: Used to ask about an action happening right now. It is formed with 'Wh- word + is/are + subject + verb-ing'.
中文： 現在進行式的疑問句：用於詢問此時此刻正在發生的動作。其句型結構為「疑問詞 + be 動詞 (is/are) + 主詞 + 現在分詞 (V-ing)」。
What is she cooking in the kitchen?
她正在廚房裡煮什麼？
EN： Adverbial of Place 'over there': Used to point out a location that is relatively far from both the speaker and the listener, often accompanied by pointing.
中文： 地方副詞「over there」（在那邊）：用於指出距離說話者和聽話者都相對較遠的某個位置，通常伴隨著指點的動作。
Who is standing over there by the door?
站在門口那邊的那個人是誰？
EN： Present Continuous Tense (am/is/are + V-ing) is used to describe an action that is happening right now, at the moment of speaking.
中文： 現在進行式（am/is/are + 現在分詞）用於描述此時此刻正在發生的動作。
She is writing an email to her teacher.
她正在寫一封信給她的老師。
EN： Past Participle as a Post-modifier (Reduced Relative Clause): The past participle 'designed' is used directly after the noun 'robot' to describe it, functioning as a shortened version of 'which was designed'. It has a passive meaning.
中文： 過去分詞作後置修飾語（簡化關係子句）：過去分詞「designed」直接放在名詞「robot」後面進行修飾，相當於「which was designed」的省略，具有被動意義。
I like the model built by the younger team.
我喜歡由較年輕團隊所製作的模型。
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective (Reduced Relative Clause): The past participle phrase 'built by the younger team' modifies the noun 'model'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was built by the younger team', used to describe a passive action.
中文： 過去分詞作形容詞（簡化關係子句）：過去分詞片語「built by the younger team」用來修飾名詞「model」（模型）。這是關係子句「which was built by the younger team」的簡化形式，用來表示被動的動作。
I bought the book written by the famous author.
我買了那本由著名作家寫的書。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: The word 'younger' is the comparative form of the adjective 'young'. It is used to compare two groups (the younger team versus the older or other team).
中文： 比較級形容詞：單字「younger」是形容詞「young」（年輕的）的比較級形式。在此處用於比較兩個團隊（較年輕的團隊與另一個較年長或其他的團隊）。
She prefers the smaller laptop for traveling.
旅行時她更喜歡那台較小的筆記型電腦。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle phrase 'running on that tablet' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'The app'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is running on that tablet'.
中文： 現在分詞片語：現在分詞片語「running on that tablet」在此作為形容詞，用來修飾名詞「The app」（該應用程式）。這是一種簡化關係子句（which is running on that tablet）的常見結構。
The man standing by the door is my uncle.
站在門口的那位男子是我叔叔。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'running on that tablet'), the verb must still agree with the main subject ('The app', which is singular), not the noun in the modifier ('tablet'). Therefore, we use the singular verb 'tracks'.
中文： 修飾語與主詞動詞一致性：當主詞後面接有修飾片語（如「running on that tablet」）時，動詞仍必須與主要主詞（單數的「The app」）保持一致，而非修飾語中的名詞（tablet）。因此，動詞使用單數動詞「tracks」。
The book lying on those desks belongs to the teacher.
放在那些課桌上的書是老師的。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + other words) can be placed directly after a noun to describe what that noun is doing at the moment. It functions like a shortened relative clause (e.g., 'which is hovering').
中文： 現在分詞片語作形容詞修飾語：現在分詞片語（動詞-ing + 其他字詞）可以直接放在名詞後面，用來描述該名詞當時正在進行的動作。其功能相當於簡化的關係子句（例如：'which is hovering'）。
The dog barking outside belongs to my neighbor.
在外面吠叫的那隻狗是我鄰居的。
EN： Linking Verbs (Sensory Verbs): 'Look' is used as a linking verb here, meaning 'to appear' or 'to seem'. It must be followed by an adjective (e.g., 'brand new') rather than an adverb, to describe the subject.
中文： 連綴動詞（感官動詞）：「look」在此處用作連綴動詞，意思是「看起來」或「似乎」。後面必須接形容詞（例如：「brand new」）而非副詞，用來修飾主詞的狀態。
The freshly baked bread smells delicious.
剛出爐的麵包聞起來很香。
EN： The past participle 'ordered' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were ordered') to modify the noun 'sensors'. This is a passive construction showing that the sensors did not perform the action, but were the recipient of it.
中文： 過去分詞「ordered」在此用作簡化關係子句（省略了「which were ordered」），用來修飾名詞「sensors」（感測器）。這是一種被動結構，表示感測器並非執行動作的主體，而是接受該動作的客體。
The books written by that author are very popular.
那位作家寫的書非常受歡迎。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'Those' is used to point to plural nouns that are physically or temporally far from the speaker.
中文： 指示代名詞「Those」（那些）用於指代在空間或時間上距離說話者較遠的複數名詞。
Those are the tools we need for the class.
那些是我們上課需要的工具。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective (Reduced Relative Clause): The present participle phrase 'making parts' is used to modify the noun 'A printer'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which makes parts'. The present participle (-ing) is used because the noun performs the action actively.
中文： 現在分詞作形容詞（簡化關係子句）：現在分詞片語「making parts」用來修飾名詞「A printer」（印表機）。這是關係子句「which makes parts」的簡化形式。使用現在分詞（-ing）是因為該名詞主動執行該動作。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
正在彈吉他的那個男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Double Object Verb (Ditransitive Verb): The verb 'save' can take two objects: an indirect object (us) and a direct object (lots of time). The structure is 'save + someone + something', meaning to prevent someone from spending or wasting something.
中文： 雙賓語動詞（授與動詞）：動詞「save」可以接兩個賓語：間接賓語（us）和直接賓語（lots of time）。結構為「save + 某人 + 某物」，意思是為某人省去或免除某事物的消耗。
This new software will save you a lot of trouble.
這款新軟體將會為你省去許多麻煩。
EN： Present Participle Clauses: The present participle phrase 'testing the code' functions as an adjective clause modifying the noun 'the students'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are testing the code'.
中文： 現在分詞片語：現在分詞片語「testing the code」在此作為形容詞子句，用來修飾名詞「the students」（學生們）。這是關係子句「who are testing the code」的簡化形式。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在彈鋼琴的女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Linking Verbs: 'Seem' is a linking verb (copula) that connects the subject with a subject complement (an adjective) to describe the subject's state or appearance.
中文： 連綴動詞：「seem」（似乎、看起來）是一個連綴動詞，用來連接主詞與主詞補語（形容詞），以描述主詞的狀態或外觀。
The team members seem happy with the results.
團隊成員們看起來對結果感到滿意。
EN： The adjective phrase 'full of energy' is used as a post-modifier (after the noun) to describe the noun 'A lab'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is full of energy'.
中文： 形容詞片語「full of energy」（充滿活力）用作後置修飾語（置於名詞之後），用來修飾名詞「A lab」（實驗室）。這是關係子句「which is full of energy」的簡化形式。
A classroom full of students is always noisy.
一個擠滿學生的教室總是吵鬧的。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in its base form without 'to') to express causing someone to do something. In this sentence, 'makes us want' uses the base verb 'want'.
中文： 使役動詞「make」後面接受詞和原形動詞（不帶 to 的動詞原型），用來表示讓某人做某事。在本句中，「makes us want」使用了原形動詞「want」。
The funny movie makes me laugh.
這部好笑的電影讓我大笑。
EN： Present participle phrases (Verb-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. 'Waiting here' modifies 'Tools', functioning like a relative clause 'which are waiting here'.
中文： 現在分詞短語（動詞-ing）可用作形容詞短語，用來修飾前面的名詞。在此句中，「waiting here」修飾「Tools」，作用相當於關係子句「which are waiting here」。
The students working in the lab are very creative.
在實驗室裡工作的學生們非常有創意。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change A into B.
中文： 片語動詞「turn A into B」表示將 A 轉化或改變為 B。
With hard work, they turned their dream into a successful business.
憑藉著努力，他們將夢想轉化為成功的事業。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 專注的，注意力集中的
在本文中： 在國外，從國外
在本文中： 鼓舞，激發（靈感）
在本文中： 活力，幹勁
在本文中： 改進，改善
在本文中： 深思的，引人深思的
在本文中： 好奇心
在本文中： 修理，修補
在本文中： （在空中）盤旋，懸停
在本文中： 有信心的，自信的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A machine that creates three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
3D 印表機
A tool used for melting solder to join metal parts together, especially in electronics.
烙鐵
A strong feeling of excitement, activity, and enthusiasm in a place.
充滿活力與興奮的氛圍
To change or develop into something else.
轉變成，成為