EN： The structure 'between X and Y' is used to connect two choices, elements, or limits. When following a preposition like 'between', verbs take the gerund form (-ing), here forming parallel structures: 'between selling... and selling...'.
中文： 「between X and Y」結構用於連接兩個選擇、要素或端點。當介系詞 between 後面接動作時，動詞須使用動名詞（-ing）形式，本句中形成對稱的平行結構：「between selling... and selling...」。
He had to choose between studying abroad and starting a business at home.
他必須在出國留學與在國內創業之間做出選擇。
EN： The noun 'trade-off' refers to a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality or aspect in return for gains in another. It commonly collocates with verbs like 'face', 'make', or 'accept'.
中文： 名詞「trade-off」（權衡、妥協）指的是為了獲得某項利益而必須犧牲另一項事物的決策情況。常見搭配動詞包括 face（面臨）、make（做出）或 accept（接受）。
There is always a trade-off between speed and quality.
在速度與品質之間總是存在著權衡取捨。
EN： Post-Brexit trade policy creates unique dilemmas for the UK. Unlike the EU and US, which have imposed steep tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, the UK tries to balance foreign investment and domestic consumer affordability against potential EU trade friction.
中文： 脫歐後的貿易政策給英國帶來了獨特的兩難境地。與對中國電動車加徵高額關稅的歐盟和美國不同，英國試圖在吸引外國投資、維持國內消費者負擔能力與避免歐盟貿易摩擦之間取得平衡。
EN： The preposition 'unlike' is used at the beginning of a sentence to show a contrast between the noun phrase that follows it and the main subject of the sentence.
中文： 介系詞「unlike」（與……不同）常用於句首，引導一個名詞片語，用來與主句的主詞形成對比。
Unlike his brother, Tom prefers studying literature instead of science.
與他的哥哥不同，湯姆更喜歡學習文學而不是科學。
EN： The collocation 'put tariffs on [something]' means to impose taxes on goods imported into a country. Here, it is used in the present perfect tense ('has not put') to indicate an action that has not occurred up to the present moment.
中文： 搭配片語「put tariffs on...」意思是「對……徵收關稅」。句中使用現在完成式（has not put），表示截至目前為止尚未採取該項行動。
The government decided not to put tariffs on green energy products.
政府決定不對綠色能源產品徵收關稅。
EN： In recent years, Western economies have debated how to handle competitive and heavily subsidized electric vehicles (EVs) from China. While the US and the EU decided to impose high protective tariffs to safeguard domestic manufacturers, the UK has hesitated due to concerns over domestic consumer vehicle prices and potential trade retaliation.
中文： 近年來，西方主要經濟體一直在討論如何應對來自中國且具高競爭力與補貼的電動車。雖然美國與歐盟決定加徵高額保護性關稅以保護本土製造商，但英國因擔心推高國內消費者購車成本及招致貿易報復而一直保持觀望。
EN： The second conditional (If + past simple, ... would/could + base verb) is used here within reported speech to discuss a hypothetical condition and its probable result.
中文： 第二型條件句（假設語氣：If + 過去式動詞，... would/could + 原形動詞）在此處用於間接引語中，用來表示對當前或未來情況的假設及推測結果。
If the government took no action, inflation could rise significantly.
如果政府不採取行動，通貨膨脹可能會大幅上升。
EN： The adverb 'reportedly' is used to indicate that the information comes from reports or rumors without independent verification by the speaker.
中文： 副詞「reportedly」（據報導／據傳）用於表示該消息源自他人報導或傳聞，說話者本身未直接證實。
The company is reportedly planning to launch a new electric car next year.
據報導，該公司計劃明年推出一款新型電動車。
EN： In post-Brexit trade relations, the UK and the EU remain closely linked yet distinct regulatory environments. 'Protectionist barriers' often refers to tariffs, quotas, or strict rules of origin enforced to safeguard local domestic manufacturing against external competitors.
中文： 在脫歐後的貿易關係中，英國與歐盟維持密切卻獨立的監管環境。「保護主義壁壘」（protectionist barriers）通常指關稅、配額或嚴格的原產地規則，用以保護本國產業免受外部競爭影響。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have resisted') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. It indicates an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have resisted）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成，表示過去發生且對目前現狀仍有影響或持續相關的動作。
The company has resisted calls to cut jobs this year.
該公司今年頂住了裁員的要求。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the action in the main clause took place. Within the clause, the modal verb 'would' indicates a hypothetical consequence or predicted outcome.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，說明主句動作的原因。子句中的情態助動詞「would」則用來表達假設性的推測或預期的後果。
She stayed home because it would likely rain later.
她待在家裡，因為稍後很可能會下雨。
EN： In British political and news discourse, 'ministers' typically refers to government cabinet officials and senior politicians responsible for specific departments (such as trade or transport). The mention of 'taxes on UK cars' refers to retaliatory tariffs in international trade disputes.
中文： 在英國政治與新聞用語中，「ministers」（部長們）通常指的是內閣各部會首長或高階政務官。文中提及的「taxes on UK cars」指的則是國際貿易爭端中常見的「報復性關稅」。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by 'who' adds extra, non-essential information about a specific noun ('British drivers'). It is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 由關係代名詞「who」引導的非限定關係子句，用來對先行詞（此處為「British drivers」英國駕駛人）補充額外非必要的說明，前面必須加上逗號與主要子句隔開。
Local consumers, who prefer affordable electronics, might be affected by the new import policy.
偏好平價電子的在地消費者，可能會受到新進口政策的影響。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense ('have been buying') indicates an action that started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, often emphasizing the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has been + 現在分詞，如「have been buying」）表示某個動作從過去某個時間點開始，一直持續到現在，強調動作的持續性與進行狀態。
Many commuters have been taking the train since fuel costs increased.
自從燃油費用上漲以來，許多通勤族一直都搭乘火車。
EN： In the UK, the phrase 'British drivers' or 'motorists' is commonly used by news outlets to represent everyday consumers affected by transport costs, fuel duties, and car prices. Chinese electric vehicle (EV) makers have expanded rapidly in Europe by offering competitive prices compared to Western brands, making import tariffs a contentious political and economic issue.
中文： 在英國媒體中，「British drivers」（英國駕駛人）或「motorists」常被用來代指承擔交通成本、燃油稅和購車開銷的廣大一般消費者。近年來，中國電動車（EV）製造商以具競爭力的平價優勢迅速進軍歐洲市場，使得是否課徵關稅成為涉及民生負擔與國際貿易角力的敏感議題。
EN： Appositive phrase (同位語): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. Here, 'a Chinese car brand' is set off by commas to describe the subject 'Chery'.
中文： 同位語片語：置於名詞旁用來補充說明或識別該名詞。本句中以逗號隔開的「a Chinese car brand」用來說明主詞「Chery」（奇瑞）。
Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is known for its efficient subway system.
日本首都東京以其高效率的地鐵系統聞名。
EN： The idiom 'be in talks to do something': Commonly used in business and journalism to describe ongoing discussions or negotiations aimed at reaching an agreement.
中文： 慣用語「be in talks to do something」（正在洽談做某事）：常見於商業及新聞英語中，表示為達成某項協議而正在進行的協商或討論。
The tech firm is in talks to acquire a local AI startup.
這家科技公司正在洽談收購一家當地的 AI 新創公司。
EN： Nissan's plant in Sunderland is the UK's largest car manufacturing facility and an essential hub of the British automotive sector. Foreign partnerships here are politically and economically significant amid post-Brexit trade discussions.
中文： 位於桑德蘭的日產工廠是英國規模最大的汽車製造基地，也是英國汽車製造業的核心重鎮。在脫歐後的貿易政策變局下，外國車企與該廠的合作具備極高的政治與經濟指標意義。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide supplementary, non-essential information about a specific noun (here, 'Emily Sawicz'). The relative pronoun 'who' refers to people.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clause）前後會用逗號隔開，用來對特定的名詞（此處為「艾蜜莉·薩維茨」）補充非必要的額外資訊。關係代名詞「who」用於指代人。
John, who teaches physics, loves stargazing.
約翰是一名物理老師，他非常熱愛觀星。
EN： The pattern 'cannot afford to + verb' means that one must not do something because the consequences would be too dangerous, costly, or harmful.
中文： 「cannot afford to + 動詞原形」句型表示「無法承受（承擔）做某事的後果」，通常指若做了該事代價太高或風險太大。
The company cannot afford to lose another major client.
該公司無法承受再失去任何一位大客戶的代價。
EN： In post-Brexit trade discussions, the phrase 'drift between two markets' reflects the UK's geopolitical dilemma of balancing close economic ties with the European Union against potential commercial partnerships with global powers like China.
中文： 在脫歐後的貿易討論中，「drift between two markets」（在兩個市場之間擺盪）反映出英國在外交與經濟上的兩難境地：一方面必須兼顧與歐盟的緊密關係，另一方面又想爭取與中國等全球經濟大國的經貿合作。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 汽車的、機動車輛的
在本文中： 權衡、妥協取捨
在本文中： 關稅（進出口稅）
在本文中： 進口商品、進口物
在本文中： 貿易保護主義的
在本文中： 壁壘、障礙
在本文中： 抵制、頂住（壓力）
在本文中： 顧問公司、諮詢機構
在本文中： 搖擺不定、漂泊無定向
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Government policies such as tariffs, quotas, or strict regulations used to restrict imports and protect domestic industries.
貿易保護主義壁壘
Engaged in discussions or negotiations, especially in a formal or business context.
在進行洽談、商討中
Must not allow something to happen because the consequences would be too serious or harmful.
承擔不起……的後果、絕不能……
In large quantities or with a high volume of participants/buyers.
大量地、成批地