EN： The reporting clause ('scientists have asserted') is placed at the end of the sentence as an end-weight or attribution tag, which is very common in journalistic writing. This fronting of the direct/reported finding emphasizes the substantive claim before citing the source.
中文： 新聞報導中常將引用子句（如「scientists have asserted」）置於句末作為後置歸屬標籤。這種將重要事實或發現前置的結構，能優先突顯核心訊息，隨後再標明消息來源以增強客觀性。
Renewable energy can reliably power modern economies, leading analysts have argued.
領先的分析師主張，再生能源確實能為現代經濟體系提供可靠的動力。
EN： The adverb 'indeed' is used here for emphatic affirmation, validating a prior doubt or debate. Combined with the passive modal construction 'can be reversed', it strongly asserts the feasibility of halting ecological loss.
中文： 副詞「indeed」在此用作強調肯定，正面回應先前的質疑或爭辯。與情態動詞被動語態「can be reversed」結合時，強烈確立了扭轉生態損失的可行性。
Strict enforcement shows that corruption can indeed be curtailed.
嚴格執法表明，腐敗確實可以被遏制。
EN： 'Comeback' originally stems from sports and theater, referring to a dramatic return to success after a period of failure or absence. In environmental journalism, it has been widely adopted to describe species recovering from near-extinction, infusing technical conservation biology with a narrative of triumph and resilience.
中文： 「Comeback」原本多用於體育或演藝界，指在沉寂或落敗後戲劇性地「東山再起」或「重返巔峰」。在當代環保新聞中，此詞被廣泛借用來形容瀕危物種數量的顯著回升，賦予嚴肅的保育生態學一種振奮人心的敘事力量。
EN： The structure 'be + to-infinitive' (here in the passive: 'is to be averted') is a formal construction expressing purpose, condition, destiny, or obligation. In conditional clauses introduced by 'if', it often translates to 'if [something] is to happen/be achieved', indicating a prerequisite or desired outcome.
中文： 「be + 不定詞」（此處為被動形式「is to be averted」）為正式文體結構，用於表達目的、先決條件、命運或義務。在以 if 引導的條件子句中，常用於表示「若要達成某事 / 若某事要被實現」，強調達成目標所必需的前提條件。
Strict regulations must be enforced if environmental degradation is to be halted.
若要遏制環境惡化，就必須嚴格執行相關法規。
EN： The verb 'caution' can take a 'that'-noun clause as its direct object ('caution that...'), functioning similarly to 'warn that'. It typically describes authoritative bodies or experts delivering formal caveats or warnings about serious future consequences.
中文： 動詞「caution」可接 that 名詞子句作受詞（caution that...），用法與「warn that」相仿，多見於正式或新聞語境中，表示權威機構或專家提出嚴正告誡或警示。
Economists caution that inflation may surge again before stabilizing.
經濟學家警告，通膨在穩定之前可能會再度飆升。
EN： In climate and ecological science, 'tipping point' originally referred to an irreversible threshold leading to catastrophic environmental breakdown. Recently, sustainability scientists and policymakers have popularized the counter-concept 'positive tipping point'—a catalytic socio-economic shift where sustainable practices become self-propelling and rapidly displace destructive ones.
中文： 在氣候與生態科學中，「tipping point」（臨界點 / 轉折點）原多指生態系統跨越後便無法挽回的災難性門檻。近年來，環境科學家與政策制定者延伸出「positive tipping point」（正向臨界點／正向轉折點）的新概念，指透過催化性的社會經濟變革，使永續模式能自主加速推進並迅速取代破壞性舊模式。
EN： The sentence begins with a perfect participle clause ('Having analysed...'). A perfect participle (having + past participle) emphasizes that an action was completed before the action in the main clause ('found') took place. The implied subject of this participial clause must logically match the subject of the main clause ('the World Wildlife Fund').
中文： 句首使用了完成分詞子句（'Having analysed...'）。完成分詞（having + 過去分詞）強調該動作在主句動作（'found'）發生之前已經完成。分詞子句的邏輯主詞必須與主句主詞（'世界自然基金會'）保持一致。
Having reviewed the financial reports, the committee decided to approve the annual budget.
在審閱了財務報告後，委員會決定批准年度預算。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used following change/movement verbs (such as 'plummet', 'drop', 'increase', 'rise') to indicate the specific margin or degree of change. In contrast, 'to' would indicate the final end point.
中文： 在表示增減變化的動詞（如 'plummet'、'drop'、'increase'、'rise'）後，介系詞 'by' 用於表示變化的「幅度」或「差額」；而 'to' 則表示變化後的「最終結果數值」。
The company's profits plummeted by 40% due to supply chain disruptions.
由於供應鏈中斷，該公司的利潤驟降了 40%。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have plummeted') paired with 'since 1970' indicates an action that started at a specific point in the past (1970) and continues to have relevance or effect up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（'have plummeted'）與時間介系詞片語 'since 1970' 連用，表示動作始於過去特定的時間點（1970年），並持續累積或對現在仍有深遠的影響與關聯。
Global surface temperatures have steadily increased since the beginning of the industrial era.
自工業時代開始以來，全球地表溫度持續穩定上升。
EN： The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) publishes its landmark 'Living Planet Report' biennially. The 1970 baseline is globally recognized in environmental science as the benchmark year for the Living Planet Index (LPI), tracking trends in global biodiversity. When reporting science news, British and international journalism commonly utilizes terms like 'plummet' to convey urgency and crisis backed by hard statistical data.
中文： 世界自然基金會（WWF）每兩年發布一次具里程碑意義的《地球生命力報告》（Living Planet Report）。1970 年是國際環境科學中公認的基準年份，用於計算「地球生命力指數」（Living Planet Index, LPI），以長期監測全球生物多樣性。國際權威媒體在報導科學數據時，常使用如 'plummet' 等具衝擊力的詞彙，以客觀數據喚起全球對生態危機的急迫關注。
EN： Negative inversion occurs when a negative or restrictive phrase (such as 'Not only') is placed at the beginning of a clause for rhetorical emphasis. The auxiliary verb ('does') precedes the subject ('this decline'), mirroring interrogative word order.
中文： 否定詞倒裝（Negative Inversion）：當否定或限制性副詞片語（如「Not only」）置於句首以達修辭加強語氣效果時，句子須採倒裝結構，助動詞（does）移至主詞（this decline）之前，結構類似一般疑問句。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also exceeded all performance targets.
她不僅提前完成了專案，而且還超越了所有績效目標。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'Not only..., but (it) also...' links two parallel independent clauses or predicates to introduce two additive, often escalating, facts. When the clauses have distinct subjects or structures, subject pronouns (like 'it') are retained in the second clause.
中文： 對等關聯連接詞「Not only..., but (also)...」（不僅……而且……）用以連接兩個具遞進關係的子句或謂語。當前後子句結構完整或強調主詞時，第二子句常保留主詞代名詞（如 it）。
Not only is solar energy renewable, but it also significantly reduces carbon emissions.
太陽能不僅是可再生能源，而且還能顯著減少碳排放。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses can be introduced by quantifier phrases followed by 'of which' (or 'of whom') to specify a proportion of the preceding noun. Here, 'roughly half of which' refers back to 'the global economy' and adds supplemental descriptive detail without restricting the antecedent.
中文： 「數量詞 / 比例詞 + of which / whom」引導的非限定關係子句：此結構用於對先行詞（此處為 the global economy）進行數量或比例上的補充說明，修飾整體的一部分，前後常以逗號隔開。
The company launched three new initiatives, two of which have already proven successful.
該公司啟動了三項新倡議，其中兩項已被證明非常成功。
EN： The term 'nature's services' (more formally known in policy and economics as 'ecosystem services') refers to the varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment, such as clean water, pollination, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Quantifying the global economy's dependency on nature—often cited by organizations like the World Economic Forum as roughly $44 trillion (over half of global GDP)—has become a prominent rhetorical strategy to persuade financial and governmental leaders to take biodiversity loss seriously.
中文： 「大自然的生態服務」（nature's services，在經濟與環境政策領域通稱為「生態系服務」ecosystem services）指自然界免費提供給人類的多種生存與經濟效益，如水質淨化、昆蟲授粉、碳匯與土壤肥力。近年國際組織（如世界經濟論壇）常引用「全球有一半以上 GDP 依賴自然生態」此一經濟數據，將生物多樣性喪失轉化為直接的經濟金融風險，以促使各國政府與企業決策層採取行動。
EN： The absolute structure 'with + noun phrase + participle (V-ing)' is used as an adverbial modifier of circumstance or elaboration, providing specific details that support the main clause.
中文： 「with + 名詞片語 + 現在分詞 (V-ing)」構成的獨立主格/伴隨狀態結構，在此作為狀語修飾前方的句子，用以補充說明熱帶地區數量銳減的具體細節。
Deforestation escalated last year, with agricultural expansion driving most of the tree loss.
去年森林砍伐加劇，其中農業擴張是造成大部分樹木流失的主要原因。
EN： The reduced comparative phrase 'compared with [X]' functions as an elliptical adverbial clause modifying the preceding statistic (95%), contrasting different data points concisely without repeating the subject and verb.
中文： 過去分詞片語「compared with...」構成簡縮對比狀語，修飾前面的數據（95%），以精簡形式進行橫向數據對比，省去了重複的主詞與動詞。
Sales surged by 40% in North America, compared with just 10% in East Asia.
北美市場的銷售額激增了 40%，相比之下，東亞市場僅增長了 10%。
EN： The superlative adjective 'steepest' is used metaphorically to describe the sharpest decline or most drastic rate of reduction, functioning here as a subject complement following the linking verb 'were'.
中文： 最高級形容詞「steepest」（最陡峭的）在此處引申為「下降幅度最大的、最劇烈的」，在連綴動詞「were」之後作主詞補語。
Inflation was steepest in energy and food sectors during the winter months.
在冬季幾個月中，能源與食品領域的通膨率上升得最為劇烈。
EN： The sharp disparity in biodiversity loss between tropical and temperate zones highlights global environmental injustice: biodiversity-rich developing regions (such as Latin America and Africa) suffer greater ecological degradation driven largely by global commodity supply chains catering to industrialized nations.
中文： 熱帶與溫帶地區生物多樣性流失幅度的巨大落差（拉丁美洲達 95%，而歐洲和中亞僅 23%），反映了全球生態不平等的現實。熱帶發展中地區物種極為豐富，卻承受了最嚴重的生態破壞，其背後的驅動力很大程度來自滿足全球與工業化國家消費的大宗農產品貿易。
EN： The present participle clause 'prompting...' acts as an adverbial clause of result (subsequent action/consequence), modifying the entire preceding clause. In advanced writing, non-finite clauses introduced by '-ing' (like prompting, leading to, resulting in) are frequently used to express smooth causal progression.
中文： 現在分詞子句「prompting...」在此充當結果狀語，修飾前方整個主要子句所描述的情況。在高級英語寫作中，以「-ing」分詞結構（如 prompting、leading to、causing）表達自然發生的結果或後續反應，能使行文更為緊湊流暢。
Severe storms flooded the coastal plains, forcing thousands of residents to evacuate immediately.
強烈風暴淹沒了沿海平原，迫使數千名居民立即撤離。
EN： The verb 'urge' belongs to verbs of demand, recommendation, or urgency (mandative subjunctive), requiring a 'that'-clause where the verb appears in the base form ('be fundamentally reformed'), omitting 'should' in standard formal English.
中文： 動詞「urge」（敦促、強烈呼籲）屬於表示要求、建議或命令的詞類，其後接續的 that 子句須使用虛擬語氣（Mandative Subjunctive），動詞必須用原形動詞（在此為被動語態的「be fundamentally reformed」），美式或正式文體中通常省略「should」。
Health authorities urge that strict hygiene measures be implemented across all hospitals.
衛生主管機關強烈敦促所有醫院落實嚴格的衛生措施。
EN： The intransitive verb 'fare' means 'to perform, get on, or experience a particular state of fortune' (often paired with adverbs like well, badly, worst). The phrase 'fare worst of all' expresses that this specific category experienced the most severe negative impact relative to all others.
中文： 不及物動詞「fare」意為「進展、遭遇、處境如何」，常與 well、badly、better、worst 等副詞連用。「fare worst of all」表示在所有受比較的對象當中情況最糟、受創最深。
Independent retailers fared better than expected during the economic downturn.
獨立零售商在經濟低迷時期的處境比預期要好。
EN： In global environmental science discourse, 'food systems' encompasses everything from land clearing, agriculture, and water extraction to chemical runoff and food waste. According to major UN and WWF reports, agricultural expansion and water diversion are the primary drivers of freshwater biodiversity loss, making food system reform central to climate and nature summits.
中文： 在國際環境科學倡議中，「food systems（糧食系統）」是一個涵蓋極廣的術語，包括農地開墾、農業引水、化學農藥流入水系乃至糧食浪費等全產業鏈。聯合國與世界自然基金會的報告均指出，農業擴張與水資源掠奪是造成淡水物種瀕危的首要推手，因此「糧食系統改革」已成為當代國際氣候與生態峰會的核心治理議題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 復甦；重整旗鼓；捲土重來
在本文中： 斷言；堅稱；肯定地指出
在本文中： 具有重大里程碑意義的；具突破性的
在本文中： 避免；防止（災難等）
在本文中： 暴跌；急遽下降
在本文中： 脊椎動物
在本文中： 危害；使處於險境
在本文中： （升降幅度）急遽的；過大的
在本文中： 進展；遭遇；過活
在本文中： 不可逆轉的；無法挽回的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The critical point in a situation, process, or system beyond which a significant and often unstoppable effect or change takes place.
臨界點；轉捩點
A catastrophic and drastic loss of species diversity within an ecosystem or across the planet.
生物多樣性崩潰
The benefits and resources provided by natural ecosystems that support human life and economic activity (also known as ecosystem services).
自然資源服務；生態系服務
To experience the poorest outcome or suffer the most damage compared to others in a group.
處境最為悲慘；受創最嚴重