EN： The present participle phrase ('mandating...') acts as an adjective clause reduction (which mandates/mandated), modifying the noun 'law' to describe its ongoing or inherent function.
中文： 現在分詞短語（如 'mandating...'）在此作為形容詞子句的簡化（原為 which mandates/mandated），修飾名詞 'law'，用以描述該法律持續存在或固有的功能與規定。
The government passed a bill banning the sale of diesel cars by next year.
政府通過了一項法案，禁止在明年之前銷售柴油車。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, two noun phrases: 'the chemicals industry' and 'environmental advocacy groups') to emphasize that both entities are equally involved.
中文： 關聯連接詞 'both... and...' 用於連接兩個平行的語法元素（在此為兩個名詞短語：'the chemicals industry' 與 'environmental advocacy groups'），以強調這兩個實體都同樣參與其中。
The decision was criticized by both the management and the labor union.
該決定受到了管理層和工會雙方的批評。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has provoked') is used to describe an action that occurred in the past but has strong relevance and ongoing consequences in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（'has provoked'）用於描述發生在過去但對現在具有強烈關聯性及持續影響的動作或事件。
The new policy has sparked intense debate among educators.
新政策在教育工作者中引發了激烈的辯論。
EN： The sentence highlights a common dynamic in US environmental policy, particularly in progressive states like California, which often acts as a national trendsetter ('pioneering') for environmental regulations. Such laws frequently face pushback from powerful business coalitions (the chemicals/plastics industry) as well as criticism from environmental groups who may feel the compromise does not go far enough.
中文： 此句子凸顯了美國環境政策中常見的動態，特別是在像加利福尼亞州這樣進步的州，該州經常充當環境法規的全國先驅（'pioneering'）。此類法律通常會面臨來自強大商業聯盟（化學/塑料工業）的反對，同時也會受到環保團體的批評，後者可能認為妥協方案做得還不夠。
EN： The past participle phrase ('signed by... but only enacted in...') acts as a non-restrictive post-modifier (adjective clause reduction) separated by commas, providing additional background information about the subject without restricting its identity.
中文： 過去分詞短語（signed by... but only enacted in...）作為非限制性後置修飾語（由形容詞子句簡化而來），並用逗號隔開，用以提供關於主詞的背景補充說明，而不限制其主體身份。
The new policy, approved by the board last month but only implemented today, aims to reduce operational costs.
這項上個月獲得董事會批准但今天才開始實施的新政策，旨在降低營運成本。
EN： The verb 'require' is followed by the object + infinitive pattern ('require someone to do something') to express a mandate or obligation imposed on an agent.
中文： 動詞「require」後面接「受詞 + 不定詞」（require someone to do something）的結構，用以表示對某個主體施加的強制性命令或義務。
The regulation requires financial institutions to report suspicious transactions within twenty-four hours.
該條例要求金融機構在二十四小時內申報可疑交易。
EN： Parallel structure with 'and': The infinitive marker 'to' distributes over two parallel base verbs: 'to [reduce...] and [ensure...]', maintaining grammatical balance and clarity in complex sentences.
中文： 使用「and」的平行結構：不定詞對應詞「to」同時支配兩個平行的原型動詞：「to [reduce...] and [ensure...]」（減少……並確保……），以維持複雜句子中的語法平衡與清晰度。
The campaign encourages citizens to conserve water and recycle electronic waste.
該活動鼓勵市民節約用水並回收電子垃圾。
EN： The legislation mentioned is California's SB 54 (Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act), passed in 2022. California often acts as a pioneer in environmental policy in the United States, setting strict regulations that eventually influence national standards because manufacturers find it more economical to comply with California's large market requirements than to maintain separate production lines.
中文： 此處提及的立法為加利福尼亞州於 2022 年通過的 SB 54 法案（塑料污染預防與包裝生產者責任法案）。加利福尼亞州在美國環保政策上常扮演先驅角色，其制定的嚴格標準往往會影響全美，因為對製造商而言，直接遵守加利福尼亞州這個龐大市場的規定，比維持多條不同的生產線更具經濟效益。
EN： The preposition 'toward' (or 'towards') is used here to indicate contribution or effort directed at achieving a specific goal. When followed by a verb, it must take the gerund form (-ing), as 'toward' functions as a preposition, not part of an infinitive.
中文： 介系詞「toward」（或 towards）在此處用於表示將資金、努力或貢獻投向某個特定目標。當後面接動詞時，必須使用動名詞（-ing）形式，因為「toward」在此處是介系詞，而非不定詞的一部分。
The government allocated funds toward building new renewable energy plants.
政府撥款用於建造新的再生能源發電廠。
EN： The past participle phrase 'caused by plastic pollution' acts as an adjective modifying the noun phrase 'the ecological damage'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is/was caused by...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「caused by plastic pollution」（由塑料污染所造成的）作為形容詞，修飾名詞片語「the ecological damage」（生態破壞）。這是一個簡化關係子句，由「which is/was caused by...」簡化而來。
The respiratory illnesses caused by air pollution have risen sharply this year.
今年由空氣污染引起的呼吸道疾病急劇上升。
EN： The sentence-initial adverb 'Crucially' functions as a sentence modifier (or disjunct). It expresses the writer's attitude or evaluation of the entire proposition that follows, signaling that the upcoming information is of vital importance.
中文： 句首副詞「Crucially」作為全句修飾語（或稱評註性副詞）。它表達了作者對接下來整個陳述的態度或評估，示意即將出現的信息至關重要。
Crucially, the new software update patches the critical security vulnerability.
至關重要的是，這次新的軟體更新修補了關鍵的安全漏洞。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in environmental policy known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Under EPR frameworks, the financial burden of managing product waste shifts from taxpayers and local governments to the manufacturers themselves. A five-billion-dollar remediation fund represents an exceptionally aggressive regulatory approach, highlighting California's role as a pioneer in strict environmental legislation within the United States.
中文： 這句話反映了環境政策中一項名為「生產者延伸責任」（Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR）的重大轉變。在 EPR 的框架下，處理產品廢棄物的財政負擔從納稅人和地方政府轉移到了製造商身上。高達五十億美元的補救基金代表了一種極其激進的監管手段，凸顯了加利福尼亞州在美國境內作為嚴格環境立法先驅的角色。
EN： The structure 'The underlying rationale behind... is to [verb]' is used in formal and academic registers to explain the fundamental reason or purpose of a policy, action, or belief. 'Is to' functions as a subject complement expressing purpose or intention.
中文： 結構「The underlying rationale behind... is to [動詞]」用於正式與學術語體中，用以解釋某項政策、行動或信念的根本原因或目的。其中的「is to」作為主詞補語，表示目的或意圖。
The underlying rationale behind the tax reform is to stimulate long-term economic growth.
這項稅制改革背後的根本邏輯，是為了刺激長期的經濟增長。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' in this context means to be responsible for, explain, or take into consideration the financial or ecological cost of something over time.
中文： 片語動詞「account for」在此語境中意為「對……負責」、「做出交代」或「將……納入考量」，特別是指在時間推移中承擔某事物的財務或生態成本。
Companies must account for their carbon emissions under the new environmental treaty.
在新的環保條約下，企業必須對其碳排放量負責。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in modern environmental policy known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). EPR is a policy approach under which producers are given a significant responsibility—financial and/or physical—for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products. This marks a transition from taxpayer-funded waste management to producer-funded circular economies.
中文： 這句話反映了現代環境政策中一項名為「生產者延伸責任」（Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR）的重大轉變。EPR 是一種政策方法，在這種方法下，生產者要對消費後產品的處理或處置承擔顯著的責任（包括財務和/或實體責任）。這標誌著從納稅人資助的廢棄物管理，向生產者資助的循環經濟的轉變。
EN： Inverted Conditional (Second Conditional): When 'if' is omitted in a hypothetical or unlikely conditional clause containing 'were', the subject and the auxiliary verb 'were' are inverted. This structure is highly formal and common in written English or formal speeches.
中文： 倒裝條件句（第二類條件句）：在含有 'were' 的虛擬或假設條件子句中，若省略連接詞 'if'，則主詞與助動詞 'were' 須進行倒裝。此結構非常正式，常見於書面英文或正式演講中。
Were he to accept the job offer, he would have to relocate to California.
如果他接受這份工作機會，他就必須搬遷到加利福尼亞州。
EN： Parenthetical Insertion (Reporting Clause): The phrase 'proponents argue' is inserted as a parenthetical element. In journalism and formal writing, reporting clauses are often placed in the middle or at the end of a sentence to shift the focus to the main argument while still attributing the source.
中文： 插入語（報導子句）：片語 'proponents argue'（支持者認為）作為插入語使用。在新聞報導和正式寫作中，報導子句常被置於句中或句尾，以便將焦點轉移到主要論點上，同時仍能交代消息來源。
The economy, experts predict, will recover by the end of the year.
專家預測，經濟將在年底前復甦。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with + noun phrase + participle' is used to express attendant circumstances, reasons, or results. In this sentence, 'with only five to six percent of all plastic ever being successfully recycled' functions as an adverbial modifier explaining the current state of plastic recycling. The present participle 'being' is used in its passive form ('being recycled') to indicate that the action is performed on the subject (plastic).
中文： 「with + 名詞片語 + 分詞」的結構常用於表示伴隨狀況、原因或結果。在本句中，「with only five to six percent of all plastic ever being successfully recycled」作為副詞修飾語，解釋了塑膠回收的現狀。這裡使用現在分詞的被動式（being recycled），表示該動作是被施加在主體（塑膠）上。
The meeting ended, with several key issues remaining unresolved.
會議結束了，還有幾個關鍵問題尚未解決。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by an adjective ('discouraging') acting as a subject complement. It describes a state that continues to exist. 'Discouraging' is a present participle used as an adjective, meaning 'causing someone to lose confidence or hope' (active in meaning), as opposed to 'discouraged' (feeling a loss of confidence).
中文： 連繫動詞「remain」後面接形容詞（discouraging）作為主詞補語，用以描述持續存在的狀態。「Discouraging」是現在分詞轉作形容詞，意為「令人沮喪的」（具主動意味），而「discouraged」則表示「感到沮喪的」（指人的主觀感受）。
Despite the challenges, the overall economic outlook remains promising.
儘管面臨挑戰，整體的經濟前景依然看好。
EN： The adverb 'ever' is used here in a non-assertive context (associated with 'only') to mean 'at any time in history' or 'up to now'. It emphasizes the historical scope of the statistic, highlighting the persistent inefficiency of plastic recycling over time.
中文： 副詞「ever」在此處與限制性詞彙「only」連用，表示「有史以來」或「迄今為止」。它強調了該統計數據的歷史範疇，突顯了長期以來塑膠回收效率低下的事實。
This is one of the most complex projects ever undertaken by our team.
這是我們團隊有史以來承接過最複雜的專案之一。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to express contrast and must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (noun phrase), rather than a full clause. In this sentence, 'Despite' is followed by the noun phrase 'industry claims touting breakthrough technologies'.
中文： 介係詞「Despite」（儘管）用於表示對比，後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（名詞片語），而不能接完整的子句。在本句中，「Despite」後面接的是名詞片語「industry claims touting breakthrough technologies」（業界聲稱吹捧突破性技術）。
Despite facing severe financial difficulties, the research team refused to abandon the project.
儘管面臨嚴重的財務困難，研究團隊仍拒絕放棄該項目。
EN： The phrase 'given that' is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a fact or condition that explains the reason for something. It is synonymous with 'considering that' or 'since' and is followed by a full clause.
中文： 片語「given that」（鑑於/考慮到）是一個從屬連接詞，用於引出解釋某事原因的事實或條件。它與「considering that」或「since」同義，後面須接完整的子句。
Given that the market is highly volatile, investors are advised to proceed with caution.
鑑於市場波動劇烈，建議投資人謹慎行事。
EN： The construction 'be unlikely to + verb' is used to express a low probability of an event occurring. It is a formal and common way to make predictions or state expectations in academic and journalistic writing.
中文： 結構「be unlikely to + 動詞」用於表示某事件發生的機率很低。這是在學術和新聞寫作中做出預測或陳述預期時，非常正式且常用的表達方式。
Without additional funding, the non-profit organization is unlikely to survive the winter.
若沒有額外資金，該非營利組織不太可能撐過這個冬天。
EN： The term 'virgin plastic' refers to newly manufactured plastic made from petrochemical feedstocks (crude oil or natural gas) that has never been recycled or used before. In environmental policy debates, the extremely low cost of producing virgin plastic is a major economic barrier to recycling initiatives, as recycled plastic is often more expensive to collect, sort, and process than simply manufacturing new plastic.
中文： 「virgin plastic」（原生塑料）是指直接從石油化學原料（原油或天然氣）新製造出來、從未經過回收或使用的塑料。在環境政策辯論中，生產原生塑料的極低成本是推動回收計劃的主要經濟障礙，因為回收塑料在收集、分類和加工上的成本，往往高於直接製造新塑料。
EN： The sentence-initial participle phrase 'Complicating matters further' functions as an adverbial modifier, describing the effect or context of the main clause. It is a reduced form of a coordinate clause (e.g., 'Which complicates matters further') used for stylistic cohesion and emphasis.
中文： 句首的分詞短語「Complicating matters further」作為狀語修飾語，描述了主句的影響或背景。這是並列從句（例如「Which complicates matters further」）的簡化形式，用於增強文體連貫性與強調語氣。
Adding fuel to the fire, the CEO resigned amidst the financial scandal.
使事態火上澆油的是，執行長在財務醜聞中辭職了。
EN： The present participle phrase 'seeking to block the legislation' acts as a post-modifier (adjectival phrase) modifying the noun 'lawsuit'. It is a reduction of the relative clause 'which seeks to block the legislation'.
中文： 現在分詞短語「seeking to block the legislation」作為後置修飾語（形容詞短語），修飾名詞「lawsuit」（訴訟）。這是關係從句「which seeks to block the legislation」的簡化形式。
The government passed a new bill aiming to reduce carbon emissions.
政府通過了一項旨在減少碳排放的新法案。
EN： In the United States, federalism allows individual states to enact their own laws, which can sometimes lead to legal conflicts with other states or the federal government. When a 'coalition of states' (usually led by state Attorneys General of a particular political party) files a lawsuit against another state's policy, it highlights the deep political and regulatory divisions across the country, especially regarding environmental standards set by progressive states like California.
中文： 在美國聯邦制下，各州有權制定自己的法律，這有時會引發與他州或聯邦政府的法律衝突。當「多州聯盟」（通常由特定政黨的州檢察總長領導）對另一州的政策提起訴訟時，這凸顯了全美各地深層的政治與監管分歧，特別是針對像加利福尼亞州等進步州所制定的環保標準。
EN： The use of 'that' as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'argue'. This structure is essential in formal and academic writing to report claims, beliefs, or findings.
中文： 使用「that」作為連接詞來引導名詞子句，作為報導動詞「argue」（辯稱/主張）的直接受詞。此結構在正式與學術寫作中至關重要，用於陳述主張、信念或研究結果。
The researchers argued that the initial data had been misinterpreted.
研究人員辯稱，最初的數據被誤讀了。
EN： The past participle phrase 'headquartered outside California' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'manufacturers'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who are headquartered outside California'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「headquartered outside California」（總部設在加利福尼亞州以外）用作形容詞，修飾名詞「manufacturers」（製造商）。這是一個簡化關係子句，由「who are headquartered outside California」縮減而來。
Companies headquartered in Europe must comply with strict data privacy regulations.
總部設在歐洲的公司必須遵守嚴格的數據隱私法規。
EN： The non-restrictive relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause modifying 'manufacturers', with the adverb 'nonetheless' inserted to express contrast ('nevertheless' or 'in spite of that') within the clause.
中文： 非限定關係代名詞「who」引導一個修飾「manufacturers」的關係子句，並在子句中插入副詞「nonetheless」（儘管如此），以表達對比或讓步語氣。
He hired a private tutor for his daughter, who nonetheless struggled with the advanced calculus curriculum.
他為女兒請了私人教師，但儘管如此，她學習高等微積分課程依然很吃力。
EN： This sentence reflects the complex legal and economic dynamics of US federalism. California, having the largest state economy in the US, often passes stringent environmental regulations. Because its consumer market is so vast, manufacturers nationwide are practically forced to comply with California's standards to remain competitive, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the 'California Effect'.
中文： 這句話反映了美國聯邦制下複雜的法律與經濟動態。加利福尼亞州作為美國最大的州級經濟體，經常通過極其嚴格的環保法規。由於其消費市場極為龐大，全國的製造商實際上被迫遵守加利福尼亞州的標準以保持競爭力，這種現象在經濟學和政治學中被稱為「加州效應」（California Effect）。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has also shifted') is used with 'since' to describe an action or state that began in the past (triggered by the past simple 'curtailed') and continues to have relevance or effect in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（'has also shifted'）與 'since' 連用，用於描述一個始於過去（由過去簡單式 'curtailed' 所觸發）並對現在持續產生影響或關聯的動作或狀態。
The tech industry has evolved rapidly since the government introduced the new data privacy regulations.
自從政府推出新的數據隱私法規以來，科技產業便迅速發展。
EN： The present participle clause ('leaving..., and undermining...') acts as an adverbial clause of result, indicating an automatic consequence of the main clause's action.
中文： 現在分詞引導的子句（'leaving..., and undermining...'）在此作為結果狀語子句，表示主句動作所帶來的必然結果或後續影響。
The heavy rainstorm damaged the local power grid, leaving thousands of residents without electricity and forcing schools to close.
暴風雨破壞了當地的電網，導致數千名居民斷電，並迫使學校停課。
EN： The verb 'leave' followed by an object and an adjective ('leaving domestic markets oversaturated') functions as a causative structure, meaning to cause someone or something to remain in a particular state.
中文： 動詞 'leave' 後接受詞和形容詞（'leaving domestic markets oversaturated'）構成使役結構，表示使某人或某事保持在某種特定狀態。
The sudden cancellation of the flight left many passengers stranded at the airport.
航班的突然取消使許多旅客滯留在機場。
EN： The sentence refers to a major turning point in global environmental policy: China's 'National Sword' policy implemented in 2018, which drastically banned the import of most plastic waste. This forced Western nations, particularly the United States, to confront their own waste management limitations, leading to domestic oversupply and a re-evaluation of recycling economics.
中文： 本句提及了全球環保政策的一個重大轉折點：中國於 2018 年實施的「國門利劍」政策，該政策嚴格禁止進口大多數塑膠廢料。這迫使西方國家（尤其是美國）不得不面對自身廢棄物處理能力的局限，進而導致國內垃圾過剩，並促使各界重新評估回收產業的經濟效益。
EN： The present participle clause ('contending that...') acts as an adverbial clause of accompaniment or manner, describing an action that happens at the same time as the main verb ('have expressed'). It is a common feature of formal written English to pack additional information or explanations into a single sentence.
中文： 現在分詞引導的從句（如 'contending that...'）在此作伴隨狀語，用以描述與主句動詞（'have expressed'）同時發生的動作或狀態。這是正式書面英語中常見的句型，能在單一句子中融入更多補充說明或解釋。
The government announced the new policy, hoping to stimulate economic growth.
政府公佈了新政策，希望能刺激經濟增長。
EN： The 'too + adjective + to-infinitive' structure is used to express that something is of such an excess degree that a certain result cannot happen (negative implication). Here, 'too timid to address' means the legislation is so timid that it cannot adequately address the crisis.
中文： 「too + 形容詞 + 不定詞（to-infinitive）」結構用於表示某事物的程度過於極端，以至於無法達成某種結果（具否定含意）。在此處，「too timid to address」表示該法案過於溫和，以至於無法妥善解決危機。
The problem is too complex for the committee to solve in one day.
這個問題太過複雜，委員會無法在一天之內解決。
EN： The idiom 'the opposite end of the spectrum' is used to describe a position, opinion, or status that is completely contrary to another one being discussed. In this context, it contrasts the environmentalists' view (that the law is too weak) with the industry's view (that the law is too burdensome).
中文： 成語「the opposite end of the spectrum」（光譜的另一端）用於描述與正在討論的另一種立場、觀點或狀態完全相反的情況。在此語境中，它將環保人士的觀點（認為法律太軟弱）與工業界的觀點（認為法律負擔過重）進行了對比。
While some experts predict a market crash, others at the opposite end of the spectrum foresee unprecedented growth.
雖然一些專家預測市場會崩盤，但處於對立立場的其他專家則預見了前所未有的增長。
EN： In political and policy debates in the United States, the metaphor of the 'spectrum' (often referring to the political spectrum from left to right) is frequently used. Environmental groups typically occupy the progressive/left end, demanding stricter regulations, while industrial groups occupy the conservative/business-friendly end. This sentence highlights the classic policy challenge where a compromise law satisfies neither extreme.
中文： 在美國的政治與政策辯論中，「spectrum」（光譜，通常指從左翼到右翼的政治光譜）這一比喻經常被使用。環保團體通常佔據進步/左翼的一端，要求更嚴格的監管；而工業集團則佔據保守/親商的一端。本句突顯了經典的政策困境：一項折衷的法案往往無法滿足任何極端的立場。
EN： Negative Inversion with 'Not only... but also...': When 'not only' is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the auxiliary verb (or 'do/does/did') are inverted. The second clause typically contains 'but (also)' or 'but... as well' in its standard word order.
中文： 「Not only... but also...」（不僅……而且……）的否定倒裝：當「not only」置於句首以示強調時，主詞與助動詞（或 do/does/did）須進行倒裝。第二個子句則通常以正常語序呈現，並包含「but (also)」或「but... as well」。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
她不僅提前完成了專案，而且還控制在預算之內。
EN： The Emphatic Use of 'Very' as an Adjective: When 'very' is used as an adjective modifying a noun (e.g., 'the very groups'), it means 'actual', 'precise', or 'exact'. It is used to emphasize that the noun is exactly the one being referred to, often highlighting an ironic or surprising connection.
中文： 形容詞「very」的強調用法：當「very」用作形容詞修飾名詞時（例如「the very groups」），意為「正是、恰好是、同一的」。它用於強調該名詞正是所指的對象，通常用來突顯某種諷刺或令人驚訝的關聯。
He was betrayed by the very person he had tried to protect.
他竟然被他一直試圖保護的那個人背叛了。
EN： Relative Clause with Omitted Relative Pronoun: In the phrase 'the very groups [that/whom] it was ostensibly designed to appease', the relative pronoun (acting as the object of the infinitive 'to appease') is omitted. This is common in formal and written English to make the sentence more concise.
中文： 關係代名詞省略的關係子句：在「the very groups [that/whom] it was ostensibly designed to appease」這一結構中，關係代名詞（作為不定詞「to appease」的受格）被省略了。這在正式和書面英語中很常見，能使句子更為精煉。
The strategy achieved the goals it was originally formulated to reach.
該策略達成了其最初制定所旨在實現的目標。
EN： This sentence reflects the complex political landscape of environmental policy in the United States. In the US federal system, individual states (like California) often pass pioneering environmental laws. However, these laws frequently face 'legal challenges from conservative states' who argue such regulations interfere with interstate commerce. Simultaneously, the phrase 'groups it was ostensibly designed to appease' refers to environmental advocacy groups, highlighting the irony that even progressive policies are often criticized by environmentalists for not being radical or strict enough.
中文： 這句話反映了美國環境政策背後複雜的政治生態。在美國的聯邦體制下，個別州（如加利福尼亞州）經常通過先驅性的環保法律。然而，這些法律往往面臨「來自保守派州份的法律挑戰」，後者認為此類監管干涉了跨州貿易。同時，句中「表面上旨在安撫的群體」指的是環保倡議團體，這突顯了一種諷刺現象：即使是進步派的政策，也經常被環保主義者批評不夠激進或不夠嚴格。
EN： The sentence begins with a noun clause introduced by 'Whether', which functions as the complete subject of the main verb 'remains'. This structure is used to present an open possibility or alternative ('whether or not') as the topic of discussion.
中文： 本句以 'Whether' 引導的名詞子句開頭，該子句在句中擔任主要動詞 'remains' 的完整主詞。這種結構用於將一種不確定的可能性或選擇（即「是否」）作為討論的主題。
Whether the new policy will be accepted by the public remains to be seen.
新政策是否會被大眾接受仍有待觀察。
EN： The verb 'remain' is used here as a linking verb (copula) meaning 'to continue to be'. It is followed by a noun phrase complement ('an open question') to describe the ongoing state of the subject.
中文： 動詞 'remain' 在此處用作連繫動詞，意思是「保持、依然是」。其後接名詞片語補語（'an open question'），用以描述主詞持續處於的狀態。
Despite the peace talks, the border situation remains a major concern.
儘管進行了和平談判，邊境局勢依然是一個主要令人擔憂的問題。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with far-reaching implications' functions as an adjectival modifier describing 'an open question'. 'Far-reaching' is a compound adjective meaning having important and widely applicable effects.
中文： 介系詞片語 'with far-reaching implications' 作為形容詞性修飾語，修飾前面的 'an open question'。其中 'far-reaching' 是一個複合形容詞，意為「影響深遠的」。
The supreme court's decision has far-reaching implications for digital privacy.
最高法院的裁決對數位隱私有著深遠的影響。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 開創性的、先驅的，指在某個領域首創或引領新趨勢的
在本文中： 強制執行、立法授權，指透過法律或官方命令要求某事必須執行
在本文中： 補救、糾正、改善（不良狀況或損害）
在本文中： 激勵、鼓勵，指透過提供獎勵或誘因來促使某人採取行動
在本文中： 被迫的、強迫的，指受到法律、環境或道德力量驅使而不得不做某事
在本文中： 吹捧、宣傳，指極力讚揚或宣傳某事物的優點（有時帶有誇大意味）
在本文中： 合規、順從，指遵守法律、法規或行業標準的行為
在本文中： 縮減、限制，指減少或限制某事物的數量或範圍
在本文中： 可行性、生存能力，指計畫、方案或系統在經濟或實際運作上成功的可能性
在本文中： 平息、安撫，指透過滿足對方的要求來消除其不滿或憤怒
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The gradual discontinuation or elimination of something over time.
逐步淘汰、分階段廢除
Newly manufactured plastic resin produced directly from petrochemical feedstocks, containing no recycled materials.
原生塑料、新料
An excessive, unfair, or unjustifiable difficulty or cost imposed on someone.
過度負擔、不合理的負擔
A matter or issue that has not yet been decided, resolved, or answered with certainty.
仍是未知數、尚無定論