EN： The Present Perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'ever' to ask about life experiences at an unspecified time in the past.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處與 'ever'（曾經）連用，用來詢問過去某個未特定時間點的個人生命經驗。
Have you ever eaten raw fish?
你曾經吃過生魚片嗎？
EN： The adverb 'before' is often placed at the end of present perfect questions to emphasize whether the action has occurred at any time prior to the present moment.
中文： 副詞 'before'（以前）經常放在現在完成式疑問句的句尾，用以強調在目前這個時間點之前，是否曾發生過該動作。
EN： The Simple Past Tense is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'made' is the past tense of 'make', and 'last summer' specifies the exact past time.
中文： 過去簡單式（Simple Past Tense）用於描述在過去特定時間完成的動作。在此句子中，「made」是「make」的過去式，而「last summer」（去年夏天）則指定了具體的過去時間。
I bought a new laptop last week.
我上週買了一台新筆記型電腦。
EN： The pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute word to avoid repeating a singular countable noun that has already been mentioned or is clear from the context. Here, 'one' refers to 'robot'.
中文： 代名詞「one」用作替代詞，以避免重複前面已提及或在語境中明確的單數可數名詞。在這裡，「one」指的是「robot」（機器人）。
I don't have a pen. Can you lend me one?
我沒有筆。你能借我一枝嗎？
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present, or has relevance to the present moment. The auxiliary verb 'have' is paired with the past participle 'coded'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現在有密切關聯的動作。助動詞「have」與過去分詞「coded」搭配使用。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我在這座城市已經住了五年了。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'so far' means 'up to this point' or 'until now'. It is commonly used with the present perfect tense to indicate that the situation may change in the future.
中文： 副詞片語「so far」意為「到目前為止」或「迄今為止」。它常用於現在完成式，表示該情況在未來可能會有所改變。
We have received three applications so far.
到目前為止，我們已經收到三份申請。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'designed') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'in tenth grade' or 'yesterday'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「designed」）用於描述在過去特定、明確的時間點已經完成的動作。通常會搭配過去的時間副詞或片語，如「in tenth grade」（在十年級時）或「yesterday」（昨天）。
She started learning Python last year.
她去年開始學習 Python。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used before school grades (e.g., 'in tenth grade') or years to indicate the time period during which an event occurred.
中文： 介係詞「in」用於學校年級（例如「in tenth grade」）或年份之前，用來表示某事件發生的時間區間。
He joined the science club in ninth grade.
他在九年級時加入了科學社團。
EN： In the US education system, 'tenth grade' (around age 15-16) corresponds to the sophomore year of high school. It is common for American high school students to explore elective courses in computer science or web design during these years.
中文： 在美國教育體制中，「tenth grade」（十年級，約 15-16 歲）相當於高中的第二年（高一或高二，視學制而定）。美國高中生在此階段選修電腦科學或網頁設計等探索性課程是非常常見的。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to ask about an action that may or may not have occurred up to the present moment. The adverb 'yet' is commonly used in questions and negative sentences to mean 'up to this time'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於詢問某個動作在到目前為止的時間點內是否已經發生。副詞「yet」常用於疑問句和否定句中，表示「到目前為止」或「已經」。
Have you finished your homework yet?
你已經寫完功課了嗎？
EN： Noun adjuncts (noun-as-adjective) occur when a noun modifies another noun. In 'science fair project', 'science fair' (which itself is a compound noun) acts as an adjective to modify 'project', specifying what kind of project it is.
中文： 名詞修飾語（名詞作形容詞用）是指一個名詞用來修飾另一個名詞。在「science fair project」中，「science fair」（科學展覽，本身為複合名詞）充當形容詞來修飾「project」，說明這是哪一種專案。
We need to prepare for the history class presentation.
我們需要為歷史課的簡報做準備。
EN： In US schools, a 'science fair' is a very common and significant hands-on educational event where students design, conduct, and present their own scientific research or engineering projects. It encourages critical thinking and public speaking.
中文： 在美國學校中，「科學展覽」（science fair）是一個非常普遍且重要的實作教育活動。學生們在活動中設計、執行並展示自己的科學研究或工程專案，這有助於培養批判性思考與口語表達能力。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'completed') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last weekend'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如 'completed'）用於描述在過去特定時間已完成的動作。通常會搭配過去的時間副詞，如 'last weekend'（上週末）。
I visited my grandparents last weekend.
我上週末去拜訪了我的祖父母。
EN： The preposition 'after' can be followed by a noun phrase (e.g., 'many tries') to indicate that one event occurred subsequent to another.
中文： 介係詞 'after'（在...之後）後面可以接名詞片語（例如 'many tries'，意為多次嘗試），用來表示某個事件發生在另一個事件之後。
We went home after the long meeting.
漫長的會議結束後，我們就回家了。
EN： In Western maker and scientific culture, emphasizing 'many tries' or failure before success is highly valued. It reflects the 'growth mindset' which is commonly encouraged in schools and science fairs.
中文： 在西方的創客與科學文化中，強調成功前的「多次嘗試」或失敗是非常受到推崇的。這反映了學校和科學展覽中普遍鼓勵的「成長型思維」（growth mindset）。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) with 'never' is used to describe life experiences up to the present moment. 'Never' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have/has' and the past participle.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）搭配副詞「never」（從未）可用於描述直到目前為止的人生經驗。副詞「never」須置於助動詞「have/has」與過去分詞之間。
I have never visited Europe, but I want to go next year.
我從未去過歐洲，但我明年想去。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) means to continue doing something without stopping, or to do something repeatedly.
中文： 動詞「keep」後面接動名詞（V-ing）表示持續、不間斷地做某事，或重複進行某動作。
Even though the puzzle was difficult, she kept trying until she finished it.
雖然這個拼圖很難，但她一直持續嘗試直到完成為止。
EN： In Western education, especially in STEM and maker culture, failure is often celebrated as a necessary step toward learning and innovation. The phrase 'keep trying' reflects the highly valued cultural trait of 'grit' or perseverance.
中文： 在西方教育（特別是創客與 STEM 領域）中，失敗常被視為學習與創新過程中不可或缺的一步。句中的「keep trying」（持續嘗試）體現了西方文化中非常重視的「恆毅力」（grit）與堅持不懈的精神。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'presented') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last month', 'yesterday', or 'in 2023'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「presented」）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。通常會與表示過去時間的副詞片語連用，如「last month」（上個月）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「in 2023」（在2023年）。
We launched our new website last week.
我們上週推出了我們的新網站。
EN： Adverbials of place (e.g., 'at school') and time (e.g., 'last month') usually appear at the end of a sentence. When both are present, the adverbial of place typically precedes the adverbial of time (Place + Time).
中文： 地方副詞（如「at school」）與時間副詞（如「last month」）通常放在句尾。當兩者同時出現時，通常遵循「先地方、後時間」的順序（地方 + 時間）。
They played basketball in the park yesterday afternoon.
他們昨天下午在公園打籃球。
EN： In many English-speaking schools, especially in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, students are encouraged to present their projects, apps, or science experiments to their peers and teachers. This helps build public speaking skills and confidence from a young age.
中文： 在許多英語系國家的學校中，特別是在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育中，學校非常鼓勵學生向同學和老師發表自己的專案、應用程式或科學實驗。這有助於從小培養口語表達能力與自信心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的動作。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已經在這個城市住了五年了。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time in the past (e.g., 'last year') to indicate when an action or state began.
中文： 「since」作為介係詞，後接過去的特定時間點（例如「last year」），用來表示某個動作或狀態開始的時間點。
She has been a teacher since 2018.
自從 2018 年以來，她一直是一位老師。
EN： Python has become one of the most popular programming languages taught to beginners and students worldwide due to its clean syntax. In modern education, learning to code is often viewed as a fundamental literacy skill, similar to learning a foreign language.
中文： 由於其簡潔的語法，Python 已成為全球最受初學者和學生歡迎的程式語言之一。在現代教育中，學習寫程式常被視為一種基本的素養能力，類似於學習一門外語。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by either a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. Here, 'learning' is a gerund functioning as the direct object of 'started'.
中文： 動詞「start」（開始）後面可以接動名詞（V-ing）或不定詞（to + V），兩者意思幾乎相同。在此句中，「learning」是一個動名詞，作為「started」的直接受詞。
She started playing the piano when she was five.
她五歲時開始彈鋼琴。
EN： The preposition 'during' is used to state that something happened within a specific period of time (e.g., 'during the winter break'). It is followed by a noun phrase.
中文： 介係詞「during」（在……期間）用於表示某事發生在某個特定的時間段內（例如「在寒假期間」）。其後須接名詞片語。
We stayed at home during the storm.
暴風雨期間我們待在家裡。
EN： In many Western schools, 'winter break' (or winter holidays) refers to the school recess period around late December and early January, often associated with Christmas and New Year. It is a popular time for students to pursue personal hobbies or self-study projects.
中文： 在許多西方學校中，「winter break」（寒假）指的是十二月下旬至一月上旬左右的學校放假期間，通常與聖誕節和新年假期重疊。這是學生培養個人興趣或進行自主學習計畫的熱門時期。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and has a strong connection to the present, emphasizing the current result of improvement.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個始於過去且與現在有強烈關聯的動作或狀態，強調目前「已經進步」的結果。
I have finished my homework, so I can play now.
我已經寫完功課了，所以現在可以玩了。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used to indicate the means, medium, or agent by which something is achieved or experienced.
中文： 介係詞「through」在此處用於表示達成某事或經歷某過程的「途徑、媒介或方式」，譯為「透過」或「經由」。
She learned a lot of English through watching movies.
她透過看電影學到了很多英文。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an experience or a situation that has happened over a period of time leading up to the present, emphasizing the accumulated result of these projects.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述從過去持續到現在的經驗或狀態，強調這些專案累積下來的成果與影響。
Each book has given me a different perspective.
每本書都給了我不同的觀點。
EN： The verb 'teach' is a ditransitive verb, which means it can take two objects: an indirect object (me) representing the recipient, and a direct object (something new) representing the thing being taught.
中文： 動詞 'teach'（教導）是雙賓語動詞（授與動詞），後面可以接兩個受詞：間接受詞（me，指接受者）和直接受詞（something new，指教導的內容）。
She taught us a valuable lesson.
她教會了我們寶貴的一課。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment, emphasizing the ongoing experience of 'this year'.
中文： 現在完成式（has been）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態，強調「今年」這段時間以來持續累積的體驗。
This month has been very busy for our team.
這個月對我們團隊來說一直非常忙碌。
EN： The adjective phrase 'full of' is used to describe a noun that contains a large amount of something. It is typically positioned after the linking verb 'be'.
中文： 形容詞片語「full of」（充滿了...）用來描述某人事物含有大量的某物，通常置於連繫動詞（如 be 動詞）之後。
The book is full of useful information.
這本書充滿了實用的資訊。
EN： The term 'maker' refers to the 'Maker Movement', a contemporary culture that represents a technology-based extension of DIY (Do-It-Yourself) culture. It emphasizes learning-through-doing in a social, merry environment, often involving robotics, 3D printing, and programming.
中文： 「maker」（創客/自造者）源自「創客運動」（Maker Movement），這是當代 DIY（自己動手做）文化結合科技的延伸。它強調在社群與趣味環境中「從做中學」，通常涉及機器人、3D 列印和程式設計等領域。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the experience or the result of the action up to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間所發生的動作，強調截至目前為止的經驗或動作結果。
I have visited that museum twice.
我去過那間博物館兩次。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'in one's free time' is a common collocation used to describe activities done during leisure time when one is not working or studying.
中文： 介系詞片語「in one's free time」（在某人的空閒時間）是一個常見的搭配詞，用來描述在沒有工作或課業時的休閒時間所做的活動。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past (e.g., 'Last spring', 'yesterday'). The verb 'make' is irregular, and its past form is 'made'.
中文： 過去簡單式（Past Simple）用於描述在過去特定時間（例如「去年春天」、「昨天」）已經完成的動作。動詞「make」是不規則動詞，其過去式為「made」。
Last winter, I made a warm scarf for my mother.
去年冬天，我幫媽媽織了一條溫暖的圍巾。
EN： A defining relative clause (adjective clause) starts with a relative pronoun like 'that' or 'which' to describe a noun. Here, 'that turns on by clapping' describes the noun 'light'. Since 'light' is singular, the verb 'turn' in the relative clause takes the singular 's' (turns).
中文： 限定關係子句（形容詞子句）以關係代名詞（如 'that' 或 'which'）開頭，用來修飾名詞。在此句中，「that turns on by clapping」修飾名詞「light」（燈）。因為「light」是單數，所以關係子句中的動詞「turn」要加上單數動詞字尾「s」變成「turns」。
I bought a phone that has a very good camera.
我買了一支相機功能很好的手機。
EN： In American schools and maker communities, 'clapping lights' (often famously known by the brand name 'The Clapper' introduced in the 1980s) are classic, nostalgic examples of simple sound-activated technology. They are popular beginner projects for students learning basic electronics and coding.
中文： 在美國學校與創客（maker）社群中，「拍手感應燈」（最著名的代表是1980年代推出的品牌「The Clapper」）是經典且帶有懷舊色彩的聲控科技範例。對於學習基礎電子電路與程式設計的學生來說，這是非常受歡迎的入門專案。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the experience or the current result of the action.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間點所發生的動作，強調該經驗或該動作對現在造成的結果。
I have completed my homework already.
我已經完成了我的家庭作業。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the purpose or function of an object (in this case, 'a simple app').
中文： 介係詞「for」後面接動名詞（V-ing），用來表示某個物品（在此指「一個簡單的應用程式」）的用途或功能。
This is a tool for measuring temperature.
這是一個用來測量溫度的工具。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'entered') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past (such as 'In March').
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「entered」）用於描述在過去特定、明確的時間（如「在三月」）已經完成的動作。
In March, she joined the school art club.
在三月，她加入了學校的藝術社團。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating time (like 'In March') can be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, usually followed by a comma.
中文： 表示時間的介系詞片語（如「In March」）可以放在句首以示強調，通常後面會加上逗號。
In winter, we often drink hot chocolate.
在冬天，我們經常喝熱巧克力。
EN： A 'science fair' is a very common and important competitive event in American schools (especially middle and high schools). Students design, conduct, and present their own scientific experiments or projects, fostering hands-on learning and public speaking skills.
中文： 「science fair」（科學展覽會）是美國學校（尤其是國中和高中）非常普遍且重要的競爭性活動。學生們需要自己設計、動手做實驗並展示科學專案，這有助於培養動手實作與公開演說的能力。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that cleans water using sunlight') to describe and modify the noun 'model'. Since 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause, it cannot be omitted.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係代名詞「that」引導一個限定修飾的關係子句（that cleans water using sunlight），用來修飾先行詞「model」（模型）。在此子句中，「that」擔任主詞角色，因此不可省略。
She designed a system that filters air in the classroom.
她設計了一個能過濾教室空氣的系統。
EN： Participle Construction (Using): The present participle 'using' is used here as a participle phrase to express the means or method ('by means of') by which the action of cleaning is performed.
中文： 分詞結構（using 的用法）：這裡的現在分詞「using」引導一個分詞片語，用來表示達到某種目的或執行某動作（淨化水源）所使用的「手段」或「方法」（利用陽光）。
He solved the math puzzle using a new formula.
他利用一個新公式解開了這道數學謎題。
EN： In American middle and high schools, Science Fairs are highly popular and prestigious events. Students are encouraged to design hands-on, practical solutions to real-world problems, such as clean energy or water purification, and present their working models to judges.
中文： 在美國的國中與高中，科學展覽會（Science Fair）是非常受歡迎且具有指標性的活動。學校鼓勵學生針對現實世界的問題（如乾淨能源或水質淨化）設計動手做的實用解決方案，並向評審展示他們的可行模型。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to express life experience or actions that started in the past and have relevance to the present, without specifying a exact time.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於表示過去的經驗，或過去開始並與現在相關的動作，且不指定具體的時間點。
I have traveled to many countries in Asia.
我曾去過亞洲的許多國家旅行。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (nouns, adjectives, etc.), meaning 'not only the one but also the other'.
中文： 對等關聯連結詞「both... and...」（兩者都……）用於連接兩個同等重要的語法元素（如名詞、形容詞等），表示「不僅是前者，後者也是」。
She likes both coffee and tea.
咖啡和茶她都喜歡。
EN： In Western educational and maker cultures, failure is often celebrated as a necessary stepping stone to success rather than something to be ashamed of. The phrase 'learn from failure' reflects this growth mindset.
中文： 在西方教育與創客（maker）文化中，失敗通常被視為通往成功的必要基石，而非令人羞恥的事。「從失敗中學習」這句話正反映了這種「成長型思維」（growth mindset）。
EN： Simple Past Tense (won): Used to describe actions that were completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month'.
中文： 簡單過去式（won）：用於描述在過去特定、明確的時間點已經完成的動作。通常會與過去的時間副詞（如「last month」上個月）連用。
They visited the museum last week.
他們上週參觀了博物館。
EN： Adverb Placement (finally): Adverbs of manner or time sequence like 'finally' often appear between the subject and the main verb to emphasize the culmination of an effort.
中文： 副詞位置（finally）：像「finally」（終於）這類表示順序或態度的副詞，通常放在主詞與主要動詞之間，用以強調努力過後的最終結果。
She finally passed the driving test.
她終於通過了路考。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) with 'never' is used to describe an experience that has not happened up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have never felt' indicates that the feeling of pride has never reached this level in the speaker's entire life until now.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）搭配 'never'（從未）用來描述直到目前為止從未發生過的經驗。在本句中，'have never felt' 表示在說話者至今的人生中，從未有過像現在這樣強烈的自豪感。
I have never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
我以前從未看過如此美麗的日落。
EN： The comparative adjective 'prouder' (the comparative form of 'proud') is used here with 'never' to express a superlative meaning. Saying 'I have never felt prouder' means 'I feel the proudest now' (this is the proudest I have ever been).
中文： 比較級形容詞 'prouder'（'proud' 的比較級）在此與 'never'（從未）連用，用以表達最高級的含義。說「我從未感到更自豪」意味著「我現在感到最自豪」（這是我有生以來最自豪的一次）。
She has never been happier than she is now.
她現在比以往任何時候都還要幸福。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, particularly in educational and professional settings, expressing pride in one's own 'hard work' is highly encouraged. It reflects self-reliance, personal growth, and a healthy sense of self-esteem, rather than being seen as boastful.
中文： 在英語系國家（特別是在教育和職場環境中），公開對「自己的努力」表達自豪是被高度鼓勵的。這反映了獨立自主、個人成長以及健康的自尊心，而不會被視為自大或吹噓。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an experience or action that started in the past and has a continuing effect or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始，並對現在產生持續影響或關聯的經驗或動作。
This experience has shaped my career path.
這次經歷塑造了我的職業生涯。
EN： The verb pattern 'push + object + to-infinitive' (push someone to do something) is used to express encouraging, forcing, or motivating someone to perform an action.
中文： 動詞句型「push + 受詞 + 不定詞」（促使/推動某人做某事）用於表示鼓勵、強迫或激勵某人去執行某個動作。
My teacher pushed me to study harder.
我的老師督促我更加努力學習。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('started') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past, while the Present Perfect Tense ('have grown') is used to describe an action that started in the past and has a strong connection or result in the present.
中文： 簡單過去式（如 'started'）用於描述在過去特定時間已完成的動作，而現在完成式（如 'have grown'）則用於描述始於過去且與現在有緊密聯繫或對現在產生影響的動作。
I lived in Boston for two years, and now I have moved to New York.
我曾在波士頓住過兩年，而現在我已經搬到紐約了。
EN： The preposition 'as' is used here to describe the role, capacity, or status of someone at a particular time (e.g., starting a journey or career in a certain role).
中文： 介係詞 'as' 在此處用於描述某人在特定時期的角色、身分或狀態（例如：以某種角色開始一段旅程或職業生涯）。
She began her career as a software engineer.
她以軟體工程師的身分開始了她的職業生涯。
EN： The phrase 'cannot wait to + verb' is a common idiomatic expression used to express strong excitement or impatience about doing something in the near future.
中文： 片語「cannot wait to + 動詞原形」是一個常見的慣用語，用來表達對即將發生的事情感到非常興奮、迫不及待。
I cannot wait to visit my grandparents next week.
我迫不及待下週要去拜訪我的祖父母。
EN： The clause 'what I will create next' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'see'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 子句「what I will create next」是一個名詞子句，作為動詞「see」的直接受詞。請注意，此處使用的是陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She wants to know what we will do tomorrow.
她想知道我們明天要做什麼。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) combined with 'ever' is used to ask about life experiences up to the present moment. 'Ever' means 'at any time in your life'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）搭配「ever」（曾經）用於詢問截至目前為止的人生經驗。「ever」表示「在人生中的任何時候」。
Have you ever traveled to Japan?
你曾經去日本旅遊過嗎？
EN： Direct address (vocative case) is used when speaking directly to someone. In English, the person's name (Emma) is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, typically placed at the end of the question for a natural flow.
中文： 直接稱呼（呼格）用於直接對某人說話。在英文中，人名（艾瑪）與句子的其他部分會用逗號隔開，通常放在問句的句尾以使語氣顯得自然。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'built') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last year', 'yesterday', or 'in 2020'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「built」）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。通常會與過去的時間副詞連用，例如「last year」（去年）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「in 2020」（在2020年）。
I bought a new laptop last week.
我上週買了一台新筆記型電腦。
EN： Noun adjuncts (or noun modifiers) occur when a noun (like 'quiz') is used to modify another noun (like 'app'), functioning like an adjective to specify the type of the noun.
中文： 名詞修飾語是指當一個名詞（如「quiz」問答）用來修飾另一個名詞（如「app」應用程式）時，其功能類似形容詞，用來具體說明該名詞的類型或用途。
She attends a history class every Tuesday.
她每週二上歷史課。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with the adverb 'just' to describe an action that was completed in the very recent past. 'Just' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle 'finished'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此與副詞「just（剛剛）」結合，用來描述在極近期內剛完成的動作。「just」通常置於助動詞「have」與過去分詞「finished」之間。
I have just received your email.
我剛剛收到你的電子郵件。
EN： The possessive determiner 'my' is used before a noun ('robot model') to show ownership or association, indicating that the model belongs to the speaker.
中文： 所有格限定詞「my（我的）」置於名詞（robot model）之前以表示所有權或關聯性，指出該模型屬於說話者所有。
She is painting my room.
她正在粉刷我的房間。
EN： In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education contexts, 'robot model' or 'maker projects' are very common hands-on activities in American schools, encouraging students to apply coding and engineering skills early on.
中文： 在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育背景下，「機器人模型」或「創客專案」是美國學校非常常見的手作活動，旨在鼓勵學生儘早應用編程和工程技能。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (regular verbs ending in '-ed') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past, often accompanied by past time expressions like 'yesterday'.
中文： 簡單過去式（規則動詞以「-ed」結尾）用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作，通常會與「yesterday（昨天）」等過去時間副詞連用。
She painted a beautiful picture yesterday.
她昨天畫了一幅美麗的畫。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate purpose or destination, showing what the poster was created to be used for (the fair).
中文： 介係詞「for」在此處用於表示目的或用途，說明製作這張海報是為了什麼活動（科學展覽）而使用的。
I bought some flowers for the party.
我為派對買了一些花。
EN： In American schools, a 'science fair' is a very common and important academic event where students design, conduct, and present their own science experiments or projects. Creating visually appealing posters to explain their work is a key skill students develop for these events.
中文： 在美國學校中，「science fair（科學展覽）」是一個非常普遍且重要的學術活動，學生們在此活動中設計、進行並展示自己的科學實驗或專案。製作精美且具視覺吸引力的海報來解釋他們的研究成果，是學生們在這些活動中需要培養的關鍵技能。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment, or has relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述從過去開始一直持續到現在，或與現在有相關的動作。
I have written three emails this morning.
今天早上我已經寫了三封電子郵件。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'so far' means 'up to this point' and is commonly used with the present perfect tense to indicate that the situation may change in the future.
中文： 副詞片語「so far」意思是「到目前為止」，常用於現在完成式，表示該情況在未來可能會有所改變。
She has saved one thousand dollars so far.
到目前為止，她已經存了一千美元。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'presented') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last Friday', 'yesterday', or 'two years ago'.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「presented」）用於描述在過去特定、明確的時間點已經完成的動作。通常會與過去的時間副詞連用，例如「last Friday」（上週五）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「two years ago」（兩年前）。
They visited the museum last Sunday.
他們上週日參觀了博物館。
EN： Possessive Adjectives (e.g., 'our') are used before nouns to show ownership or association. 'Our' indicates that the noun belongs to or is associated with the speaker and one or more other people.
中文： 所有格形容詞（例如「our」）置於名詞前面，用來表示所有權或關聯性。「Our」（我們的）表示該名詞屬於說話者及其他一人以上的人，或與其相關。
We love our new classroom.
我們喜歡我們的新教室。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'not... yet' to describe an action that has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處與 'not... yet'（尚未）連用，用來描述一個直到目前為止還沒發生，但預期在未來會發生的動作。
I have not finished my homework yet.
我還沒有寫完我的作業。
EN： The word 'yet' is an adverb commonly used in negative sentences and questions. In negative sentences, it usually goes at the end of the sentence to mean 'up to this time'.
中文： 單字 'yet' 是一個常用於否定句和疑問句的副詞。在否定句中，它通常放在句尾，表示「到目前為止（尚未）」。
They have not arrived yet.
他們還沒有抵達。
EN： The verb 'learn' can be followed by a to-infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express acquiring the ability to perform a specific action.
中文： 動詞「learn」（學習）後面可以接不定詞（to + 原形動詞），用來表示學會做某個特定的動作。
She learned to swim when she was five.
她五歲時學會了游泳。
EN： The preposition 'during' is used to state that an action happened within a specific period of time (in this case, 'the summer').
中文： 介系詞「during」（在……期間）用於說明某個動作發生在特定的時間段之內（在此處指「夏天」）。
We visited many museums during the vacation.
我們在假期期間參觀了許多博物館。
EN： In many Western countries, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education and maker culture, hands-on skills like soldering are introduced early in middle or high school science clubs and summer camps.
中文： 在許多西方國家，特別是在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育和創客文化中，像焊接這樣的動手實作技能，很早就已經在國中或高中的科學社團及夏令營中被推廣學習。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe a change or growth that has occurred over a period of time leading up to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）：在此處用於描述從過去到現在這段時間內所發生的變化或成長。
I have grown more patient since I started gardening.
自從我開始園藝以來，我變得更有耐心了。
EN： Linking Verb 'grow' + Adjective: The verb 'grow' can act as a linking verb meaning 'to become'. It is followed by an adjective (or comparative adjective like 'more confident') to describe a change in state.
中文： 連繫動詞 'grow' + 形容詞：動詞 'grow' 可以作為連繫動詞，意思是「變得」。後面接形容詞（或像 'more confident' 這樣的比較級形容詞）來描述狀態的改變。
The weather grew colder as night fell.
隨著夜幕降臨，天氣變得更冷了。
EN： In English-speaking maker and growth-mindset cultures, 'failure' is not seen as a negative end, but rather as a necessary step toward success. The phrase 'with each try' reflects this positive attitude, emphasizing learning and personal growth through iterative processes.
中文： 在英語系的創客（maker）與成長型思維文化中，「失敗」不被視為負面的終點，而是通往成功的必要步驟。'with each try'（隨著每一次的嘗試）這個片語反映了這種積極的態度，強調透過反覆嘗試的過程來學習與自我成長。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It connects the experiences of the entire year so far to the speaker's current feeling.
中文： 現在完成式（has been）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。它將今年以來的所有經歷與說話者當下的感受連結起來。
This week has been very busy for me.
這星期對我來說一直非常忙碌。
EN： The word 'yet' is used after a superlative adjective (like 'most creative') to mean 'up to the present time' or 'so far'. The pronoun 'one' is used to avoid repeating the noun 'year'.
中文： 副詞「yet」接在最高級形容詞（如 most creative）之後，表示「迄今為止」或「到目前為止」。代名詞「one」則用來避免重複名詞「year」。
This is his best book yet.
這是他迄今為止最好的一本書。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 編寫電腦程式碼
在本文中： 設計、構思並繪製藍圖或規劃
在本文中： 完成、做好
在本文中： 報告、展示、呈現（研究成果或作品）
在本文中： 進步、改善、提升
在本文中： 小器具、小玩意兒（通常指新奇有趣的電子或機械裝置）
在本文中： 習慣
在本文中： 失敗
在本文中： 有信心的、自信的
在本文中： 焊接（用低熔點合金連接金屬零件，常指電子電路板的焊接）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
An event where students present science projects they have done.
科學展覽會（科展）
Up to this point; until now.
到目前為止
Time when you do not have to work or study and can do what you want.
空閒時間、課餘時間
A hands-on DIY project focused on creating, building, or inventing something, often involving technology.
創客專案、動手做專題