EN： The past participle phrase 'named + [Name]' acts as an adjective (reduced relative clause) modifying the preceding noun 'homemaker'. It is a shortened form of 'who is named...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「named + [名字]」在此作為形容詞（簡化關係子句），用來修飾前方的名詞「homemaker」（家庭主婦）。這是「who is named...」的省略形式。
A young boy named Leo found the lost puppy.
一個名叫里歐的年輕男孩找到了迷路的小狗。
EN： The verb 'attach' is commonly used with the preposition 'to' in the pattern 'attach A to B', which means to fasten, join, or connect one object to another.
中文： 動詞「attach」通常與介係詞「to」搭配使用，形成「attach A to B」（將 A 固定/連接於 B）的句型，表示將一個物體固定或連接到另一個物體上。
Please attach a recent photo to your application form.
請在您的申請表上貼上一張近照。
EN： Chennai, the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is a major cultural, economic, and educational center in South India. In recent years, India has become a hub for 'data labor' due to its large, tech-savvy, and English-speaking population, where many workers perform micro-tasks like data labeling and video recording to train global AI models.
中文： 清奈是印度泰米爾納德邦的首府，也是南印度的文化、經濟和教育中心。近年來，由於擁有大量熟悉科技且具備英語能力的勞動力，印度已成為「數據勞動」（data labor）的樞紐，許多工作人員透過數據標註和影片錄製等微型任務，來協助訓練全球的人工智慧模型。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In this sentence, 'while' connects the main action (capturing hands) with three simultaneous background actions.
中文： 從屬連接詞「while」（當……時候）用於連接兩個同時發生的動作，引導時間副詞子句。在本句中，「while」將主要動作（捕捉雙手）與三個同時發生的背景動作連結起來。
The teacher writes on the board while the students take notes.
老師在黑板上寫字，而學生們則在記筆記。
EN： Parallel structure (parallelism) is used when listing items or actions. Here, three verbs in the 'while' clause ('slices', 'folds', and 'washes') are in the same simple present tense and third-person singular form to maintain grammatical balance.
中文： 平行結構（排比）用於列舉項目或動作。在這裡，「while」子句中的三個動詞（slices、folds 和 washes）都使用相同的一般現在時和單數第三人稱形式，以保持語法平衡。
He wakes up early, exercises for an hour, and eats a healthy breakfast.
他很早起床、運動一小時，並吃一頓健康的早餐。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns like 'which' (preceded by a comma) to add extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun phrase or the entire previous clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers back to the amount '250 rupees per hour of video'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clauses）由關係代名詞（如前面帶有逗號的 'which'）引導，用來對前面的名詞片語或整個前句補充額外的、非必要的資訊。在本句中，'which' 指代的是前面的金額「每小時影片 250 盧比」。
He bought a new laptop, which cost him a thousand dollars.
他買了一台新筆記型電腦，花了他一千美元。
EN： The preposition 'per' is used to express 'for each' or 'for every' when stating rates, prices, or measurements (e.g., 'per hour', 'per person').
中文： 介係詞 'per' 用於表示率、價格或測量單位中的「每一」（例如：'per hour' 每小時、'per person' 每人）。
The speed limit is 60 miles per hour.
時速限制是每小時 60 英里。
EN： The sentence highlights the global economic disparity in the AI supply chain. While four dollars (about 250 rupees) per hour is a low wage by Western standards, in India, especially for home-based work, it represents a viable income source. This micro-task economy is a crucial part of training modern AI systems.
中文： 這句話凸顯了人工智慧（AI）供應鏈中的全球經濟差異。雖然每小時四美元（約 250 盧比）以西方標準來看是低薪，但在印度（特別是對於家庭主婦而言），這代表了一份切實可行的收入來源。這種微任務經濟（micro-task economy）是訓練現代 AI 系統至關重要的一環。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice (has/have been + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has relevance to the present, with the focus on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has/have been + 過去分詞）用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現在密切相關的動作，其焦點在於動作的承受者而非執行者。
This traditional craft has been kept alive by local artisans for centuries.
這項傳統工藝數百年來一直由當地工匠傳承下來。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause of reason, explaining the cause or motive behind the action in the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」（因為）用於引導原因從屬子句，解釋主句動作背後的原因或動機。
The flight was delayed because the weather was extremely bad.
班機延誤了，因為天氣非常糟糕。
EN： The term 'data labor' reflects a modern shift in the global gig economy. In developing nations like India, traditional household chores are being digitized and monetized to feed the hungry algorithms of Western and global AI firms, creating a new class of digital working-class citizens.
中文： 「數據勞動」（data labor）一詞反映了全球零工經濟的現代轉變。在印度等發展中國家，傳統的家務勞動正被數位化並轉化為經濟收益，用以餵養西方和全球人工智慧公司的演算法，從而創造出一個全新的數位勞動階級。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a connection to the present, emphasizing the current state of this ongoing trend.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個始於過去且與現在有聯繫的動作，強調這一持續趨勢的現狀。
Many companies have started using AI to improve their services.
許多公司已經開始使用人工智慧來改善他們的服務。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the beginning of an activity. 'Filming' acts as the direct object of the verb 'started'.
中文： 動詞「start」（開始）後面可以接動名詞（動詞-ing）來表示某項活動的開始。在這裡，「filming」（拍攝）作為動詞「started」的直接受詞。
She started learning English last year.
她去年開始學習英文。
EN： This sentence highlights a growing global trend where individuals in developing countries, such as India, participate in 'data labor'. Due to lower labor costs and high smartphone penetration, many workers earn income by generating real-world data to train advanced artificial intelligence and robotics systems.
中文： 這句話凸顯了發展中國家（如印度）個人參與「數據勞動」這一日益增長的全球趨勢。由於較低的勞動力成本和高智慧型手機普及率，許多勞動者透過產生真實世界數據來訓練先進的人工智慧和機器人系統，以此賺取收入。
EN： The sentence uses a noun clause introduced by the question word 'how' acting as the direct object of the verb 'show'. Inside this noun clause, three verbs ('grasp', 'move', and 'complete') are connected in a parallel structure using commas and the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 本句使用了由疑問詞「how」（如何）引導的名詞子句，作為動詞「show」（展示）的直接受詞。在此名詞子句中，三個動詞（grasp、move 和 complete）使用逗號與對等連接詞「and」連接，形成平行結構。
This manual explains how we assemble the parts, test the system, and pack the product.
這本手冊解釋了我們如何組裝零件、測試系統並包裝產品。
EN： The phrase 'step by step' is an adverbial phrase of manner, meaning 'gradually' or 'one stage at a time'. It modifies the verb 'complete' to describe how the action is performed.
中文： 片語「step by step」是一個表示方式的副詞片語，意思是「一步一步地」或「循序漸進地」。它修飾動詞「complete」，用來描述該動作是如何進行的。
She explained the recipe step by step so that everyone could follow.
她一步一步地解釋食譜，以便每個人都能跟著做。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies the noun phrase 'a kind of "behavior textbook"'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject, followed by the verb 'teaches'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導一個形容詞子句（關係子句），用來修飾前面的名詞片語「a kind of "behavior textbook"」（一種「行為教科書」）。在此子句中，「that」充當主詞，後面接動詞「teaches」。
She wrote a book that inspires young children to protect nature.
她寫了一本啟發幼童保護大自然的書。
EN： The question word 'how' followed by an infinitive ('to' + verb) forms a noun phrase that functions as the direct object of the verb 'teaches'. It expresses the method or way of doing something.
中文： 疑問詞「how」後面接不定詞（to + 動詞）形成一個名詞片語，作為動詞「teaches」的直接受詞，用來表示做某事的方法或途徑。
The instructor showed us how to operate the new machine safely.
指導員向我們示範了如何安全地操作這台新機器。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that this trend is growing quickly across India') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'reported'. In English, 'that' in this position is often optional in informal speech but is kept in formal writing.
中文： 名詞子句作賓語（受詞）：單字「that」引導一個名詞子句（that this trend is growing quickly across India），在句中作為報導動詞「reported」的直接賓語。在英語中，非正式口語中常可省略此處的「that」，但在正式寫作中通常會保留。
The scientist proved that the experiment was successful.
科學家證明了該實驗是成功的。
EN： Present Continuous Tense in Past Context: The verb phrase 'is growing' uses the present continuous tense to describe an ongoing, active trend. Even though the reporting verb 'reported' is in the past tense, the present tense 'is growing' is used here to emphasize that the trend is still actively continuing at the time of reading.
中文： 過去語境中的現在進行式：動詞片語「is growing」使用現在進行式來描述一個持續進行且活躍的趨勢。雖然主要動詞「reported」為過去式，但此處使用現在式「is growing」是為了強調該趨勢在閱讀當下仍然在活躍地發展中。
She said that the population of the city is increasing.
她說該城市的人口正在增加。
EN： Agence France-Presse (AFP) is one of the world's oldest and largest international news agencies, headquartered in Paris. Its mention here highlights the global journalistic coverage of India's emerging tech-labor market, showing how local economic shifts in Chennai are gaining international attention.
中文： 法新社（Agence France-Presse，簡稱 AFP）是世界上歷史最悠久且規模最大的國際通訊社之一，總部位於巴黎。此處提及法新社，突顯了國際媒體對印度新興科技勞動力市場的關注，顯示出清奈當地的經濟轉變已受到全球矚目。
EN： The phrase 'be different from' is a common prepositional collocation used to contrast two things. It indicates that the subject possesses characteristics that do not match those of the object.
中文： 片語「be different from」（與……不同）是用來對比兩事物的常見介系詞搭配。它表示主詞所具備的特徵與受詞不一致。
Her teaching style is different from that of her predecessor.
她的教學風格與她前任的風格不同。
EN： The relative clause 'that was done for...' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun 'work'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the subject of the passive verb phrase 'was done'.
中文： 關係子句「that was done for...」是一個限定用法關係子句，用來修飾名詞「work」（工作）。關係代名詞「that」在子句中擔任被動語態動詞片語「was done」的主詞。
The project that was completed yesterday was a huge success.
昨天完成的那個專案取得了巨大的成功。
EN： The sentence highlights a shift in the AI industry. Early AI development (like ChatGPT) relied heavily on digital text and language data, which was often scraped from the internet. The new wave of 'physical AI' and robotics requires capturing real-world, physical human actions, leading to a new category of manual 'data labor' in developing nations.
中文： 這句話凸顯了人工智慧產業的轉移。早期的人工智慧發展（如 ChatGPT）高度依賴從網路抓取的數位文本和語言數據。而新一波的「實體人工智慧」與機器人技術，則需要捕捉真實世界中人類的肢體動作，從而在開發中國家催生出了一種新型態的勞力密集型「數據勞動」。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Tense ('were trained'): The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. It is formed with 'be' + past participle. Here, 'were trained' indicates that the training of the models was done by researchers in the past.
中文： 過去式被動語態（'were trained'）：當焦點在於動作本身或動作的接受者，而非執行者時，會使用被動語態。其結構為「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」。在此處，「were trained」表示這些模型在過去是由研究人員進行訓練的。
These algorithms were developed by a team of experts last year.
這些演算法是去年由一個專家團隊開發的。
EN： Past Perfect Tense in Relative Clauses ('had already been organized'): The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that one action in the past happened before another action in the past. In this sentence, the organizing and categorizing of the text happened before the models were trained.
中文： 關係子句中的過去完成式（'had already been organized'）：過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示過去的某個動作發生在另一個過去動作之前。在本句中，文本的整理和分類發生在模型接受訓練之前。
She used the data that had already been collected by her colleagues.
她使用了同事們先前已經收集好的數據。
EN： This sentence highlights the technological shift in AI development. Early generative AI, like ChatGPT, relied heavily on digital text data that was already structured, cleaned, and categorized by humans online. In contrast, the 'physical AI' mentioned in the context requires raw, real-world physical movement data, which is much harder to standardize and has created a new global gig economy of 'data labor' in developing countries like India.
中文： 這句話凸顯了人工智慧（AI）發展中的技術轉變。早期的生成式 AI（如 ChatGPT）高度依賴已被人類在網路上整理、清理和分類過的數位文字數據。相比之下，背景資訊中提到的「實體 AI」則需要真實世界的物理動作數據，這類數據極難標準化，進而在印度等開發中國家催生了一種新型的全球零工經濟——「數據勞動」。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two compound subjects: 'physical AI' and 'humanoid robots'. When two singular or plural nouns are joined by 'and' to form a compound subject, they take a plural verb (in this case, 'need').
中文： 對等連接詞「and」（和）在此處用於連接兩個複合主詞：「physical AI」（實體人工智慧）與「humanoid robots」（人形機器人）。當兩個名詞由「and」連接形成複合主詞時，動詞需使用複數形（在此句中為「need」）。
Both smartphones and smartwatches require regular software updates.
智慧型手機和智慧型手錶都需要定期進行軟體更新。
EN： Noun adjuncts (or noun premodifiers) occur when nouns like 'real-world' and 'movement' function as adjectives to describe another noun ('data'). In English, these modifying nouns are placed directly before the main noun to specify its type or purpose.
中文： 名詞修飾語（或稱名詞前置修飾詞）是指像「real-world」（真實世界的）和「movement」（運動的）這樣的名詞，在此處充當形容詞來修飾另一個名詞（「data」）。在英文中，這些修飾性名詞會直接置於主要名詞之前，以具體說明其類型或用途。
The company collects customer feedback data to improve its services.
該公司收集客戶回饋數據以改善其服務。
EN： The term 'physical AI' refers to artificial intelligence systems that interact directly with the physical world through sensors and actuators, as opposed to purely digital or software-based AI like chatbots. This distinction is crucial in modern technology discussions as the industry shifts from virtual language models to embodied robotics.
中文： 「實體人工智慧」（physical AI）是指透過感測器和驅動器與物理世界直接互動的人工智慧系統，這與像聊天機器人這類純數位或基於軟體的 AI 不同。隨著科技產業從虛擬語言模型轉向具身智慧（embodied robotics），這一區分在現代科技討論中變得至關重要。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'say'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main clause with the subordinate clause, and it can often be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為述說動詞「say」的直接受詞。在這種結構中，「that」是一個連接主句與從屬子句的連接詞，在非正式語境中通常可以省略。
Researchers believe that artificial intelligence will transform healthcare.
研究人員相信人工智慧將會改變醫療保健。
EN： The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong necessity or obligation. It is followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), which in this case is 'learn'.
中文： 情態助動詞「must」用於表示強烈的必要性或義務。其後須接動詞原型（不帶 to 的不定詞），在此句中為「learn」。
Students must submit their assignments before Friday.
學生必須在星期五之前繳交他們的作業。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). While early AI development focused heavily on digital data (like text and code), the rise of physical AI and humanoid robotics requires 'embodied AI' learning. This means robots must learn from physical, real-world human interactions and sensory data to navigate the physical world successfully.
中文： 這句話反映了人工智慧（AI）領域的一大轉變。早期的 AI 開發主要集中在數位數據（如文本和程式碼）上，但具身智慧（Physical AI）和人形機器人的興起，需要「具身人工智慧」的學習。這意味著機器人必須從物理世界中人類的實際互動和感官數據中學習，才能成功在現實世界中運作。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause (also called a content clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in formal or written contexts to maintain clarity.
中文： 連接詞「that」用於引導名詞子句（也稱為內容子句），在句中作為動詞「believe」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但在正式或書面語境中通常會保留以保持結構清晰。
Many scientists believe that climate change requires urgent action.
許多科學家認為氣候變遷需要採取緊急行動。
EN： The future simple tense 'will' is combined with the linking verb 'become' and the comparative adjective 'more common' to describe a state or trend that is expected to develop or increase in frequency in the future.
中文： 簡單未來式「will」與連綴動詞「become」以及比較級形容詞「more common」結合，用來描述預期在未來會發展或頻率增加的狀態或趨勢。
Remote work will become more common as technology improves.
隨著科技進步，遠距工作將會變得更加普遍。
EN： Adverb Placement: Adverbs of manner (like 'naturally') are typically placed before the main verb (or after the auxiliary verb) to describe how an action is performed.
中文： 副詞位置：情狀副詞（如 'naturally'，自然地）通常放在主要動詞之前（或助動詞之後），用來修飾並描述動作進行的方式。
She easily solved the complex puzzle.
她輕鬆地解開了這個複雜的謎題。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time with 'when': The conjunction 'when' introduces a dependent clause that indicates the time at which the action in the main clause takes place.
中文： 由 'when' 引導的時間副詞子句：連接詞 'when'（當……時）用來引導一個從屬子句，以指出主要子句動作發生的時間點。
The dog barks when someone knocks on the door.
當有人敲門時，那隻狗就會叫。
EN： The past participle phrase 'performed by ordinary people' acts as an adjective (a reduced relative clause) modifying the noun phrase 'everyday activities'. It is short for 'which are performed by ordinary people'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「performed by ordinary people」（由一般人所進行的）在此作為形容詞使用（簡化自關係子句），用來修飾名詞片語「everyday activities」（日常活動）。這相當於「which are performed by ordinary people」的省略。
The songs written by this young artist became very popular.
由這位年輕藝術家所創作的歌曲變得非常受歡迎。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have become') is used to describe a state or action that started in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have become）用於描述一個從過去開始，並持續影響到現在或在目前仍為屬實的狀態或動作。
Online shopping has become an essential part of our lives.
線上購物已成為我們生活中不可或缺的一部分。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述一個始於過去、且對現在有直接影響或關聯的動作或狀態。
The rise of online learning has changed the way students study.
線上學習的興起已經改變了學生的學習方式。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the target, recipient, or purpose of an action or object, as seen in 'demand for' (demand targeted at something) and 'opportunities for' (opportunities available to someone).
中文： 介系詞「for」在此用於表示動作或事物的目標、對象或目的，例如「demand for」（對某物的需求）與「opportunities for」（給某人的機會）。
There is a high demand for organic food among health-conscious consumers.
注重健康的消費者對有機食品有著很高的需求。
EN： The term 'developing countries' refers to nations with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index relative to other countries. In the context of the global tech economy, these regions (like India) have become hubs for 'data labor' due to lower labor costs and a large, tech-savvy workforce seeking flexible income.
中文： 「developing countries」（開發中國家）是指與其他國家相比，工業基礎較不發達且人類發展指數較低的國家。在全球科技經濟的背景下，這些地區（如印度）由於勞動力成本較低，且有大量尋求彈性收入並熟悉科技的勞動人口，因而成為「數據勞動」的樞紐。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 家庭主婦或家庭主夫，主要負責管理家務的人
在本文中： 繫上、貼上、連接
在本文中： 日常慣例、例行公事
在本文中： 抓取、緊握
在本文中： 將…歸類、分類
在本文中： 感官的、感覺的
在本文中： 自動化
在本文中： 調整、適應（以適應變化）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Work that involves generating, labeling, or processing data to train artificial intelligence systems.
數據勞動
Progressing gradually from one stage to the next; in a detailed and orderly sequence.
一步一步地、循序漸進地
Artificial intelligence that is integrated into physical systems, such as robots, allowing them to interact with the physical world.
實體人工智慧
An event or activity that is perceived through the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste).
感官體驗