EN： The phrase 'a figure more than double previous estimates' functions as an appositive noun phrase (specifically a summative appositive) that comments on the preceding quantified clause ('More than 100,000...'). 'Double' acts here as a predeterminer/adjective meaning 'twice as much/many'.
中文： 片語「a figure more than double previous estimates」在此作為同位語（總結性同位語，summative appositive），用以補充說明前方子句中的核心數據（超過十萬種）。其中「double」作為前位限定詞或形容詞，表示「兩倍於……」。
The company reported annual profits of $50 million, a figure nearly double last year's earnings.
該公司公佈年度利潤達五千萬美元，這一數字幾乎是去年收益的兩倍。
EN： The phrase 'bought and sold' is a paired passive participle phrase working with the auxiliary 'are' ('are now bought and sold') to describe ongoing habitual/commercial transactions globally without naming the agents directly.
中文： 「bought and sold」為成對使用的被動過去分詞，與連繫動詞「are」構成現在式被動語態（are now bought and sold），用以客觀描述全球普遍存在的常態商業買賣行為，無需指明具體的交易主體。
Millions of tons of grain are bought and sold on international commodity markets every day.
每天有數百萬噸糧食在國際大宗商品市場上被買賣交易。
EN： 'According to' is a standard prepositional phrase used to attribute information, claims, or data to an external source, typically set off by commas when appearing at the end or beginning of a clause.
中文： 「According to」為常見的介系詞片語，意為「根據……」，常用於新聞與學術英語中引述外部來源、數據或研究結果；置於句首或句尾時通常以逗號隔開。
According to the latest census data, the metropolitan population grew by ten percent.
根據最新的人口普查數據，該大都市的人口增長了百分之十。
EN： Past participial phrase functioning as an introductory adverbial modifier (participial clause). 'Published in Science Advances' concisely modifies the main subject 'the study', indicating background circumstances or passive state without using a full relative clause like 'which was published in...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語作句首狀語（分詞構句）。「Published in Science Advances」修飾主要主詞「the study」，精煉地表示被動狀態與背景資訊，替代了較為冗長的關係子句「which was published in...」。
Founded in 1890, the institution has trained generations of prominent scientists.
該機構創立於 1890 年，已培養了數代傑出的科學家。
EN： Coordinated present participial clauses (dwarfing... and exposing...) expressing concurrent results or consequences. When attached to the end of a main clause, '-ing' participles frequently describe immediate outcomes or secondary actions arising from the main verb.
中文： 並列現在分詞子句（dwarfing... and exposing...）表伴隨結果或影響。現在分詞片語附於主句句末時，常用來描述由主動詞所引發的直接後果或伴隨情況。
The company reported record quarterly profits, exceeding analysts' projections and boosting investor confidence.
該公司公佈了創紀錄的季度利潤，超出了分析師的預期，並提振了投資者的信心。
EN： Parallel post-nominal modifying constructions: 'in use' (prepositional phrase) and 'traded globally' (past participial phrase) are coordinated by 'or' to jointly modify the noun 'species'.
中文： 複合後置修飾結構：介系詞片語「in use」與過去分詞片語「traded globally」透過「or」並列，共同作為名詞「species」的後置修飾語。
All vehicles currently in service or leased overseas must undergo mandatory safety checks.
所有目前正在服役或外租於海外的車輛均須接受強制安全檢查。
EN： Science Advances is a prestigious, peer-reviewed multidisciplinary open-access scientific journal published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Scientific news often references such top-tier journals directly to confer high authority and factual credibility onto environmental and conservation findings.
中文： 《科學先驅》（Science Advances）是由美國科學促進會（AAAS）出版的頂尖同行評審綜合性開放獲取期刊。在國際科學與環境新聞報導中，直接點名該期刊旨在為報導中的野生動物保育數據賦予高度的學術權威性與公信力。
EN： Negative inversion with 'Not only... but (also)...': When a negative or restrictive expression like 'Not only' begins a sentence, subject-auxiliary inversion is required in the first clause (Auxiliary + Subject + Verb: 'does the wildlife trade encompass'). The second clause returns to standard subject-verb order ('it also spans').
中文： 否定倒裝句型（Not only... but also...）：當否定副詞或限制性副詞詞組「Not only」置於句首時，第一個子句必須進行主謂倒裝（助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形動詞，即 does the wildlife trade encompass）。後半句則恢復正常語序（主詞 + 動詞，即 it also spans）。
Not only did she complete the marathon, but she also set a personal record.
她不僅完成了馬拉松，還創下了個人最佳紀錄。
EN： Verbs of scope: 'encompass' and 'span'. Both verbs are used at advanced levels to describe range or coverage. 'Encompass' emphasizes inclusion within boundaries ('to include comprehensively'), while 'span' emphasizes extending across a wide variety of domains, eras, or categories.
中文： 表示涵蓋範圍的高階動詞「encompass」與「span」：兩者皆用以描述範圍或跨度。「encompass」著重於『包含、囊括』多個組成部分；「span」則強調跨越、橫跨不同領域、時期或類別（如跨越漁業、木材等各產業）。
His research spans three decades and encompasses several distinct disciplines.
他的研究跨越了三十年，並涵蓋了數個截然不同的學科領域。
EN： Public perception often equates 'wildlife trade' solely with criminal syndicates poaching rhinos or pangolins. However, conservation policy and scientific discourse treat wildlife trade far more expansively, recognizing that legitimate commerce (e.g., regulated marine catches, commercial timber logging, luxury leather goods) forms the bulk of the global economic footprint.
中文： 大眾往往將「野生動植物貿易」單純聯想為獵捕犀牛或穿山甲的跨國走私犯罪。但在現代保育學與政策論述中，該名詞的涵蓋層面廣闊得多，包含了受管制的商業遠洋捕撈、木材伐採以及奢華皮革等合法流通產業，而這些合法與灰色市場往往才是全球交易量的主要大宗。
EN： Appositive phrases (e.g., 'a professor at the University of Melbourne') are placed directly after a noun ('Alice Hughes') to provide extra non-restrictive information. They are separated by commas and can be omitted without changing the core grammatical structure.
中文： 同位語片語（如 'a professor at the University of Melbourne'）緊接在名詞（'Alice Hughes'）之後，用以補充說明非限定資訊。同位語前後需以逗號隔開，省略後不影響句子的基本核心文法結構。
Dr. Miller, an expert in marine biology, emphasized that coastal reefs are rapidly deteriorating.
海洋生物學專家米勒博士強調，沿海珊瑚礁正在迅速惡化。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun phrase' functions conditionally, equivalent to 'if there is no...' or 'if we do not have...'. When placed inside a that-clause, it acts as an adverbial modifier establishing the condition under which the subsequent clause holds true.
中文： 介系詞片語 'without + 名詞片語' 具有假設條件的含意，相當於 'if there is no...' 或 'if we do not have...'。置於 that 引導的名詞子句中作為狀語修飾語，表示主句動作成立的先決條件。
Without proper regulation, the automated trading system could destabilize the entire market.
若無適當監管，自動化交易系統可能會破壞整個市場的穩定。
EN： The adverb 'simply' placed before a modal negation like 'cannot' acts as an emphatic downtoner/intensifier meaning 'plainly', 'absolutely', or 'there is no way that'. It conveys finality and categorical impossibility in formal or academic speech.
中文： 副詞 'simply' 置於情態否定詞（如 'cannot'）之前時，具有強調與斷言的作用，意為「根本」、「簡直」或「絕對無法」。在正式或學術語境中，常用來表達絕無可能或不可逆轉的結論。
With current battery technology, long-haul commercial flights simply cannot be fully electrified.
以現有的電池技術而言，長途商業航班根本無法實現全面電氣化。
EN： In journalistic and academic reporting, journalists routinely use the structure '[Role] [Name], [Credential/Affiliation], [reporting verb] that...' to establish immediate credibility (ethos) for scientific claims. Phrases like 'simply cannot' break slightly from neutral academic detachment to signal an urgent, unambiguous warning from the researcher.
中文： 在新聞與學術報導中，常使用「[身分/職稱] [姓名]，[資歷/所屬機構]，[報導動詞] that...」的句型，迅速為所引述的科學論點建立權威性與可信度（ethos）。而專有名家在此使用「simply cannot」而非較委婉的「may not be easily managed」，則突破了純學術的客觀中立，向大眾與決策者發出急迫且毫無妥協餘地的嚴正警告。
EN： The verb 'demand' triggers the subjunctive mood in the following nominal 'that'-clause. The verb in the subordinate clause remains in its base form ('be protected') regardless of the subject's person or number, reflecting mandative subjunctive syntax commonly used in formal English.
中文： 動詞「demand」（要求）引導名詞性 that 子句時，子句動詞須使用「虛擬語氣」，即動詞原形（在此為被動態的「be protected」），省略了助動詞 should。這常見於正式書面語或新聞英語中表達命令、要求、建議的動詞。
Environmentalists urged that immediate measures be taken to curb deforestation.
環保人士敦促立即採取措施以遏制森林砍伐。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to introduce a subordinate clause of reason or cause, functioning identically to 'because' or 'since'. It provides the causal justification for the demand made in the main clause.
中文： 在此處，從屬連接詞「as」用來引導表原因的副詞子句，等同於「because」或「since」，旨在說明主句中提出該項訴求的根本原因與背景背景。
He decided to cancel the expedition, as harsh blizzards made the route impassable.
他決定取消探險，因為狂暴的暴風雪使該路線無法通行。
EN： 'Taxidermy' refers to the art of preparing, stuffing, and mounting animal skins for display. In recent years, a rising international e-commerce trend around goth decor and curiosity cabinets has spurred black-market demand for taxidermied bats and insects, often driving vulnerable Southeast Asian species toward extinction.
中文： 「Taxidermy」（動物標本剝製術）是指將動物皮毛或軀體經過防腐處理、填充並製成標本的技藝。近年來，受西方暗黑美學（goth decor）與奇珍陳列室（curiosity cabinets）潮流影響，電商平台上對蝙蝠、昆蟲等動物標本的需求大增，進而引發大規模盜獵，對東南亞地區的瀕危物種構成嚴重生存威脅。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 使……相形見絀；使顯得矮小或微不足道
在本文中： 計算；統計紀錄；總數
在本文中： 顯而易見的；刺眼的（通常指錯誤、差距等負面情況）
在本文中： 包含；涵蓋；包括
在本文中： 走私；違法私運
在本文中： 繁榮的；蓬勃發展的；迅速增長的
在本文中： 異國風情的；外來的；罕見的
在本文中： 具有代表性的；體現整體情況的
在本文中： 保育；環境與自然資源保護
在本文中： 動物標本剝製術；動物標本
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Obvious, noticeable, and serious omissions or deficiencies.
顯著的差距；顯而易見的漏洞或缺口
The commercial sale and exchange of wild animal and plant specimens or products.
野生動植物貿易
A species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of extinction.
瀕危物種
Unusual or non-traditional animals kept as companions, typically from wild or foreign origins.
特寵；非傳統/外來寵物