EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has risen') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. It is used here to report recent news or events that have a direct relevance or connection to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has risen）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成。在此處用於報導最近剛發生的新聞事件，強調該事件對當前現狀所產生的影響與關聯。
House prices have risen significantly over the past year.
房價在過去一年中大幅上漲。
EN： A non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' adds non-essential, supplementary information about the preceding clause or fact. It is always separated by a comma.
中文： 非限定關係子句以「, which」引導，用來對前方整件事或名詞補充說明額外的非必要資訊。非限定子句前方必須加上逗號與主句隔開。
He passed his driving test on the first attempt, which surprised everyone.
他第一次嘗試就考過了駕照，這讓大家都很驚訝。
EN： In the UK, inflation is closely monitored by the government and the Bank of England, with an official target of 2.0%. A figure of 3.1% represents an overshoot, triggering widespread media coverage and potential interest rate responses.
中文： 在英國，通貨膨脹率受到政府與英格蘭銀行的密切監控，官方設定的通膨目標為 2.0%。當達到 3.1% 時屬於超出目標水準，通常會引發媒體廣泛報導與央行升息等政策應對考量。
EN： The pattern 'the reason for [noun/gerund] is [noun phrase / that-clause]' is commonly used to state causes. Notice that 'reason' takes the preposition 'for', not 'of'.
中文： 句型「the reason for [名詞/動名詞] is [名詞片語 / that 子句]」常用於說明原因。請注意，名詞 reason 後面通常搭配介系詞 for，而非 of。
The main reason for the delay was bad weather.
延誤的主要原因是惡劣的天氣。
EN： In the phrase 'rising cost', 'rising' is a present participle functioning as an adjective to describe an ongoing or developing change (increasing costs).
中文： 在「rising cost」中，「rising」是現在分詞作形容詞用，修飾名詞 cost，用來表示正在發生或持續上漲的動態變化。
Rising temperatures are affecting agricultural production worldwide.
不斷上升的氣溫正影響全球的農業生產。
EN： In British English, 'motor fuel' typically refers to petrol and diesel for vehicles. Fuel prices are heavily taxed in the UK (Fuel Duty and VAT), making transportation costs a particularly sensitive and prominent driver of overall inflation figures.
中文： 在英國英語中，「motor fuel」通常指供車輛使用的汽油（petrol）與柴油（diesel）。英國對燃料課徵高額稅金（燃油稅與增值稅），因此燃料價格的波動往往對英國的整體通貨膨脹率有極為顯著且敏感的影響。
EN： "Despite" is a preposition meaning "without being affected by" and must be followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund (-ing form), NOT a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 「Despite」（儘管）為介系詞，後面必須接名詞、名詞片語或動名詞（V-ing），不能直接接含有主詞與動詞的完整子句。
Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued as planned.
儘管下著大雨，足球賽仍按計劃繼續進行。
EN： The idiom "keep [something] on hold" means to delay, postpone, or maintain something in an unchanged state for a period of time. Here, it refers to keeping interest rates unchanged.
中文： 片語「keep [something] on hold」意指「暫停、延期」或「維持現狀暫不變動」。在此處指維持利率不變。
The company decided to keep all new hiring on hold until next quarter.
該公司決定將所有新的人事招聘暫時擱置，直到下一季。
EN： The Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) typically meets eight times a year to decide on the UK's official bank rate. These meetings usually conclude on a Thursday, when their rate decision is publicly announced at noon.
中文： 英格蘭銀行的貨幣政策委員會（MPC）通常每年召開八次會議以決定英國官方基準利率。這些決策會議通常會在「週四」結束，並於當天中午正式向大眾公佈利率決議。
EN： An appositive phrase ('chief economist at Forvis Mazars') sits between commas right after a noun ('George Lagarias') to rename or provide essential background information about that person or thing without starting a whole new sentence.
中文： 同位語（chief economist at Forvis Mazars）置於逗號之間，緊隨專有名詞（George Lagarias）之後，用來補充說明該人物的職位或身分，無需使用完整的子句。
Sarah Lin, a senior analyst at TechCorp, delivered the opening speech.
科技公司的資深分析師莎拉·林發表了開幕演講。
EN： The reporting structure 'warned that + noun clause' uses a that-clause as the direct object of the reporting verb. Inside this clause, the modal verb 'could' conveys possibility rather than certainty.
中文： 動詞 warn 後接 that 引導的名詞子句作為受詞（warn that...），子句中的情態助動詞 could 用來表示客觀或潛在的可能性，而非百分之百確定的事實。
The meteorologist warned that heavy rain could lead to flash floods.
氣象學家警告，強降雨可能會引發暴洪。
EN： In financial journalism, experts often use modal auxiliaries like 'could' or 'may' alongside terms such as 'economic shock' to offer prudent forward-looking analyses without making definitive market predictions.
中文： 在財經新聞報導中，分析師常搭配使用 could 或 may 等情態助動詞與「經濟衝擊（economic shock）」等專業術語，以便在提供前瞻性預警的同時，保留客觀性並避免做出過於絕對的市場預測。
EN： The verb 'explained' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object, starting with the subordinating conjunction 'that'. Inside the clause, two predicate verb phrases ('often look at the past' and 'may not show current risks') are connected by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 動詞「explained」後接由從屬連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞。子句內部包含兩個由對等連接詞「and」並列的謂語動詞片語（「often look at the past」與「may not show current risks」）。
The analyst warned that market reports reflect historical trends and cannot predict sudden shocks.
分析師警告說，市場報告反映的是歷史趨勢，無法預測突發衝擊。
EN： The modal verb 'may' expresses possibility or likelihood. Followed by 'not' and the base form verb 'show', 'may not show' indicates that there is a realistic possibility that the figures fail to reveal something.
中文： 情態動詞「may」表示可能性。後面接「not」與原形動詞「show」，形成「may not show」，表示「可能無法顯示／呈現」某事。
These preliminary results may not reflect the final outcome.
這些初步結果可能無法反映最終的結果。
EN： In economic discourse, inflation figures are considered 'lagging indicators' because they measure price changes that have already occurred in the preceding month. Economists frequently emphasize this distinction to caution central banks against tightening or loosening monetary policy based purely on backward-looking data.
中文： 在經濟學術語中，通膨數據被視為「落後指標」（lagging indicator），因為它們衡量的僅是上個月已發生的物價變化。經濟學者常強調此特點，以提醒央行切勿僅憑著眼於過去的數據來制定未來的貨幣政策。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not... but...' is used to connect two contrasting elements of equal grammatical rank, indicating that the first element is rejected and the second is affirmed.
中文： 對等連接詞「not... but...」（不是……而是……）用於連接兩個結構對稱的成分，表達否定前者、肯定後者的對比關係。
Success is not a matter of luck but the result of hard work.
成功不是運氣的問題，而是努力的結果。
EN： The past participle phrase 'caused by energy supply problems' acts as a reduced relative clause modifying the preceding noun 'a sudden shock'. It is equivalent to 'which is caused by...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「caused by energy supply problems」作為後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞「a sudden shock」，相當於關係子句「which is caused by...」的省略形態。
The delay was due to damages caused by the heavy storm.
這次延誤是由於暴風雨造成的損害所致。
EN： In economic news and analysis, phrases like 'supply shock' (often related to energy and oil) distinguish sudden cost spikes from 'demand-pull inflation', which arises from high consumer spending. Central banks find supply shocks harder to manage via interest rates.
中文： 在財經新聞與經濟分析中，「供應衝擊」（supply shock，常與能源及石油問題相關）與一般的消費者需求推動之通膨截然不同。央行通常難以單靠調整利率來應對供應中斷所帶來的衝擊。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed by a that-clause expressing a recommendation. In British English and standard formal English, 'should + base verb' is commonly used inside the that-clause (e.g., 'suggested that the Bank of England should not make...'), alongside the subjunctive mood ('suggested that the Bank of England not make...').
中文： 動詞「suggest」（建議）後方常接 that 引導的名詞子句來表達建議或主張。在英式英語與正式英語中，子句內常用「should + 原形動詞」（如本句中的 should not make），亦可使用虛擬語氣（省略 should 直接用原形動詞 not make）。
The doctor suggested that she should take a few days off work.
醫生建議她應該請幾天假休息。
EN： The participial phrase 'based on old data' functions as an adverbial or adjectival modifier modifying the noun phrase 'quick decisions' (or the action 'make quick decisions'), meaning 'founded on' or 'relying on'.
中文： 分詞片語「based on old data」（基於過時的數據）作為修飾語，修飾前面的名詞短語「quick decisions」或動作「make quick decisions」，表示「以……為依據」或「基於……」。
We cannot draw conclusions based on limited information.
我們不能根據有限的資訊得出結論。
EN： The 'Bank of England' is the central bank of the United Kingdom, responsible for setting official interest rates to manage inflation. In financial and economic journalism, economists frequently caution central banks against being 'backward-looking' (relying solely on lagging indicators like past inflation figures) when determining monetary policy.
中文： 「英格蘭銀行」（Bank of England）是英國的中央銀行，負責制定官方基準利率以控制通貨膨脹。在財經新聞中，經濟學家常告誡央行不應過度「向後看」（即單純依賴過往通膨數據等落後指標），以免做出反應過度或滯後的貨幣政策決策。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause serving as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. Inside this clause, two independent clauses are connected by the coordinating conjunction 'but' to show contrast.
中文： 連接詞「that」引導名詞子句，作為轉述動詞「said」的直接受詞。在此子句內部，對等連接詞「but」連接了兩個子句，用來表示對比或轉折。
She warned that higher taxes could raise revenue, but they might also reduce consumer spending.
她警告說，加稅可能會增加財政收入，但同時也可能減少消費者支出。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express theoretical possibility (what is capable of happening under certain circumstances), followed by the base form of the verb ('push', 'hurt').
中文： 情態助動詞「can」在此表示理論上的可能性（在特定情況下可能發生的事情），其後接動詞原形（「push」、「hurt」）。
Sudden weather changes can disrupt flight schedules.
天氣的突然變化可能會擾亂航班時刻表。
EN： In macroeconomic discussions, this dilemma describes 'stagflation' risks: when supply shocks (like rising oil or food costs) raise prices while simultaneously dampening production and economic output, putting central banks in a difficult policy bind.
中文： 在總體經濟學討論中，這種困境指的正是「停滯性通膨」（stagflation）的風險：當供應衝擊（例如油價或糧食成本上升）推高物價的同時，又抑制了生產與經濟產出，這往往使央行的貨幣政策陷入兩難境地。
EN： The phrase 'rather than' is a coordinating conjunction used to indicate preference or contrast, meaning 'instead of'. Here, it contrasts 'supply-side disruptions' with 'consumer demand'.
中文： 「rather than」為並列連詞，意為「而非」或「而不是」，用以表示對比或選擇。在此句中用來對比「供應端中斷（supply-side disruptions）」與「消費者需求（consumer demand）」。
We should focus on long-term growth rather than short-term profits.
我們應該專注於長期成長，而不是短期利潤。
EN： The relative clause 'that are caused by...' uses a passive voice structure ('are caused by') to modify the noun 'problems', specifying the origin or cause of the issues.
中文： 關係子句「that are caused by...」使用被動語態（are caused by）來修飾先行詞「problems」（問題），明確說明這些問題的起因或來源。
The delays that were caused by bad weather have now been resolved.
由惡劣天氣所造成的延誤目前已經解決。
EN： Central banks primarily manage the economy using monetary policy tools like interest rates, which work by influencing demand (borrowing and consumer spending). When inflation is driven by 'supply-side disruptions' (such as oil shortages or shipping blockages), raising interest rates does not fix the underlying supply problem and can risk triggering a recession.
中文： 中央銀行主要透過利率等貨幣政策工具調控經濟，這些工具本質上是透過影響借貸與消費來調節「需求端」。但當通膨是由「供應端中斷」（如石油供應短缺或航運受阻）引起時，升息無法解決實質的供給問題，反而可能抑制經濟成長並引發衰退。
EN： A non-defining relative clause begins with a comma and a relative pronoun (here, 'who'). It provides extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun ('the chancellor'). If removed, the core sentence remains complete and clear.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clause）：使用逗號隔開，並以關係代名詞（此處為 who）引導，用來補充說明先前的名詞（the chancellor）。即使將此子句刪除，主要子句的意思依然完整明確。
The manager, who joined the company last month, introduced a new policy.
上個月剛加入公司的經理推行了一項新政策。
EN： Present participles (verb-ing) can act as adjectives preceding a noun to describe an ongoing action or state. Here, 'rising' functions as an adjective modifying 'inflation'.
中文： 現在分詞作形容詞（Participle as Adjective）：動詞加上 -ing 後可作為形容詞置於名詞前，表示正在進行或持續變化的狀態。此處 'rising' 修飾 'inflation'，表示「正在上升的通貨膨脹」。
The rising temperatures have caused severe droughts in the region.
不斷上升的氣溫在該地區引發了嚴重的乾旱。
EN： In British politics, 'the chancellor' is short for the 'Chancellor of the Exchequer', who is the senior cabinet minister responsible for all economic and financial matters, equivalent to a finance minister or the Treasury Secretary in the US. The Chancellor's 'Budget' is a major annual event that outlines government taxation and spending plans.
中文： 在英國政治體系中，'the chancellor' 是 'Chancellor of the Exchequer'（財政大臣）的簡稱，相當於其他國家的財政部長。財政大臣所公佈的「預算案」（Budget）是英國政經界每年的重頭戲，會詳細規劃國家的稅收與公共開支方案。
EN： The 'There + be' structure is used to indicate the existence of something. Here, 'news' is an uncountable noun, so the singular past verb 'was' is used, preceded by the quantifier 'some'.
中文： 「There + be」句型用來表示「存在……」。在此處，「news」（消息、新聞）為不可數名詞，因此搭配單數過去式動詞「was」，並由不定代名詞/限定詞「some」修飾。
There was some useful information in yesterday's report.
昨天的報告中有一些有用的資訊。
EN： 'However' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a contrast or concession. When placed at the beginning of a clause or sentence, it is followed by a comma.
中文： 「However」為連接副詞，用來引出轉折或對比語氣。放在句首時，後方通常需加上逗號與主句隔開。
However, the company decided to expand into international markets.
然而，該公司決定進軍國際市場。
EN： In financial news, 'bond markets' refer to the global market where government and corporate debt securities are issued and traded. When government bond yields fall, it generally signals that borrowing costs for the state are decreasing, which financial analysts and media typically interpret as 'positive news'.
中文： 在財經新聞中，「bond markets（債券市場）」是指政府與企業發行及交易債務證券的市場。當政府公債殖利率下降時，通常代表國家借貸成本降低，財經媒體常將此解讀為市場的「利好消息」（positive news）。
EN： The past continuous tense ('were falling') is used to describe an ongoing action or trend in the past, often contrasted with another event.
中文： 過去進行式（were falling）用來描述過去某一特定時間點正在持續進行的動作或趨勢，常與另一個事件形成對比。
Company profits were falling before the new management took over.
在新管理層接管之前，公司利潤一直在下滑。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had reached') combined with the conjunction 'after' indicates that the action of reaching the highest point occurred before the dropping of yields in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had reached）與連接詞 'after' 連用，表示「達到最高點」這一動作發生在過去殖利率「下跌（dropped）」這個事件之前，用以明確先後順序。
The stock bounced back after it had fallen to a record low.
該股票在跌至歷史新低後出現了反彈。
EN： In the UK, government bonds are colloquially referred to as 'gilts'. The 'ten-year bond yield' is closely watched by investors and policymakers as a benchmark indicator of government borrowing health and broader economic stability.
中文： 在英國，政府發行的公債通常被俗稱為「金邊債券（gilts）」。其中「十年期公債殖利率」是投資者與決策者極為關注的核心基準指標，能直接反映政府借款成本與整體經濟的穩定程度。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 通貨膨脹，物價持續上漲的現象
在本文中： 中斷、干擾或混亂
在本文中： 經濟學家
在本文中： 突如其來的衝擊或震撼
在本文中： （英國的）財政大臣（Chancellor of the Exchequer 的簡稱）
在本文中： 政府的財政預算案
在本文中： 借貸、借款
在本文中： （債券的）殖利率、收益率
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
delayed, paused, or kept unchanged temporarily
暫時保留、維持不變、延期
the percentage of an amount of money that is charged by a bank or other financial institution for lending money
利率
an unexpected event that suddenly changes the supply of a product or commodity, resulting in an unforeseen change in price
供應衝擊
the rate of return an investor expects to earn each year over the life of a bond
債券殖利率 / 債券收益率
to take action in order to solve a problem or handle a situation
處理、應對