EN： The present perfect tense ('have issued') is used here to describe a past action that has strong relevance and immediate consequences in the present, a common feature in news reporting to signal 'recent news'.
中文： 此處使用現在完成式（'have issued'）來描述一個發生在過去、但對現在具有強烈關聯與即時影響的動作。這在新聞報導中非常常見，用以傳達「最新消息」的語境。
The government has launched a new initiative to support local businesses.
政府已發起一項支持在地企業的新倡議。
EN： The past participle phrase 'driven by...' acts as an adjectival modifier describing 'a looming hunger crisis'. It is a reduced relative clause (which is driven by...).
中文： 過去分詞片語「driven by...」（由……所驅動/引起）在此作為形容詞修飾語，修飾前面的「a looming hunger crisis」（即將來臨的飢餓危機）。這是一種省略了關係代名詞與 be 動詞的簡化關係子句（which is driven by...）。
The company faces severe losses driven by the sudden drop in global demand.
該公司面臨因全球需求驟降所導致的嚴重虧損。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to combat...' functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining the reason why the 'joint global appeal for emergency funding' was issued.
中文： 不定詞片語「to combat...」（以應對/打擊……）在此作副詞修飾語，表示目的，解釋了發起「聯合全球緊急資金呼籲」的原因。
The city implemented strict regulations to reduce air pollution.
該市實施了嚴格的法規以減少空氣污染。
EN： The term 'El Niño' (Spanish for 'the boy', referring to the Christ Child because the warming is often noticed around Christmas) is a globally recognized meteorological phenomenon. In international relations and humanitarian aid, organizations like the United Nations World Food Programme closely monitor these climate patterns as they directly correlate with agricultural disruption and food insecurity in vulnerable regions.
中文： 「聖嬰現象」（El Niño，西班牙語意為「男孩」，因該現象常在聖誕節前後被觀測到而得名，暗指嬰孩耶穌）是全球公認的氣象學現象。在國際關係與人道主義援助領域，聯合國世界糧食計劃署等機構會密切監測這些氣候模式，因為它們與脆弱地區的農業受損和糧食不安全有著直接的關聯。
EN： The non-defining relative clause, introduced by 'which', is used to add extra, non-essential information about 'the cyclical weather phenomenon'. It is separated from the main clause by commas.
中文： 非限定性關係子句由「which」引導，用於對「the cyclical weather phenomenon（週期性氣候現象）」添加額外的、非必要的補充說明，在句子中前後以逗號隔開。
The local government's new policy, which was first proposed last year, could significantly reduce carbon emissions.
地方政府的新政策（去年首次提出）可能會顯著減少碳排放。
EN： The verb 'inflict' is typically used with negative nouns (like 'consequences', 'damage', 'pain') and is followed by the preposition 'on' to indicate the recipient of the negative impact.
中文： 動詞「inflict」通常與具有負面含義的名詞（如「consequences 後果」、「damage 損害」、「pain 痛苦」）連用，後接介係詞「on」以表示該負面影響的承受對象。
The severe storm inflicted heavy losses on the coastal fishing communities.
這場強烈的風暴給沿海漁業社區造成了慘重的損失。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'cautioned', indicating the content of the warning.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為報導動詞「cautioned」的直接受詞，用以說明警告的具體內容。
Experts cautioned that the economic recovery would be slow and uneven.
專家警告，經濟復甦將會是緩慢且不均衡的。
EN： Negative Inversion: When a negative adverb or adverbial phrase (such as 'rarely', 'seldom', 'hardly', 'never') is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the auxiliary verb are inverted (verb-subject order).
中文： 否定副詞倒裝：當否定副詞或副詞片語（如 'rarely'、'seldom'、'hardly'、'never'）置於句首以示強調時，主詞與助動詞的位置需要倒裝（動詞在前，主詞在後）。
Rarely have I witnessed such a display of courage under pressure.
我鮮少見過在壓力之下展現出如此勇氣的表現。
EN： Present Perfect Tense with Inversion: In inverted sentences starting with negative adverbs, the present perfect tense ('has/have' + past participle) maintains the auxiliary 'has/have' before the subject, while the past participle remains after the subject.
中文： 倒裝句中的現在完成式：在以否定副詞開頭的倒裝句中，現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）會將助動詞 'has/have' 移至主詞前方，而過去分詞則保留在主詞後方。
Seldom has the company faced such intense scrutiny from the public.
該公司鮮少面臨來自公眾如此嚴厲的審查。
EN： Noun Phrase Structure with 'such a': The determiner 'such a' (or 'such' before plural/uncountable nouns) is used to emphasize the degree or quality of the following noun phrase, meaning 'of this/that kind' or 'so great'.
中文： 「such a」的名詞片語結構：限定詞「such a」（或在複數/不可數名詞前使用「such」）用於強調其後名詞片語的程度或性質，意為「如此這般的」或「如此巨大的」。
It was such a sudden change in plans that everyone was caught off guard.
計劃的變動是如此突然，以至於每個人都措手不及。
EN： This sentence reflects the formal register of international diplomacy and global journalism (such as reports from the United Nations). The use of negative inversion ('Rarely has...') is a rhetorical device common in high-level speeches and editorial writing to emphasize the unprecedented gravity of global challenges, such as climate change and food insecurity.
中文： 此句子反映了國際外交與全球新聞報導（如聯合國報告）的正式語體。使用否定倒裝結構（'Rarely has...'）是一種常見於高階演講和社論寫作中的修辭手法，旨在強調全球性挑戰（如氣候變遷與糧食安全問題）前所未有的嚴重性。
EN： The past participle phrase 'named by Pacific fishers in the 1800s' acts as a non-defining adjectival clause (or reduced relative clause) modifying the noun 'El Niño'. It is set off by commas to provide non-essential, parenthetical information.
中文： 過去分詞片語「named by Pacific fishers in the 1800s」作為非限定修飾語（或簡化關係子句），修飾名詞「聖嬰現象」。前後使用逗號隔開，用以提供非必要的補充說明。
The local library, built by volunteers in the 1950s, remains a cornerstone of the community.
這座由志工於 1950 年代建造的當地圖書館，至今仍是社區的基石。
EN： The passive construction 'is characterised by...' is commonly used in academic and formal writing to describe the defining features or attributes of a phenomenon, shifting the focus to the subject being described.
中文： 被動結構「is characterised by...」（以……為特徵）常用於學術與正式寫作中，用以描述某現象的定義性特徵或屬性，將焦點轉移至被描述的主體上。
The region's climate is characterised by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
該地區的氣候特徵為炎熱乾燥的夏季與溫和潮濕的冬季。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that disrupts weather patterns across continents') modifying the noun phrase 'abnormal warming of ocean surface temperatures'. It functions as the subject of the verb 'disrupts'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限定關係子句（that disrupts weather patterns across continents），修飾名詞片語「海洋表面溫度異常升高」。它在子句中擔任動詞「disrupts」的主詞。
We are looking for a solution that addresses the root cause of the problem.
我們正在尋找一個能解決問題根本原因的解決方案。
EN： The name 'El Niño' (Spanish for 'the boy', referring to the Christ Child) was originally coined by Peruvian and Ecuadorian fishers in the 19th century. They noticed that a warm ocean current would periodically appear along the coast around Christmas time, severely reducing their fish catches. Over time, what began as a localized observation by Pacific fishers became the global scientific term for this massive climate phenomenon.
中文： 「El Niño」（西班牙語意為「男孩」，特指耶穌嬰孩）這個名稱最初是由 19 世紀的秘魯和厄瓜多漁民所創造。他們注意到，大約在聖誕節前後，沿岸會定期出現溫暖的洋流，導致漁獲量急劇減少。隨著時間推移，這個最初由太平洋漁民發現的局部觀測現象，已演變成描述此一巨大氣候現象的全球通用科學術語。
EN： The 'so + adjective/adverb + that + clause' structure is used to express cause and effect, indicating that a quality or action has reached such an extreme degree that it produces a specific result.
中文： 「so + 形容詞/副詞 + that + 子句」的結構用於表示因果關係，指出某種特質或動作達到了如此極端的程度，以致於產生了特定的結果。
The storm damaged the power grid so severely that the entire city was plunged into darkness for days.
暴風雨對電網造成了如此嚴重的破壞，以致於整個城市陷入黑暗長達數日。
EN： The parenthetical insertion 'for instance' is used as a transition to introduce a specific example that illustrates a previously made general statement. It is set off by commas and can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a clause.
中文： 插入語「for instance」（例如）用作過渡詞，用來引入一個具體實例以說明先前所作的一般性陳述。它通常用逗號隔開，可以放在子句的開頭、中間或結尾。
The new policy, for instance, allows employees to work from home up to three days a week.
例如，新政策允許員工每週最多在家工作三天。
EN： The 1972-73 El Niño event is historically significant as one of the first times scientists and economists fully realized the global interconnectedness of climate anomalies and human food systems. The collapse of the Peruvian anchovy fishery—which at the time was the world's largest single-species fishery and a major source of global animal feed—triggered a massive spike in global soy and grain prices, demonstrating how localized ecological disruptions can cascade into global economic crises.
中文： 1972-73 年的聖嬰現象在歷史上具有重要意義，因為這是科學家和經濟學家首次完全意識到氣候異常與人類糧食系統之間全球性關聯的事件之一。當時秘魯鯷魚漁場是全球最大的單一物種漁場，也是全球動物飼料的主要來源，其崩潰引發了全球大豆和穀物價格的暴漲，展示了局部生態破壞如何級聯演變成全球性的經濟危機。
EN： The present participle '-ing' form (compounding) is used here as a participial phrase expressing a simultaneous or resulting action. It functions as a non-restrictive modifier, describing the consequence of the main clause's action.
中文： 此處的現在分詞「-ing」形式（compounding）用作分詞片語，表示與主句動作同時發生或隨之產生的結果。它作為非限制性修飾語，描述主句動作所帶來的後果。
The storm damaged the power grid, leaving thousands of residents without electricity.
暴風雨破壞了電網，導致數千名居民斷電。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause ('that deepened global hunger') modifying the noun phrase 'an oil crisis'. It defines which crisis is being referred to and functions as the subject of the relative clause.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限制性關係子句（that deepened global hunger），用以修飾名詞片語「an oil crisis（石油危機）」。它界定了所指的危機，並在關係子句中擔任主詞。
They implemented a policy that reduced carbon emissions significantly.
他們實施了一項顯著減少碳排放的政策。
EN： The sentence refers to the historical convergence of the 1972-73 El Niño episode and the 1973 OPEC oil crisis. The Sahel (a transitional zone in Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Sudanian savanna) and East Africa (particularly Ethiopia) suffered catastrophic famines during this period. This historical context illustrates how climate anomalies can compound geopolitical and economic crises, leading to widespread humanitarian disasters.
中文： 此句提及了 1972-73 年聖嬰現象與 1973 年石油輸出國組織（OPEC）石油危機在歷史上的交會。薩赫爾地區（非洲撒哈拉沙漠與蘇丹草原之間的過渡地帶）和東非（特別是衣索比亞）在此期間遭受了災難性的饑荒。這一歷史背景說明了氣候異常如何與地緣政治及經濟危機相互交織，進而導致廣泛的人道主義災難。
EN： This sentence uses an inverted conditional structure (also known as 'should/were/had inversion') to express a hypothetical situation in the future or present (Second Conditional). When 'if' is omitted, the auxiliary verb 'were' is inverted with the subject. The structure 'Were + subject + to-infinitive' emphasizes a highly formal, hypothetical, or unlikely scenario.
中文： 本句使用了倒裝條件句結構（亦稱為 should/were/had 倒裝）來表示對現在或未來事實相反的假設（第二類條件句）。當省略連接詞 'if' 時，助動詞 'were' 須與主詞對調。'Were + 主詞 + to-不定詞' 的結構常用於極為正式的語體中，用以強調該假設情況發生的可能性極低或純屬假設。
Were they to withdraw their funding, the project would immediately collapse.
要是他們撤回資金，該專案將會立即瓦解。
EN： The verb 'dwarf' is used transitively to mean 'to make something seem much smaller, less significant, or less important' by comparison. It is highly effective in formal and journalistic writing to contrast scales of impact.
中文： 及物動詞 'dwarf' 的意思是「使…顯得矮小」或「使…相形失色、顯得微不足道」。在正式寫作與新聞報導中，此字常用於對比兩者的影響規模，強調後者的嚴重性或巨大程度遠超前者。
The success of the new campaign dwarfs all our previous marketing achievements.
新活動的成功讓我們以往所有的行銷成就都顯得微不足道。
EN： Apposition is a grammatical relation where two noun phrases are placed side-by-side, with one element serving to identify or define the other. In this sentence, 'an Ethiopian epidemiologist at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute' is an appositive noun phrase that provides essential background information about the subject 'Adugna Woyessa'. It is set off by commas because it is non-restrictive (the subject is already a specific proper noun).
中文： 同位語是一種語法關係，將兩個名詞短語並列放置，其中一個元素用於識別或定義另一個。在本句中，「an Ethiopian epidemiologist at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute」（衣索比亞公共衛生研究所的一位衣索比亞流行病學家）是一個同位語名詞短語，提供了關於主詞「阿杜格納·沃耶薩」的必要背景資訊。因為它是非限制性的（主詞已經是一個具體的專有名詞），所以用逗號隔開。
Dr. Sarah Jenkins, a leading climatologist at the university, will deliver the keynote address.
該大學領先的氣候學家莎拉·詹金斯博士將發表主題演講。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has studied') is used here with the preposition 'since' to describe an action that began in the past (childhood) and continues up to the present moment. This structure emphasizes the duration and ongoing relevance of the research.
中文： 此處使用現在完成式（has studied）搭配介係詞「since」，用以描述一個從過去（童年時期）開始並持續到現在的動作。這種結構強調了該研究的持續時間以及其與當前的關聯性。
She has worked on environmental policy since graduating from college.
自大學畢業以來，她一直致力於環境政策的工作。
EN： The 'Ethiopian Public Health Institute' (EPHI) is a prominent government body in Ethiopia dedicated to improving the health of the general public through research and rapid response to health emergencies. In East Africa, climate anomalies like El Niño are deeply linked to public health crises, as droughts and floods directly trigger malnutrition and vector-borne diseases like malaria, making epidemiological research in this region critical.
中文： 「衣索比亞公共衛生研究所」（EPHI）是衣索比亞著名的政府機構，致力於透過研究和對突發衛生事件的快速反應來改善公眾健康。在東非，像聖嬰現象這樣的氣候異常與公共衛生危機有著深深的聯繫，因為乾旱和洪水會直接引發營養不良以及瘧疾等媒介傳播疾病，這使得該地區的流行病學研究顯得至關重要。
EN： The verb 'witness' can be followed by a bare infinitive (infinitive without 'to') or a present participle (-ing form) to describe an action being observed. Using the bare infinitive ('ravage') emphasizes that the entire process of destruction was witnessed from beginning to end, whereas the participle ('ravaging') would emphasize the action in progress.
中文： 動詞「witness」（目睹）後面可以接原形動詞（不帶 to 的不定詞）或現在分詞（-ing 形式）來描述所觀察到的動作。使用原形動詞（如本句中的「ravage」）強調目睹了整個毀滅過程的始末；若使用現在分詞（ravaging）則會強調動作正在進行的狀態。
The security guard witnessed the suspect enter the building through the back window.
保安目睹了嫌疑犯從後窗進入大樓的整個過程。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to contrast two simultaneous events or situations occurring in the same period, often implying a connection or irony between them. In this context, it connects the national tragedy of drought with the local, practical adaptation of the school.
中文： 連接詞「while」在此處用於對比在同一時期發生的兩個同時發生的事件或情況，通常暗示它們之間的某種關聯或諷刺意味。在此語境中，它將國家遭受乾旱的宏觀災難與學校將教室改造成穀倉的微觀應對措施連結起來。
The government faced severe criticism for the economic downturn, while local community centers worked tirelessly to support struggling families.
政府因經濟衰退而面臨嚴厲批評，而地方社區中心則不懈努力地支持掙扎中的家庭。
EN： The phrasal verb 'convert A into B' means to change the form, character, or function of something from one thing to another. It is highly common in formal and academic registers to describe structural or functional transformations.
中文： 片語動詞「convert A into B」意為將某物的外形、性質或功能從一種狀態改變為另一種狀態。這在正式和學術語體中非常常見，用於描述結構或功能上的轉變。
The developers plan to convert the historic textile factory into modern loft apartments.
開發商計劃將這座歷史悠久的紡織廠改造成現代閣樓公寓。
EN： The sentence refers to the devastating 1972-1973 drought in Ethiopia, which was severely exacerbated by the El Niño phenomenon. This environmental disaster led to widespread famine, particularly in the Wollo province. The inability of Emperor Haile Selassie's government to effectively respond to the famine led to massive public outrage and protests, which ultimately contributed to the 1974 military coup that deposed the monarchy and established the Derg, a communist military junta. The transformation of a school classroom into a grain store ('grain store' in British English, equivalent to 'granary') vividly illustrates how local communities had to sacrifice education for basic survival.
中文： 此句子指的是 1972 至 1973 年間在衣索比亞發生的毀滅性乾旱，該乾旱因聖嬰現象而嚴重加劇。這場環境災難導致了廣泛的饑荒，特別是在沃洛省（Wollo）。皇帝海爾·塞拉西（Haile Selassie）政府因未能有效應對饑荒而引發了巨大的民憤和抗議，最終促成了 1974 年的軍事政變，推翻了君主制並建立了共產主義軍事執政團「德爾格」（Derg）。將學校教室改造成穀倉（英式英語中的 'grain store'，相當於 'granary'）生動地描繪了當時地方社區不得不犧牲教育以求基本生存的悲慘現實。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has argued') combined with the adverb 'since' indicates an action that started in the past (after a specific reference point) and has continued up to the present moment, emphasizing ongoing belief or advocacy.
中文： 現在完成式（has argued）結合副詞「since」（自那時起），表示一個從過去某個特定時間點開始，並一直持續到現在的動作，用以強調該主張或信念的持續性。
She has since maintained that education is the most powerful tool for social mobility.
自那時起，她便一直堅持認為教育是促進社會流動最強大的工具。
EN： The adjective 'fundamental' is followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the essential relationship between a core requirement and its target or outcome (e.g., 'fundamental to something').
中文： 形容詞「fundamental」（至關重要的/根本的）後面常接介係詞「to」，用以表示某核心要素與其目標或結果之間的本質關係（例如：fundamental to something）。
Regular exercise is fundamental to maintaining cardiovascular health.
規律運動對於維持心血管健康至關重要。
EN： The present participle 'including' is used as a preposition to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader category previously mentioned (in this case, 'cascading health consequences').
中文： 現在分詞「including」（包括）在此作介係詞使用，用以引出屬於前述廣泛範疇（在此指「連鎖健康後果」）中的具體實例。
The course covers various environmental issues, including deforestation and soil erosion.
這門課程涵蓋了各種環境問題，包括森林砍伐和土壤流失。
EN： The structure 'A, rather than B,' is used to contrast two elements, emphasizing that A is the preferred or correct option instead of B. When placed between the subject and the verb, it functions as a parenthetical insertion and does not change the number of the subject (the verb agrees with the main subject 'proactive intervention', which is singular).
中文： 「A, rather than B,」（是 A 而非 B）結構用於對比兩個要素，強調 A 才是首選或正確的選項，而非 B。當此結構置於主詞與動詞之間時，它起著插入語的作用，且不改變主詞的單複數（動詞須與主要主詞「proactive intervention」一致，在此為單數）。
Accurate data, rather than mere assumptions, is required to make an informed decision.
做出明智的決定需要的是精確的數據，而非單純的假設。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'emphasised'. This clause contains its own complete subject ('proactive intervention') and predicate ('is essential...').
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為及物動詞「emphasised」的直接受詞。該子句本身包含完整的主詞（proactive intervention）與述語（is essential...）。
The report concluded that immediate action could prevent further environmental degradation.
該報告得出結論，立即採取行動可以防止環境進一步惡化。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has triggered') is used here to describe an action that began in the past and has relevance or continuing effects up to the present moment, often accompanied by the adverb 'Historically'.
中文： 現在完成式（has triggered）在此處用於描述始於過去且對現在仍具關聯性或持續影響的動作，通常與副詞「Historically」（從歷史上看）搭配使用。
Historically, the region has experienced frequent seismic activity.
從歷史上看，該地區經常發生地震活動。
EN： 'Alongside' is a preposition meaning 'together with' or 'in addition to'. It is used to show that two events, conditions, or things exist or happen at the same time.
中文： 「Alongside」是一個介系詞，意為「與……一起」或「除……之外（還）」。它用於表示兩種事件、狀況或事物同時存在或發生。
The new library was built alongside a modern community center.
新圖書館是與一座現代化的社區中心一同建造的。
EN： The sentence highlights the socio-political dimension of natural disasters. In academic and historical contexts, climate events like El Niño are increasingly analyzed not just as meteorological phenomena, but as catalysts for historical shifts, resource scarcity, and political instability, particularly in vulnerable regions.
中文： 本句強調了自然災害的社會政治面向。在學術與歷史背景下，人們越來越多地將聖嬰現象等氣候事件，不僅視為氣象現象，更視為歷史變遷、資源匱乏和政治不穩定的催化劑，特別是在脆弱地區。
EN： The use of the relative pronoun 'that' to introduce a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'a military coup'. In this context, 'ushered in' acts as the verb within the relative clause, describing the direct consequence of the coup.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限制性關係子句，用以修飾名詞片語「a military coup」（軍事政變）。在此結構中，「ushered in」作為該關係子句中的動詞，描述了政變所帶來的直接後果。
The government passed a controversial law that sparked nationwide protests.
政府通過了一項引發全國抗議的爭議性法律。
EN： The phrasal verb 'usher in' means to signal or cause the start of something new, typically an important period, era, or system. It is often used in historical and formal registers.
中文： 片語動詞「usher in」意為「開創、引進或宣告」新事物的開始，通常用於描述重要的歷史時期、時代或體制，具備正式書面語體色彩。
The downfall of the regime ushered in a new era of democratic reforms.
該政權的垮台開啟了民主改革的新時代。
EN： The noun 'mishandling' is a gerund-derived noun meaning bad, inefficient, or dishonest management of a situation. It is frequently paired with the preposition 'of' to indicate the object being poorly managed.
中文： 名詞「mishandling」是由動詞派生而來的動名詞，意為對某種局勢的「處置失當」或「管理不善」。它經常與介係詞「of」連用，以標示處置不當的具體對象。
The CEO's mishandling of the crisis led to a sharp decline in stock prices.
執行長對這場危機的處置失當導致股價急劇下跌。
EN： This sentence refers to the historical events of 1974 in Ethiopia. The Wollo famine (1972-1974) and Emperor Haile Selassie's attempt to cover it up led to widespread public outrage. This discontent was capitalized on by a military junta known as the Derg, which overthrew the emperor and subsequently established a Marxist-Leninist military dictatorship.
中文： 此句指的是 1974 年衣索比亞的歷史事件。當時的沃洛饑荒（1972-1974）以及皇帝海爾·塞拉西一世試圖隱瞞災情的做法引發了廣泛的民怨。軍事委員會（Derg）利用了這一不滿情緒，推翻了皇帝，隨後建立了一個馬克思列寧主義的軍事獨裁政權。
EN： The verb 'underscore' is a formal transitive verb meaning 'to emphasize' or 'to draw attention to'. It is commonly used in academic, journalistic, and professional contexts to highlight the importance of a fact, situation, or argument.
中文： 動詞「underscore」是一個正式的及物動詞，意為「強調」或「引起對……的關注」。它常用於學術、新聞和專業語境中，用以突顯某個事實、情況或論點的重要性。
The recent data underscore the need for immediate policy reform.
最近的數據強調了立即進行政策改革的必要性。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'why' ('why the current global appeal demands urgent attention') acts as the direct object of the transitive verb 'underscore'. In English, noun clauses introduced by question words maintain statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order.
中文： 由「why」引導的名詞子句（why the current global appeal demands urgent attention）作為及物動詞「underscore」的直接受詞。在英文中，由疑問詞引導的名詞子句須維持陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
She explained why the project required additional funding.
她解釋了為什麼該專案需要額外的資金。
EN： The verb 'demand' in this context means 'to require' or 'to need urgently'. It is used with abstract subjects (like 'appeal', 'situation', 'problem') to indicate that a certain response or action is absolutely necessary.
中文： 動詞「demand」在此語境中意為「需要」或「迫切需要」。它常與抽象主詞（如「呼籲」、「局勢」、「問題」）連用，表示某種回應或行動是絕對必要的。
This complex problem demands a creative solution.
這個複雜的問題需要一個有創意的解決方案。
EN： When a negative adverbial phrase like 'Not only' is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion occurs in the first clause. The auxiliary verb (does/do/did) is placed before the subject, and the main verb is kept in its base form.
中文： 當「Not only」（不僅）等否定副詞片語置於句首以示強調時，第一個子句須採用「主詞-助動詞倒裝」結構。助動詞（does/do/did）置於主詞之前，而主要動詞則還原為原型動詞。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
她不僅提前完成了專案，而且還控制在預算之內。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses or elements. The word 'also' can sometimes be omitted or placed in different positions within the second clause.
中文： 關聯連接詞「not only... but also...」（不僅……而且……）用於連接並強調兩個對等的子句或元素。在第二個子句中，「also」有時可以省略，或置於不同的位置。
The new policy not only benefits local businesses but also attracts foreign investment.
新政策不僅使本地企業受益，還吸引了外資。
EN： The present participle phrase 'already grappling with poverty' acts as an adjective clause reduced to a participle phrase, modifying the noun 'regions'. 'Grapple with' is a phrasal verb meaning to struggle to deal with or overcome a difficult problem.
中文： 現在分詞片語「already grappling with poverty」作為形容詞子句簡化而成的分詞片語，修飾名詞「regions」（地區）。「Grapple with」是一個片語動詞，意為努力應對或克服困難的問題（與……搏鬥/奮戰）。
The government is struggling to support communities already grappling with water scarcity.
政府正努力支持那些本就與水源短缺搏鬥的社區。
EN： The sentence highlights how environmental crises like El Niño are not just ecological or agricultural issues, but are deeply intertwined with socio-political stability. In many developing regions, particularly those already facing economic hardship, the failure of crops and fisheries can act as a catalyst for political unrest, protests, and even regime change, illustrating the concept of 'climate security'.
中文： 此句子強調了像「聖嬰現象」這樣的環境危機不僅僅是生態或農業問題，而是與社會政治穩定深切交織在一起。在許多開發中地區，特別是那些本就面臨經濟困境的地區，作物和漁業的歉收可能會成為政治動盪、抗議甚至政權更迭的催化劑，這說明了「氣候安全」（climate security）的概念。
EN： The structure 'The question remains whether...' is used to introduce a major unresolved issue or uncertainty. 'Whether' introduces a noun clause acting as the real subject or complement, indicating a choice between two possibilities (yes or no).
中文： 結構「The question remains whether...」用於引入一個尚未解決的重大問題或不確定性。「whether」引導的名詞子句在此作為主詞補語，表示在兩種可能性（是或否）之間做選擇。
The question remains whether the local government will approve the new environmental regulations.
問題在於地方政府是否會批准新的環保法規。
EN： The verb 'mobilise' (or 'mobilize') means to organize or prepare something (such as resources, support, or troops) for a particular purpose, especially in a time of crisis.
中文： 動詞「mobilise」（或拼作 mobilize）意為為了特定目的（特別是在危機時期）組織或準備（如資源、支持或軍隊）。
The charity managed to mobilise volunteers and medical supplies within hours of the earthquake.
該慈善機構在地震發生後幾小時內成功動員了志工和醫療物資。
EN： The phrase 'beyond containment' functions as an adverbial or adjectival modifier meaning 'impossible to control, limit, or keep within bounds'.
中文： 片語「beyond containment」用作副詞或形容詞修飾語，意思是「無法控制、限制或保持在範圍之內」（即失控、無法收拾）。
Once the wildfire spread to the dry canopy, the situation became beyond containment.
一旦山火蔓延到乾燥的樹冠，局勢就變得無法控制。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 週期性的、循環的
在本文中： 匯聚、交會（指多種情況或力量同時發生並產生影響）
在本文中： 脆弱性、易受傷害性
在本文中： 使惡化、加重、使混合
在本文中： 使相形見絀、使顯得微不足道
在本文中： 流行病學家
在本文中： 連鎖的、一連串發生的
在本文中： 主動積極的、預防性的
在本文中： 動盪、劇變
在本文中： 促進、促使、使便利
在本文中： 使不穩定、動搖（體制、政權等）
在本文中： 動員、調集（資源、力量等）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A climate pattern characterized by the abnormal warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, disrupting global weather.
聖嬰現象
The adverse social, economic, or health consequences affecting human populations after a disaster or crisis.
人道主義災難後果、人道危機衝擊
To cause or mark the start of something new, especially a new period, style, or era.
迎來、開創、宣告…的開始
To try hard to find a solution to a difficult problem or deal with a tough situation.
努力解決、與…搏鬥、苦苦應對