EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' refers back to the entire preceding clause ('Australia's inflation rate has risen to 4.3 percent'), explaining the consequence or effect of that entire fact.
中文： 由「which」引導的非限定關係子句，在此用來指代前面整個子句的內容（「澳洲的通貨膨脹率已升至 4.3%」），用以說明該事實所引發的後續影響或結果。
He passed the entrance examination, which delighted his parents.
他通過了入學考試，這讓他父母非常高興。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has risen', 'has increased') is used to describe actions that occurred in the recent past and have direct relevance or consequences in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（「has risen」、「has increased」）用於表達近期剛發生且對當前情況具有直接影響或關聯的動作。
The company has cut production costs, which has improved profit margins.
該公司降低了生產成本，這提升了利潤率。
EN： In central banking communications, a 'rate hike' refers to raising the official benchmark cash rate to curb inflation. In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) meets on the first Tuesday of each month (except January) to announce interest rate decisions, making 'next week' a critical moment for financial markets and mortgage holders.
中文： 在央行財經語境中，「rate hike」指提高基準利率以抑制通膨。澳洲儲備銀行（RBA）通常於每月（1月除外）的第一個星期二公布利率決議，因此對澳洲金融市場和廣大房貸族而言，決議前的「下週」往往是高度敏感的關鍵時刻。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' (set off by commas) to provide extra, non-essential information about the noun phrase before it ('Underlying inflation').
中文： 非限定子句（Non-defining relative clause）：使用逗號隔開、由「which」引導的關係子句，用來對先前的名詞片語（Underlying inflation）提供額外的補充說明，拿掉後主要子句語意依然完整。
Core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, remained steady last month.
剔除波動較大的食品與能源價格的核心通脹率，上個月保持穩定。
EN： The time expression 'in the year to [Month]' is commonly used in economic reports to describe an annual period ending at a specific month.
中文： 時間表達「in the year to + 月份」常出現在經濟與財經報導中，意指「截至某月份為止的一年內（年增率）」。
Export revenue grew by 5 percent in the year to December.
截至十二月的一年內，出口收入增長了 5%。
EN： In Australia, the central bank is officially named the 'Reserve Bank of Australia' (often abbreviated to the 'Reserve Bank' or 'RBA'). The RBA targets an underlying inflation rate between 2 and 3 percent to maintain economic stability.
中文： 在澳洲，中央銀行正式名稱為「澳洲儲備銀行」（常簡稱為「儲備銀行」或 RBA）。儲備銀行將核心通脹目標設定在 2% 至 3% 之間，以維持物價與經濟穩定。
EN： The verb 'want' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to bring') as its direct object, expressing a desire or objective ('want to do something').
中文： 動詞「want」（想要／希望）後方常接不定詞「to + 原形動詞」（如 to bring）作為受詞，表達意圖或目標（want to do sth）。
The government wants to reduce public spending next year.
政府希望明年減少公共支出。
EN： The phrasal construction 'bring [noun] back toward [target]' uses the directional adverbs and prepositions 'back toward' to describe movement or adjustment returning in the direction of a baseline or goal.
中文： 片語結構「bring ... back toward ...」（將……拉回朝向……）結合了副詞 back（回）與介系詞 toward（朝向），用來表示將數值或狀態調整並導向某個基準目標。
They are trying to bring inflation back toward normal levels.
他們正努力將通貨膨脹率拉回到正常水準。
EN： In central banking, 'target' refers to the official inflation target band. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) officially aims to keep annual consumer price inflation between 2 and 3 percent, making 2.5 percent the midpoint midpoint target.
中文： 在央行貨幣政策中，「target」（目標）通常指法定通膨目標區間。澳洲儲備銀行（RBA）將目標設定為將年通膨率維持在 2% 至 3% 之間，因此 2.5% 正好是其追求的基準中位數。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Simple ('was/were + past participle') is used here because the action (releasing the data) is emphasized rather than who performed the action.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（was/were + 過去分詞）。此處使用被動語態是因為重點在於「數據被公佈」這項動作，而非公佈數據的執行者。
The quarterly report was published yesterday afternoon.
季度報告已於昨天下午發布。
EN： The adverb phrase 'shortly before' means 'a short time before' and functions as a temporal prepositional phrase modifier.
中文： 副詞片語「shortly before」意為「在……前不久」，在此處作為修飾時間的介系詞片語修飾語。
He arrived shortly before the meeting started.
他在會議開始前不久到達。
EN： In Australia and the UK, dates are typically written with the day before the month (e.g., '3 November' or '3rd November'), and spoken aloud as 'the third of November'.
中文： 在澳洲與英國等英式英語地區，日期通常採用「日-月」格式（如 '3 November'），口語朗讀時習慣唸作 'the third of November'。
EN： The pattern 'describe + Object + as + Adjective/Noun' is used to state someone's opinion or characterization of something.
中文： 句型「describe + 受詞 + as + 形容詞/名詞」表示「將某事物描述/形容為……」，用來表達主詞對某事物的看法或特徵界定。
The manager described the new project as challenging but exciting.
經理形容這個新專案充滿挑戰卻令人興奮。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time ('when he spoke to senators on Wednesday') indicating the moment or context in which the main action took place.
中文： 從屬連接詞「when」引導時間副詞子句（when he spoke to senators on Wednesday），用以說明主要子句動作發生的時機或背景。
She realized the mistake when she reviewed the financial report.
當她審閱財務報告時，她發現了這個錯誤。
EN： In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) governor and deputy governor regularly appear before parliamentary committees (Senate Economics Legislation Committee) to answer questions about monetary policy, interest rates, and inflation. This appearance before 'senators' is part of formal government oversight.
中文： 在澳洲，澳洲儲備銀行（RBA）總裁與副總裁定期需要出席國會參議院經濟立法委員會聽證會，就貨幣政策、利率與通膨問題接受參議員質詢。句中的「spoke to senators」即指這種制度化的國會監督場合。
EN： The verb phrase 'stands at' is commonly used in economic and financial contexts to describe a current figure, rate, or amount reaching a specific measurement.
中文： 動詞片語「stands at」常用於經濟與金融語境中，表示某個數據、比率或金額「目前處於或達到」特定數值。
Unemployment in the region now stands at 5.2 percent.
該地區的失業率目前處於 5.2%。
EN： The noun phrase 'its highest level in fifteen years' functions as an appositive modifier (noun phrase in apposition), renaming and adding descriptive context to '4.6 percent' without requiring a relative pronoun like 'which is'.
中文： 名詞短語「its highest level in fifteen years」作為同位語修飾成分，補充說明前方的「4.6 percent」，省略了關係代名詞（如 which is），使句子結構更緊湊流暢。
The company reported record profits, its best performance since 2010.
該公司公佈了創紀錄的利潤，這是自 2010 年以來的最佳表現。
EN： In Australia, the 'cash rate' is the official interest rate set by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). It is the benchmark rate for the Australian financial system and influences mortgage and savings interest rates across the country.
中文： 在澳洲，「現金利率（cash rate）」是指澳洲儲備銀行（RBA）設定的官方基準利率。它直接影響全澳洲的房貸利率與存款利率，是公眾與媒體密切關注的經濟焦點指標。
EN： Present Perfect Passive ('has been' + past participle) is used to show that an action was performed on the subject in the past and has a direct impact or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞），用來表示過去某件事被執行，且該結果對當前現狀仍具有直接影響。
The traffic problem has been worsened by the recent road construction.
最近的道路工程使交通問題更加惡化。
EN： Reported speech with a zero-that clause: Verbs like 'say', 'think', or 'believe' can be immediately followed by a noun clause without the conjunction 'that' in informal and journalistic styles.
中文： 省略 that 的間接引語子句：在新聞與日常英語中，動詞如 say、think、believe 後方常可直接接名詞子句（省略連接詞 that），作為受詞。
Experts say food prices will stabilize next month.
專家表示，下個月的食品價格將趨於穩定。
EN： The term 'cost-of-living crisis' has become a defining buzzword in recent Australian and global media discourse to describe the squeeze on household budgets caused by inflation outstripping wage growth.
中文： 「cost-of-living crisis」（生活成本危機）近年來已成為澳洲乃至全球媒體熱門關鍵字，專門用來描述通貨膨脹速度超過薪資增長、對家庭預算造成的巨大經濟壓力。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'so' is used to connect two independent clauses, showing a cause-and-effect relationship. A comma usually precedes 'so' when linking complete clauses.
中文： 對等連接詞「so」用來連接兩個獨立子句，表達因果關係。當它連接兩個完整子句時，前面通常會加上逗號。
He forgot his umbrella, so he got completely soaked in the rain.
他忘了帶傘，所以他在雨中被徹底淋濕了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has become') uses 'have/has + past participle' to indicate an action or change that started in the past and has relevance or continuing results in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has become）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成，表示過去開始的動作或變化對現在仍有影響，或其狀態持續至今。
Remote work has become a normal practice for many global companies.
遠端工作已成為許多跨國公司的常態做法。
EN： In macroeconomic debates in Western democracies such as Australia, inflation causes often divide political viewpoints: left-leaning commentators often point to external supply shocks (like war and oil prices), whereas conservative critics frequently emphasize excessive fiscal spending and regulatory burdens affecting productivity.
中文： 在澳洲等西方民主國家的宏觀經濟討論中，通貨膨脹的起因往往呈現政治立場分歧：偏左翼觀點常歸因於外部供給衝擊（如戰爭與高油價），而保守派批評者則常強調政府過度財政支出及妨礙生產力的政策。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 通貨膨脹，指物價持續上漲的經濟現象
在本文中： 大幅增加、大幅調升（多指價格、利率等）
在本文中： 核心的、潛在的（在經濟學中指排除波動較大項目後的實質指標）
在本文中： 目標，指政策或行動企圖達成的指標
在本文中： 公佈、發布（數據或消息）
在本文中： 副職的、副手
在本文中： 危機，指極度困難或危險的時期
在本文中： （使）惡化、（使）變得更糟
在本文中： 生產力、生產效率
在本文中： 激烈的、強烈的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
An increase in the benchmark interest rate set by a central bank.
調升利率、升息
A measure of inflation that removes volatile items such as food and energy prices to show the long-term trend.
潛在通膨、核心通膨
A scenario in which the cost of basic necessities increases much faster than household incomes.
生活成本危機
To cause something to return to a previous state, condition, or level.
使……恢復；帶回