EN： Non-defining relative clauses (set off by commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' refers back to 'David Jones'. Removing this clause still leaves a grammatically complete sentence.
中文： 非限定關係子句（前後用逗號隔開）用來提供名詞的補充說明，省略後句子結構依然完整。這裡的關係代名詞 'which' 代替先行詞「大衛瓊斯」。
Harrods, which is a famous luxury department store in London, attracts millions of visitors each year.
哈洛德百貨是倫敦著名的高級百貨公司，每年吸引數百萬名遊客。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has gone') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. Here, it connects a recent past event to the present moment, especially when combined with a current time frame like 'this week'.
中文： 現在完成式由「have/has + 過去分詞」構成。在此處用來描述剛發生且與現狀相關的事件，並搭配尚未結束的時間副詞「this week（本週）」。
The tech company has entered liquidation this month.
這家科技公司已於這個月進入清算程序。
EN： In Australian commercial law, 'voluntary administration' is an insolvency procedure where an independent administrator takes control of a struggling company to evaluate whether it can be restructured, sold, or liquidated. It is similar to Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization in the United States.
中文： 在澳洲商事法中，「自願託管」（voluntary administration）是一種破產重組程序。公司董事在無力償債時主動任命獨立破產託管人，評估公司是否能重組重整、整體出售或最終清算。這類似於美國的破產法第十一章（Chapter 11）重組保護。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been', 'has lost') is used here to describe an ongoing state or action that started in the past and continues into the present, especially when combined with time expressions like 'for many years'.
中文： 現在完成式（has been, has lost）在此用來描述從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態或動作，特別常與「for + 一段時間」（如 for many years）搭配使用。
The company has faced severe challenges for several months.
這家公司幾個月來一直面臨嚴峻的挑戰。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphens: When numbers and nouns function together as an adjective before a noun, hyphens are used and the noun remains singular (e.g., '188-year-old', not '188-years-old').
中文： 連字號複合形容詞：當數字與名詞組合置於名詞前做修飾時，需用連字號連接且名詞保持單數形式（例如「188-year-old」，而非「188-years-old」）。
They bought a 50-year-old historic house in the city.
他們在城裡買下了一棟有50年歷史的老房子。
EN： Founded in 1838, David Jones is one of the world's oldest continuously operating department stores. In Australian retail culture, it represents a traditional upscale shopping experience, making its financial collapse a major national news event.
中文： 大衛瓊斯創立於1838年，是全球營運歷史最悠久的百貨公司之一。在澳洲零售文化中，它象徵著傳統的高端購物體驗，因此其陷入財務危機成為震撼全澳的重大新聞焦點。
EN： The phrasal verb 'fall behind on (something)' means to fail to keep up with a schedule or make payments on time. 'Rent' is the noun object of the preposition 'on'.
中文： 片語動詞「fall behind on (something)」表示「在……方面落後、拖欠（款項）」，此處接名詞 rent 作為介系詞 on 的受詞。
He fell behind on his mortgage payments after losing his job.
失業後，他的房貸繳款便拖欠了。
EN： The phrase 'the owner of Westfield' functions as an appositive (同位語), set off by commas, giving extra explanatory information about the preceding noun phrase 'its main landlord'.
中文： 「the owner of Westfield」作為「同位語（appositive）」，前後用逗號隔開，用來補充說明前面的名詞片語「its main landlord（其主要房東）」。
Mr. Davis, the principal of the school, gave an inspiring speech.
該校校長戴維斯先生發表了鼓舞人心的演講。
EN： Westfield is a major shopping centre operator founded in Australia, well-known globally. In Australia, large department stores like David Jones often serve as anchor tenants in Westfield malls, making Westfield their primary commercial landlord.
中文： 西田（Westfield）是源自澳洲的知名大型購物中心營運商。在澳洲，像大衛瓊斯這樣的大型百貨通常是西田購物商場的「主力店（anchor tenant）」，因此西田集團也是其最關鍵的商業房東。
EN： The structure 'is being + past participle' forms the Present Continuous Passive. It describes an action currently in progress being done to the subject by an external agent (introduced by 'by').
中文： 「is/am/are being + 過去分詞」構成「現在進行式的被動語態」，用來表示某個動作此時此刻「正在被進行」。此句中 'is being run by' 表示業務目前正由他人營運管理。
The historic building is being renovated by the local government.
這座歷史建築目前正由當地政府進行整修。
EN： 'While' acts as a coordinating subordinating conjunction used to contrast two parallel situations or events happening at the same time, similar to 'whereas'.
中文： 連接詞 'while' 可用來對比兩個同時發生的情況或動作，相當於「然而」或「而」，強調兩者之間的對比關係。
Some employees prefer working from home, while others enjoy the office environment.
有些員工偏好居家辦公，而其他人則喜歡辦公室的環境。
EN： In Australian corporate insolvency law, 'receivers' (appointed by secured creditors to safeguard their assets) and 'administrators' (independent practitioners appointed during voluntary administration to restructure or sell the company) have distinct legal functions, though both step in when a company is in distress.
中文： 在澳洲破產與重組法規中，「接管人」（receivers）通常由有擔保的債權人指派，主要任務是確保並回收資產；而「破產管理人」（administrators）則是在公司自願託管期間指派，專注於重整企業或尋找整體買家。兩者法律職責不同，常在大型破產重組案中並行。
EN： Reported speech with backshift: When introducing past reporting verbs like 'said', the modal verb 'will' shifts back to 'would' in the subordinate 'that' clause to maintain tense harmony.
中文： 間接引語與時態呼應：當主句使用過去式報告動詞（如 said）時，that 引導的名詞子句中的助動詞 will 通常會退回過去式 would，以保持全句時態一致。
The manager said that we would start the project next Monday.
經理表示我們將在下週一開始進行該專案。
EN： Apposition (Appositive noun phrase): 'Christopher Hill' is an appositive renaming and identifying the noun 'receiver', set off by commas to add non-essential descriptive detail.
中文： 同位語（Appositive）：專有名詞「克里斯多福·希爾」作為名詞 receiver 的同位語，用逗號隔開以補充說明該接管人的具體身分。
My colleague, David Chen, organized the entire event.
我的同事陳大衛策劃了整場活動。
EN： In corporate finance and insolvency under Australian law, a 'receiver' is an independent practitioner appointed by secured creditors to take control of specific charged assets, distinct from 'administrators' who oversee the entire business turnaround or liquidation.
中文： 在澳洲公司法與破產程序中，「receiver（接管人／破產管理人）」是由有擔保債權人指定接管受押資產的專業人員，與負責整間公司自願重整或清算的「administrator」職責有所不同。
EN： The reporting verb 'expect' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as a noun clause (direct object) to express a prediction or anticipated event.
中文： 動詞「expect」（預期、預計）後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來表達對未來的預測或推想。
Analysts expect that housing prices will decrease next year.
分析師預計明年的房價將會下跌。
EN： The structure 'will be + past participle' forms the future simple passive voice, indicating an action that will be performed on the subject by an unspecified agent.
中文： 結構「will be + 過去分詞」構成「未來簡單式的被動語態」，表示主詞在未來將會受到某個動作的影響（動作執行者通常省略）。
The final decision will be announced tomorrow.
最終決定將於明天公布。
EN： In Australian geography and urban planning, 'regional areas' refers to towns and regions outside major capital cities (like Sydney or Melbourne), while 'outer suburbs' refers to residential areas on the distant outskirts of these metropolises. When department stores cut costs, these non-central locations are typically the first to face closures due to lower foot traffic.
中文： 在澳洲的地理與都市規劃概念中，「regional areas」（偏遠／地方區域）指各大首府（如雪梨、墨爾本）以外的城鎮或鄉村，而「outer suburbs」（外郊）則是都市最外圍的住宅區。當大型百貨公司面臨營運重整時，這些遠離精華商圈且人流較少的門市通常會最先面臨關閉。
EN： The conjunction 'Because' introduces a subordinate clause of cause and effect (adverbial clause). When the adverbial clause comes before the main clause, a comma is placed between them.
中文： 從屬連詞「Because」（因為）引導原因副詞子句。當副詞子句置於主要子句之前時，兩者之間通常需用逗號隔開。
Because the company expanded too quickly, it faced serious cash flow problems.
因為該公司擴張過快，它面臨了嚴重的現金流問題。
EN： The idiom 'at risk' functions as a prepositional phrase meaning 'in danger of being lost, harmed, or destroyed'. It often follows linking verbs like 'be'.
中文： 片語「at risk」為介系詞片語，意思是「處於危險之中、面臨風險」，常置於連繫動詞（如 be 動詞）之後作主詞補詞。
Without immediate financial support, hundreds of small businesses are at risk.
若無立即的財務支援，數百家小型企業將面臨倒閉風險。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 高級的；高端的，針對高收入客群的
在本文中： 零售商；零售業店鋪
在本文中： 房東；地主（此指商場場地出租者）
在本文中： 破產接管人；破產財產託管人
在本文中： 破產管理人；行政清盤人
在本文中： 郊區；城郊住宅區
在本文中： 偏遠地區的；鄉鎮地區的（相對於都會區）
在本文中： 僱用；聘用
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A formal process where an insolvent company places itself in the hands of an independent administrator to assess future options.
自願接管；自願清盤程序
To fail to keep up a schedule or make payments on time.
拖欠（款項）；落後於（進度）
To fail or collapse, especially in negotiations or relationships.
（談判、關係）破裂；失敗
In a dangerous situation or vulnerable to loss, harm, or damage.
面臨危險；處於險境中