EN： In news headlines, the infinitive ('to + verb') is frequently used to indicate future actions or plans instead of 'will' or 'is going to'.
中文： 在新聞標題中，常用「不定詞（to + 動詞原形）」來表示即將發生的未來事件或計劃，省略了 be 動詞或 will 以節省版面。
Government to introduce new carbon tax next month.
政府將於下個月推出新的碳稅。
EN： The present participle clause (', causing...') acts as an adverbial of result, describing the inevitable consequence of the main clause action.
中文： 現在分詞子句（', causing...'）在此作為結果狀語，用來補充說明主句動作所帶來的直接或必然結果。
Heavy rain flooded the streets, causing traffic chaos.
大雨淹沒了街道，導致交通混亂。
EN： David Jones is Australia's oldest and most iconic upmarket department store, founded in 1838. In recent years, traditional department stores globally have faced intense pressure from e-commerce and specialized retailers, making store closures a major economic and cultural talking point in Australia.
中文： 大衛瓊斯創立於 1838 年，是澳洲歷史最悠久且最具指標性的高級百貨公司。近年來受到電商衝擊與專門店競爭，傳統百貨業陷入困境，因此其門市大規模關閉在澳洲屬於相當重大的財經與民生新聞。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' (set off by commas) to provide extra, non-essential information about a proper noun or specific noun. It cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句：由逗號隔開、並以關代「which」引導，用來為專有名詞（如 David Jones）提供額外的補充資訊。此類非限定子句不可使用「that」替代。
Harrods, which is a famous luxury department store in London, attracts millions of tourists every year.
倫敦著名的奢華百貨公司哈洛德，每年吸引數百萬名遊客。
EN： The quantifier phrase 'half of + noun phrase' expresses 50% of an amount or collection. Before determiners like possessives (its), 'of' is used ('half of its stores').
中文： 數量詞片語「half of + 名詞詞組」表示某事物或群體的一半（50%）。當後面接所有格等限定詞（如 its）時，通常搭配介係詞 of（例如 half of its stores）。
The company decided to sell half of its shares to private investors.
該公司決定將其一半的股份出售給私人投資者。
EN： David Jones, founded in Sydney in 1838, is Australia's oldest continuously operating department store chain and one of the oldest in the world. It long represented upscale retail and prestige shopping in Australian urban life, making its major store closures and financial struggles a significant national news event.
中文： 大衛瓊斯（David Jones）於 1838 年在雪梨創立，是澳洲歷史最悠久且持續營運至今的連鎖百貨公司，也是全球歷史最悠久的百貨之一。它長期代表著澳洲都市生活中的高端精緻零售象徵，因此其大規模關店與財務危機在澳洲引發了廣泛的社會與經濟關注。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle, e.g., 'had suffered') is used to describe an action that was completed before another past event ('collapsed'). It clarifies the chronological sequence of past events.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞，例如 had suffered）用來表示在過去某個事件（如 collapsed）之前就已經發生並完成的動作。它能清楚交代過去事件發生的時間先後順序。
She had already left the office before the manager called.
在經理打電話來之前，她就已經離開辦公室了。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a dependent adverbial time clause ('after it had suffered heavy losses for several years'), showing why or when the main clause event occurred.
中文： 從屬連接詞 'after' 用於引導時間副詞子句（after it had suffered heavy losses for several years），說明主要子句事件發生的時間點或前因。
He decided to sell the car after it had broken down three times.
在車子拋錨三次之後，他決定把它賣掉。
EN： In Australian corporate law, 'voluntary administration' is an insolvency procedure where an independent administrator takes control of a struggling company to assess whether it can be saved or should be liquidated. It is similar to Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the US.
中文： 在澳洲破產法中，「voluntary administration」（自願接管程序）是指當公司面臨財務困難時，由獨立接管人接管業務，評估公司是否有重組轉機或必須清算拍賣。這相當於美國的破產法第十一章（Chapter 11）破產保護程序。
EN： A relative clause introduced by 'that' is used here as a defining relative clause to modify the noun 'restructure'. 'That' acts as the subject of the clause, followed by the verb phrase 'will lead to'.
中文： 此處使用由「that」引導的關係子句（形容詞子句），用來限定修飾先行詞「restructure」（重組）。「that」在關係子句中擔任主詞，接續動詞片語「will lead to」。
The company introduced a new policy that will improve working conditions.
該公司推出了一項將改善工作環境的新政策。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or result in a particular situation. It is followed by a noun or gerund.
中文： 動詞片語「lead to」意為「導致、引起」，後面須接名詞或動名詞作為受詞。
Poor communication can lead to serious misunderstandings.
溝通不良可能會導致嚴重的誤會。
EN： In corporate law (especially in Commonwealth jurisdictions like Australia and the UK), 'receivers' are independent insolvency practitioners appointed by creditors to take control of an insolvent company's assets to recover debts, often requiring severe restructuring or liquidation.
中文： 在英聯邦法系（如澳洲、英國等）的商業法中，「receivers」（破產管理人／接管人）通常是由債權人指派的專業清算專家，接管陷入財務危機的企業資產以清償債務，過程往往伴隨著重組、關店或大規模裁員。
EN： Compound sentence with 'and': Two independent clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and', separated by a comma. Each clause contains its own subject and predicate.
中文： 對等連接詞「and」構成的複合句：兩個獨立子句由對等連接詞「and」連接，前方通常會加上逗號。每個子句各自具有獨立的主詞與述語結構。
The company launched a new website, and customers responded very positively.
該公司推出了一個新網站，而顧客的反響非常積極。
EN： Present Perfect Passive voice ('have been told'): Formed by 'have/has + been + past participle'. It indicates an action that was received/completed prior to the present moment, emphasizing the result rather than who delivered the message.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（have been told）：結構為「have/has + been + 過去分詞（p.p.）」。表示在現在之前已經承受或完成的動作，強調目前的狀態或結果，而非主動執行告知的人是誰。
All passengers have been informed about the flight delay.
所有乘客均已收到班機延誤的通知。
EN： David Jones is Australia's oldest and most iconic luxury department store chain, founded in 1838. In corporate communication and business journalism, the passive phrase 'have been told about the closures' reflects the legal and ethical requirement for companies to consult and inform affected workers directly before public announcements are finalized.
中文： 大衛瓊斯（David Jones）創立於 1838 年，是澳洲歷史最悠久且最具代表性的頂級百貨公司連鎖品牌。在商務新聞報導中，使用「have been told about the closures（已被告知關店消息）」這種被動語態，反映出企業在面臨裁員或縮編時，通常有義務在正式對外宣佈前先行通知並諮商受影響員工的職場慣例。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund ('keep + V-ing') means to continue doing an action without stopping. It often expresses persistence or habitual continuity.
中文： 動詞「keep」後面接動名詞（keep + V-ing），表示「持續、一直做某動作」，強調該行為不間斷或維持現狀。
He kept working even after everyone else had left.
即使其他人都離開了，他仍繼續工作。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is used to talk about anticipated events or future predictions based on current plans or beliefs. It means 'something is anticipated to happen'.
中文： 被動結構「be expected to + 原形動詞」用來表達根據目前的規劃、消息或預期，某件事預計會發生，意為「預期／預計會……」。
The train is expected to arrive at noon.
火車預計將在中午抵達。
EN： In British and Australian business contexts, the verb 'trade' is standard for 'do business' or 'operate' (e.g., 'trading hours' means opening hours). In American English, 'remain open' or 'continue operating' is more commonly used.
中文： 在英國與澳洲的商務用語中，「trade」常作為「營業、開門做生意」的意思（例如「trading hours」即營業時間）。相較之下，美式英語更習慣使用「stay open」或「continue operating」。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has struggled', 'have taken') is formed using 'have/has + past participle'. It indicates actions that began in the past and continue into or have a direct impact on the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has struggled、have taken）由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成，在此用來表達過去發生且持續影響到現在的狀態或動作結果。
Many local bookstores have closed because digital reading has become popular.
許多在地書店已經歇業，因為數位閱讀已變得普及。
EN： The subordinate conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('because online shops and smaller upmarket stores have taken...'), explaining the cause behind the main clause's action.
中文： 從屬連詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋主要子句「The company has struggled」發生的根本原因。
She stayed home because the weather was stormy.
她待在家裡，因為外頭暴風雨肆虐。
EN： 'Upmarket' (mainly British and Australian English, equivalent to 'upscale' in American English) describes goods, services, or shops designed for high-income customers. Traditional department stores globally have faced severe pressure from both cheap e-commerce and specialized upmarket boutiques.
中文： 「Upmarket」（主要見於英式與澳式英語，美式英語常稱作 upscale）指專門鎖定高消費客群的高檔商品或精品店。全球傳統大型百貨公司普遍同時面臨平價電商崛起與特色高檔專門店的雙重夾擊。
EN： The verb 'tell' takes an indirect object (someone) followed by a direct object, often in the form of a 'that'-clause: 'tell + someone + that-clause'. In reported speech, tenses often shift back (e.g., 'can' becomes 'could').
中文： 動詞「tell」的句型為「tell + 間接受詞 (人) + that 子句 (直接受詞)」，用來轉述某人說的話。在間接敘述（Reported Speech）中，主要子句若是過去式（told），從屬子句的助動詞通常也要配合時態後退（例如 can 變為 could）。
The manager told the team that they needed to improve sales.
經理告訴團隊，他們需要提升銷售額。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (-ing form) or an infinitive (to + verb) with virtually no difference in meaning: 'continue doing something' or 'continue to do something'.
中文： 動詞「continue」（繼續）後方可接動名詞（V-ing）或不定詞（to V），兩者語意幾乎相同：「continue doing sth」或「continue to do sth」。
Despite the storm, they continued working on the project.
儘管有暴風雨，他們仍繼續進行該專案。
EN： In corporate crisis communications, especially regarding insolvency or administration, leaders often reassure or inform 'suppliers' early on. Maintaining clear communication with suppliers is critical because suppliers supply the goods on credit and risk severe financial losses if the retailer fails.
中文： 在企業面臨破產或重組危機時，向「供應商（suppliers）」發布說明是極具關鍵性的公關與營運步驟。零售業極度依賴供應商提供賒銷貨品，若缺乏溝通可能導致供應商立即斷貨，加速企業倒閉。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： （公司或體系）倒閉、崩潰
在本文中： 破產管理人，接管人
在本文中： 緊急的，迫切的
在本文中： 重組，改組
在本文中： 停業，倒閉，關閉
在本文中： 艱難奮鬥，掙扎求存
在本文中： 高檔的，高級的
在本文中： 供應商，供貨商
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A process where an insolvent company places itself in the hands of an independent administrator to assess all options.
自願接管，自願託管
The situation in which people lose their jobs, typically as a result of company cutbacks or closures.
失業，裁員
Large amounts of money lost by a business over a period of time.
嚴重虧損，巨額損失
A large retail store selling a wide variety of goods organized into separate departments.
百貨公司