EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have resigned') is used here to describe an action that happened in the recent past but has a strong relevance or impact on the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have resigned）在此處用於描述在最近過去發生、但對現在狀況具有強烈關聯或影響的動作。
Several board members have resigned in protest of the new policy.
幾位董事會成員已辭職以示對新政策的抗議。
EN： The phrase 'More than' is used as a quantifier meaning 'over' or 'exceeding' a specific number, functioning as a modifier for the subject '50 solicitors'.
中文： 短語「More than」用作數量詞，意思是「超過」或「多於」某個特定數字，在此處作為主詞「50 solicitors」的修飾語。
More than 100 people attended the seminar yesterday.
昨天有超過 100 人參加了研討會。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is divided into 'solicitors' (who traditionally deal directly with clients, prepare cases, and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). The 'criminal legal aid panel' refers to the list of private lawyers who are paid by the state to represent defendants who cannot afford their own legal representation.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國，法律專業分為「solicitors」（事務律師，傳統上直接與客戶打交道、準備案件和處理一般法律事務）和「barristers」（訴訟律師，在高等法院代表客戶辯護）。「criminal legal aid panel」（刑事法律援助小組）是指由國家出資、為無力負擔律師費的被告提供辯護的私人律師名冊。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'after' is used to connect two clauses, showing that the action in the main clause ('The resignations happened') occurred subsequent to the action in the adverbial clause ('the Government introduced...').
中文： 從屬連接詞「after」（在……之後）用於連接兩個子句，表示主要子句的動作（辭職事件發生）是在副詞子句的動作（政府引入……）之後發生的。
The guests left after the party ended.
派對結束後，客人們就離開了。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('happened', 'introduced') is used to describe completed actions that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（如 'happened'、'introduced'）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作或發生的事件。
She started her new job last week.
她上週開始了她的新工作。
EN： The term 'flat fee' refers to a single fixed fee for a service, regardless of usage or the amount of time spent. In legal aid systems, flat fees are often controversial because lawyers argue they do not fairly compensate for complex cases that require many hours of work.
中文： 「flat fee」指的是「單一費率」或「固定費用」，即不論服務的使用量或花費的時間多寡，皆收取統一的費用。在法律扶助制度中，固定費率往往具有爭議，因為律師們認為這無法合理解釋或補償那些需要花費數十個小時處理的複雜案件。
EN： Passive Voice (is paid): Used when the action is more important than the agent performing it. It is formed with 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被動語態（is paid）：當動作本身比執行動作的主體更重要時使用。其結構為「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」。
The salary is paid to employees at the end of every month.
薪資會在每個月底支付給員工。
EN： Defining Relative Clause (who represent...): Introduced by the relative pronoun 'who' to define or give essential information about the preceding noun 'solicitors'.
中文： 限定性關係子句（who represent...）：由關係代名詞「who」引導，用來定義或提供關於先行詞「solicitors（事務律師）」的必要資訊。
We need to hire managers who speak fluent English.
我們需要雇用英文流利的經理。
EN： In legal systems like Ireland's, there is a distinction between 'solicitors' (who generally handle out-of-court legal work and represent clients in lower courts like district courts) and 'barristers' (who specialize in courtroom advocacy in higher courts). This sentence specifically mentions solicitors representing clients at district courts.
中文： 在愛爾蘭等法律體系中，「solicitor（事務律師）」與「barrister（訴訟律師/大律師）」是有區別的。事務律師通常處理庭外法律事務，並在地區法院等較初級的法院代表客戶；而訴訟律師則專門在高級法院進行法庭辯護。本句特別提到在地區法院代表客戶的事務律師。
EN： The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when it means to cease performing an action. This is different from 'stop to do', which means to pause one activity in order to start another.
中文： 動詞「stop」（停止）後面接動名詞（V-ing）時，表示「停止正在進行的動作」。這與「stop to do」（停下手中工作去執行另一件事）的意思不同。
She stopped buying plastic bottles to protect the environment.
她停止購買塑膠瓶以保護環境。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that happened in the recent past and has a strong relevance or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述最近發生且對現在有重大影響或結果的動作。
Many workers have walked out of the factory in protest.
許多工人已經走出工廠以示抗議。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定性關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句與主句之間須用逗號隔開，且其中的關係代名詞 'which' 不能用 'that' 代替。
The new law, which was proposed last year, has finally been passed.
這項去年提出的新法律終於獲得通過。
EN： The phrasal verb 'come into effect' means to start being applicable or active, especially regarding laws, rules, or systems.
中文： 片語動詞 'come into effect' 意為「生效」或「開始實施」，通常用於法律、規則或制度等對象。
The new tax regulations will come into effect next month.
新的稅收規定將於下個月生效。
EN： In parliamentary democracies like Ireland, government ministers (such as the Justice Minister) have the authority to introduce administrative changes or regulations, which can sometimes lead to significant public debate or protests from professional bodies like the Law Society.
中文： 在愛爾蘭等議會民主制國家，政府部長（如司法部長）有權引入行政變革或法規，這有時會引發公眾的廣泛討論，甚至遭到愛爾蘭律師會等專業團體的抗議。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to state the source of information, indicating where the facts or opinions come from. It is typically followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 介系詞片語「According to」（根據）用於說明資訊來源，指出事實或意見的出處。其後通常接名詞或名詞片語。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The simple past tense of the verb 'to be' ('were' for plural subjects) is used here to describe a state or situation that existed at a specific time in the past ('on that date').
中文： 此處使用 be 動詞的過去式「were」（用於複數主詞），來描述過去特定時間（「on that date」，即在該日期）所存在的狀態或情況。
Many students were in the library yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午有許多學生在圖書館裡。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is divided into 'solicitors' and 'barristers'. Solicitors generally deal directly with clients, handle paperwork, and represent clients in lower courts (like district courts). The 'legal aid panel' refers to a list of private lawyers who are paid by the government to represent clients who cannot afford their own legal defense.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國，法律專業人士分為「事務律師」（solicitors）和「訴訟律師」（barristers，又稱大律師）。事務律師通常直接與客戶打交道、處理文書工作，並在較低級別的法院（如區級法院）代表客戶。而「法律援助名冊」（legal aid panel）是指由政府支付費用、為無法負擔律師費的客戶提供法律辯護的私人律師名單。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before a specific point in the past. In this sentence, 'had officially resigned' happened before the past time marker 'By Tuesday of this week'.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個特定時間點之前已經完成的動作。在本句中，「had officially resigned」（已正式辭職）發生在過去的時間標記「By Tuesday of this week」（截至本週二）之前。
By the time the meeting started, she had already finished the report.
在會議開始之前，她就已經完成了報告。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time 'not later than'. When paired with a past time, it often triggers the use of the past perfect tense.
中文： 介係詞「by」用於表示不遲於某個截止日期或時間點。當與過去的時間連用時，通常會觸發過去完成式的動詞時態。
By 10 PM last night, all the guests had left.
截至昨晚十點，所有賓客都已經離開了。
EN： In legal contexts, a 'panel' refers to an official list of professionals (in this case, solicitors/lawyers) who are eligible and registered to provide specific services, such as state-funded legal aid. Resigning from the panel means they will no longer accept state-funded cases, which is a common form of protest among legal professionals against government fee cuts.
中文： 在法律背景中，「panel」（小組/名冊）是指符合資格並登記提供特定服務（如政府資助的法律扶助）的專業人士（在此指事務律師）的官方名冊。從該名冊中辭職意味著他們將不再接受政府資助的案件，這是法律專業人士抗議政府削減費用的一種常見形式。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has opposed): Used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has strong relevance to the current situation. It is formed with 'have/has' + past participle.
中文： 現在完成式（has opposed）：在此用於描述過去發生但與現狀有強烈關聯的動作。其結構為「have/has」+ 過去分詞。
The government has proposed a new law to protect the environment.
政府已經提出了一項保護環境的新法律。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason (because...): Introduced by the conjunction 'because' to explain the reason or cause for the action in the main clause.
中文： 原因副詞子句（because...）：由連接詞「because」引導，用來解釋主句動作的原因或理由。
She decided to walk to work because the weather was beautiful.
她決定走路去上班，因為天氣非常好。
EN： The Law Society of Ireland is the professional body for solicitors in Ireland. In common law jurisdictions like Ireland, the legal profession is often split between 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts).
中文： 愛爾蘭律師會是愛爾蘭事務律師（solicitors）的專業團體。在愛爾蘭等普通法法系國家中，律師職業通常分為「事務律師」（直接與客戶接觸並處理一般法律事務）和「訴訟律師」（barristers，主要在法庭上代表客戶辯護）。
EN： Apposition (同位語): A grammatical construction where two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or explain the other. Here, 'the Law Society president' is an appositive that identifies who 'Rosemarie Loftus' is. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語：這是一種語法結構，將兩個名詞短語並列放置，用以說明或解釋另一個名詞。在此句中，「the Law Society president」（愛爾蘭律師會會長）是一個同位語，用來標示「Rosemarie Loftus」（羅斯瑪麗·洛夫特斯）的身分，前後用逗號隔開。
Mr. Green, the school principal, will give a speech tomorrow.
校長格林先生明天將發表講話。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object (名詞子句作直接賓語): The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the new fee will create legal deserts') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'warned'. 'That' can optionally be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 名詞子句作直接賓語：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（「that the new fee will create legal deserts」），在句中作為報導動詞「warned」（警告）的直接賓語。在非正式語境中，「that」通常可以省略。
She warned that the road was very slippery.
她警告說路面非常濕滑。
EN： The term 'legal deserts' is a metaphor analogous to 'food deserts'. It refers to geographic areas or communities where there is a severe shortage of lawyers, particularly those who provide affordable or free legal aid to low-income individuals. In this context, the Law Society of Ireland warns that low fees will discourage solicitors from taking on legal aid cases, leaving poor defendants without representation.
中文： 「法律荒漠」（legal deserts）是一個比喻性詞彙，類比於「食品荒漠」（food deserts）。它指的是那些嚴重缺乏律師（特別是為低收入人群提供負擔得起或免費法律援助的律師）的地理區域或社區。在此背景下，愛爾蘭律師會警告，過低的服務費將使事務律師不願接手法律援助案件，從而導致貧困被告面臨無人代表的困境。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'areas'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the relative clause, meaning 'in which'.
中文： 關係副詞「where」用於引導關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾表示地點的名詞（在此句中為「areas」）。它在關係子句中充當地方副詞的角色，相當於「in which」（在該處）。
This is the town where I was born.
這是我出生的城鎮。
EN： The relative clause 'who need it' uses the relative pronoun 'who' as the subject of the clause to modify the antecedent 'people'. Since 'people' is plural, the verb 'need' agrees with it in the plural form.
中文： 關係子句「who need it」使用關係代名詞「who」作為該子句的主詞，用來修飾先行詞「people」（人們）。因為「people」是複數，所以動詞「need」也使用複數形式以達主動詞一致。
The government should help families who live in poverty.
政府應該幫助生活在貧困中的家庭。
EN： In the UK and Ireland, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients, prepare cases, and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). 'Legal aid' refers to government-funded legal services for those who cannot afford to pay, ensuring access to justice for all.
中文： 在英國和愛爾蘭，法律專業人士分為「事務律師」（solicitors，直接與客戶打交道、準備訴訟案卷並處理一般法律事務）和「訴訟律師」（barristers，在較高級別的法庭上代表客戶辯護）。「法律援助」（legal aid）是指政府為無力支付律師費的人提供的資助，以確保所有人都能獲得司法公正。
EN： The preposition 'under' is used here to mean 'governed by' or 'according to' a particular system, law, or agreement.
中文： 介係詞「under」在此處表示「在……制度下」或「根據」某個特定的系統、法律或協議。
Under the new rules, employees can work from home twice a week.
在新規則下，員工每週可以留在家中工作兩次。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' connects two parallel clauses sharing the same subject ('solicitors') and verb ('received'). In the second part, 'solicitors received' is omitted to avoid repetition.
中文： 對等連接詞「and」連接兩個平行的子句，這兩個子句共享相同的主詞（solicitors）與動詞（received）。在後半句中，省略了「solicitors received」以避免重複。
She bought a book for ten dollars and a pen for two dollars.
她花十美元買了一本書，花兩美元買了一支筆。
EN： In common law jurisdictions like Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who handle general legal matters and prepare cases) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). This sentence refers to solicitors representing clients in the lower 'district courts' under the state-funded legal aid scheme.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國等普通法法系國家，律師職業分為「事務律師」（solicitors，主要處理一般法律事務及準備案件）和「訴訟律師 / 大律師」（barristers，主要在高等法院代表當事人辯護）。本句所指的是在政府資助的法律扶助計劃下，在初級的「地區法院」代表當的事務律師。
EN： Noun clause as direct object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that 81 percent of solicitors said...') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'found'. In reporting verbs like 'find', 'say', or 'think', 'that' is often used to introduce the reported information.
中文： 名詞子句作為直接受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（「that 81 percent of solicitors said...」），在句中作為及物動詞「found」（發現）的直接受詞。在「find」（發現）、「say」（說）或「think」（認為）等報導動詞後，常用「that」來引導所報告的訊息。
The study showed that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
研究顯示，規律運動能改善睡眠品質。
EN： Second Conditional (Subjunctive Mood): The clause 'if the changes were made' uses the past simple tense ('were made') to express a hypothetical or unlikely condition in the present or future. The main clause uses 'would' + base verb ('would resign') to show the hypothetical result.
中文： 第二類條件句（假設語氣）：子句「if the changes were made」使用過去簡單式（「were made」）來表示對現在或未來而言，假設性或可能性較低的狀況。主句則使用「would」+ 原形動詞（「would resign」）來表示假設的結果。
If they offered me the job, I would accept it.
如果他們錄用我，我會接受那份工作。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, 'solicitors' are lawyers who traditionally deal with most of the legal matters in court, prepare cases, and advise clients, whereas 'barristers' represent clients in the higher courts. 'Criminal legal aid' refers to state-funded legal representation for individuals who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer themselves, ensuring access to justice.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國，「solicitor」（事務律師/律師）傳統上主要負責處理大部分的庭外法律事務、準備訴訟案卷並向客戶提供諮詢；而「barrister」（訴訟律師）則主要負責在高等法院出庭辯護。「criminal legal aid」（刑事法律援助）是指由政府資助，為無力負擔律師費用的個人提供法律代理的制度，以確保司法公正。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the changes will cause...') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'predicted'. It reports the content of the prediction.
中文： 名詞子句作直接受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that the changes will cause...），在句中作為及物動詞「predicted」（預測）的直接受詞，用來敘述預測的具體內容。
The economist predicted that inflation would decrease next year.
經濟學家預測明年通貨膨脹將會下降。
EN： Noun Prepositional Phrase: The prepositional phrase 'of solicitors' modifies the noun 'exodus', specifying who is departing, while 'from the scheme' indicates the source of the departure.
中文： 名詞介係詞片語：介係詞片語「of solicitors」修飾名詞「exodus」（集體離開），明確指出是誰在撤離，而「from the scheme」則指出撤離的來源（該計劃）。
There was a sudden exodus of workers from the factory.
工人們突然集體離開了工廠。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). The 'Law Society of Ireland' is the professional body for solicitors in Ireland, representing their interests and regulating the profession.
中文： 在愛爾蘭和英國，法律專業人士分為「事務律師」（solicitors，直接與客戶打交道並處理一般法律事務）和「訴訟律師」（barristers，在較高法庭上代表客戶辯護）。「愛爾蘭律師會」（Law Society of Ireland）是愛爾蘭事務律師的專業團體，代表其利益並負責行業監管。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 事務律師（主要負責提供法律諮詢、準備法律文件，並在初級法院代表客戶的律師）
在本文中： 辭職、退出（某個組織或職位）
在本文中： 代表（在法庭上作為某人的法律代理人）
在本文中： 抗議、反對
在本文中： 反對、對抗
在本文中： 出庭
在本文中： 民意調查、調查研究
在本文中： 預測、預言
在本文中： 大批離開、集體湧出
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Free legal advice or representation in court provided by the state for people who cannot afford to pay for it.
法律扶助、公設法律援助
A single fixed fee for a service, regardless of the amount of time or work involved.
單一固定費用、均一收費
To begin to apply or be used; to become active (especially of a law, rule, or system).
生效、開始實施
An area where there are not enough lawyers or legal services available to meet the needs of the local population.
法律沙漠（指缺乏法律服務的地區）