EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has/have + past participle') is used here to report recent news or events that have relevance to the present. The verb 'set' has irregular past and participle forms: set - set - set.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此用於報導剛發生的新聞事件，強調該事件對現今的影響或關聯。動詞「set」為不規則變化（set - set - set）。
Electric vehicle sales have reached a historic high this month.
電動車的銷量在該月份達到了歷史新高。
EN： The collocation 'set a record' means to achieve a new best result or performance that has not been reached before. Modifiers like 'new' or 'world' often precede 'record'.
中文： 常見搭配詞「set a record」表示「創下紀錄」，指達到前所未有的最佳成果或表現。名詞「record」前常加上「new」（新）或「world」（世界）等修飾詞。
The athlete set a new record in the 100-meter sprint.
這位運動員在百米短跑中創下了新紀錄。
EN： Australia has one of the highest uptakes of household rooftop solar panels in the world, largely due to its vast sunlight and government renewable targets, making renewable energy records frequent news topics.
中文： 澳洲是全球家用屋頂太陽能普及率最高的國家之一，這得益於其豐沛的日照資源與政府的能源轉型政策，因此再生能源發電比例創新高常成為當地的重要新聞話題。
EN： Compound subjects consist of two or more nouns or noun phrases joined by a conjunction (like 'and'). Here, 'solar power' and 'wind generation' act together as the plural subject followed by the adverb 'together' to emphasize their combined effect.
中文： 複合主詞（Compound Subject）是由兩個或多個名詞（短語）經由連接詞（如 'and'）組合而成。在此句中，「solar power」與「wind generation」共同構成主詞，後接副詞「together」強調兩者結合的整體效果。
Apples and oranges together provide a rich source of essential vitamins.
蘋果與柳橙加在一起提供了豐富的必需維生素來源。
EN： Percentages followed by 'of + noun phrase' denote proportions of an amount or quantity (e.g., '80.4% of the electricity demand'). In such structures, the verb agrees with the true subject/quantity or the noun following 'of' depending on countability.
中文： 「百分比 + of + 名詞短語」結構用於表達某數量的比例（例如「80.4% of the electricity demand」）。此句中作為及物動詞 provided 的直接受詞，明確指涉特定總量中的一部分。
The company completed nearly 70% of the construction project before winter.
該公司在入冬前完成了將近 70% 的建築工程。
EN： Australia's 'main power grid' refers to the National Electricity Market (NEM), which spans across the eastern and southern states. Due to Australia's abundant sunshine, rooftop solar adoption per capita is among the highest in the world, frequently allowing renewables to set generation records.
中文： 澳洲的「主要電網」指的是國家電力市場（National Electricity Market, NEM），涵蓋東部與南部各州。澳洲日照充足，家戶屋頂太陽能板普及率位居全球前列，因此再生能源常在天氣晴朗時創下發電佔比新高。
EN： The verb 'mean' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as the direct object (noun clause), explaining the implication or conclusion drawn from the subject.
中文： 動詞「means」後面接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來說明主詞所代表的含義、結果或推論。
The latest report indicates that global temperatures are continuing to rise.
最新報告指出全球氣溫正持續上升。
EN： Past participle used as a post-positive modifier: 'used' comes after the noun phrase 'the total power' to describe the power that was consumed (short for 'which was used').
中文： 過去分詞後置修飾：分詞「used」放在名詞短語「the total power」之後作後置修飾，相當於「which was used」（所消耗/使用的總電力）。
Please turn off all the equipment used during the experiment.
請關閉實驗期間所使用的所有設備。
EN： Australia has historically relied heavily on coal and gas for base-load electricity generation. Reaching an 80% renewable share, even temporarily, is considered an extraordinary shift in the country's energy transition debate.
中文： 澳洲歷史上極度依賴煤炭與天然氣提供基載電力。因此，即便只是暫時達到 80% 以上由再生能源供電，在澳洲能源轉型議題中都是極具指標意義的重大里程碑。
EN： The adverb 'alone' placed immediately after a noun phrase means 'only' or 'exclusively by themselves', emphasizing that nothing else was needed to achieve this result.
中文： 副詞「alone」置於名詞片語後方，表示「光是……」、「單單……」，用以強調不需要其他事物介入，單憑該主體就能達成某種結果。
The ticket sales alone covered the entire cost of the event.
光是門票銷售就涵蓋了整場活動的全部成本。
EN： The relative clause 'that was used on the national electricity market' is a defining (restrictive) relative clause modifying the noun 'power', introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' and using the passive voice ('was used').
中文： 「that was used on the national electricity market」為限定關係子句，修飾先行詞「power」。此處關係代名詞「that」在子句中作主詞，並搭配被動語態「was used」（被使用）。
He answered all questions that were asked during the interview.
他回答了面試期間被問到的所有問題。
EN： In Australia, residential rooftop solar has seen world-leading adoption rates, with over one in three freestanding homes equipped with solar panels. The 'National Electricity Market' (NEM) operates an interconnected power grid covering Australia's eastern and southern states, where small-scale rooftop solar has increasingly outpaced utility-scale fossil generators during midday hours.
中文： 澳洲的住宅屋頂太陽能普及率位居全球前列，超過三分之一的獨立住宅安裝了太陽能板。「國家電力市場」（NEM）運營著涵蓋澳洲東部及南部各州的互聯電網；在正午陽光充沛時，分散式屋頂太陽能發電量已多次超過大型化石燃料電廠的總出力。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used followed by a duration of time (e.g., 'for about 30 minutes') to indicate how long an action or state lasts.
中文： 介系詞「for」後面接時間長度（如「for about 30 minutes」），用來表示某個動作或狀態持續了多久（時間長度）。
We waited for about twenty minutes before the bus arrived.
我們在公車到達前等了大約二十分鐘。
EN： The preposition 'around' is used here to indicate an approximate point in time (e.g., 'around lunchtime' means approximately at lunchtime).
中文： 介系詞「around」在此處表示「大約在某個時間點」（例如「around lunchtime」表示大約在午餐時間左右）。
I will meet you around five o'clock.
我會在五點左右和你碰面。
EN： In solar energy generation, 'around lunchtime' (typically between 11:30 AM and 1:30 PM) represents peak solar irradiance when rooftop and utility-scale solar output reaches its maximum daily potential.
中文： 在太陽能發電領域，「lunchtime」（午餐時間，約上午 11:30 至下午 1:30）是一天中日照最強烈的時段，屋頂太陽能板及大型太陽能發電廠的發電量通常會在此時達到全日最高峰。
EN： A relative clause beginning with 'which' is used here to define and give essential information about the noun 'grid' (defining relative clause). Because 'grid' is a singular noun, the verb inside the relative clause takes third-person singular form ('supplies').
中文： 此處使用由關係代名詞「which」引導的關係子句（限定修飾），用來說明先行詞「grid（電網）」的具體功能與範圍。由於先行詞為單數名詞，子句中的動詞須使用第三人稱單數形式「supplies」。
This is the pipeline which carries water to the desert region.
這是將水輸送到沙漠地區的管線。
EN： Parallel structure in listing: When listing multiple items in a series ('the eastern states', 'South Australia', and 'the Australian Capital Territory'), items share the same grammatical role as direct objects of the verb 'supplies'. A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction 'and' (known as the Oxford comma).
中文： 對等並列結構：在列舉多個項目時（「the eastern states」、「South Australia」與「the Australian Capital Territory」），各項均作為動詞「supplies」的受詞，並在對等連接詞「and」前使用牛津逗號（Oxford comma）以清楚區分項目。
The company serves Tokyo, Osaka, and the surrounding prefectures.
該公司為東京、大阪及周邊各縣提供服務。
EN： Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM) is one of the world's longest interconnected power systems, spanning around 5,000 kilometers along the eastern and southern coasts. Notably, Western Australia and the Northern Territory are not connected to this grid due to extreme geographical distances.
中文： 澳洲的「國家電力市場」（NEM）是全球覆蓋範圍最長、相連互通的電力網絡之一，沿著東部與南部海岸綿延約 5,000 公里。值得注意的是，由於地理距離遙遠，西澳州與北領地並未接入此全國主要電網，而是擁有各自獨立的供電系統。
EN： The phrasal verb 'contribute to' means to be one of the causes of something or to help bring about a result. The preposition 'to' is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (-ing form), not a base verb.
中文： 動詞片語「contribute to」表示「促成、對……有所貢獻或造成某結果」。其中的「to」是介系詞，後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（V-ing），不可接原形動詞。
Regular exercise contributes to better cardiovascular health.
規律運動有助於促進心血管健康。
EN： When listing three or more items in a series, separate them with commas and place the coordinating conjunction 'and' before the last item (e.g., 'A, B, and C').
中文： 當列舉三個或三個以上的項目時，項目之間以逗號隔開，並在最後一個項目之前加上對等連接詞「and」（例如：A, B, and C）。
Apples, bananas, and oranges are available at the market.
市場上有賣蘋果、香蕉和柳橙。
EN： In English, large installations for renewable energy are called 'farms' (such as 'wind farms' and 'solar farms') because they occupy extensive tracts of rural land, similar to agricultural farms.
中文： 在英文中，大型再生能源發電場常被稱為「farm」（例如「wind farms」風力發電廠、「solar farms」太陽能發電廠），因為這類設施通常座落於廣闊的鄉村土地上，形貌與傳統農場類似。
EN： Reported Speech with Past Backshift: When reporting statements using past tense verbs like 'said', the verbs in the subordinate clause shift back into past tenses (e.g., 'means' → 'meant', 'is powering' → 'was powering').
中文： 間接引語與時態呼應（Reported Speech）：當主要子句使用過去式動詞（如 said）進行轉述時，名詞子句中的動詞通常需呼應退回過去時態（例如 means 變為 meant，is powering 變為 was powering）。
The scientist stated that the new technology was helping many communities.
該科學家表示這項新技術正在幫助許多社區。
EN： Comparative Construction 'more ... than ever before': Used to emphasize that the current degree or quantity of something exceeds any previous level in history.
中文： 比較級結構「more ... than ever before」（比以往任何時候都更……）：用來強調某事物的程度或數量超越了過去所有的紀錄或經歷。
The company produced more electric cars this year than ever before.
該公司今年生產的電動車比以往任何時候都多。
EN： In Australian politics, the energy portfolio is often titled 'Climate Change and Energy', underscoring the nation's rapid transition from traditional coal power to wind and solar resources.
中文： 在澳洲政壇中，能源部長的全稱通常為「氣候變化與能源部長（Minister for Climate Change and Energy）」，這突顯了澳洲從傳統燃煤發電轉型為風力與太陽能等再生能源的政策核心重點。
EN： The reporting verb 'added' introduces a nominal 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object. Inside this noun clause, the modal verb 'should' expresses a reasonable expectation or probability rather than strict obligation.
中文： 轉述動詞「added」（補充說）引導一個由「that」帶領的名詞子句，作為主要子句的受詞。子句內的助動詞「should」在此處表示合理推測或期待（「應該會……」），而非義務或命令。
The spokesperson added that prices should return to normal by next month.
發言人補充說，物價下個月前應該會恢復正常。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the expectation is justified. The phrasal verb 'work on' means to spend time and effort improving or developing something.
中文： 連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋為什麼會有上述的預期。片語動詞「work on」表示「致力於、從事」某項工作或發展。
We are confident because the team is working on innovative solutions.
我們很有信心，因為團隊正在致力於創新的解決方案。
EN： In modern climate policy discussions, 'energy transition' refers to the global shift from fossil fuel-based energy production (coal, oil, gas) to renewable, carbon-neutral sources like wind and solar. In Australia, this is a major subject of national public debate and policy planning.
中文： 在當前氣候與環保政策中，「energy transition」（能源轉型）特指從依賴化石燃料（煤炭、石油、天然氣）轉變為以太陽能、風能等再生能源為主的過程。在澳洲，這是一項極受矚目的重大國家政策與公共議題。
EN： An 'appositive' is a noun phrase placed next to another noun to rename or describe it. Here, 'an energy systems researcher at the University of New South Wales' is an appositive set off by commas, describing who 'Doctor Dylan McConnell' is.
中文： 「同位語」（appositive）是指放在另一個名詞旁邊、用來說明或補充該名詞身分的名詞片語。在此句中，由逗號隔開的「an energy systems researcher at the University of New South Wales」即為同位語，用來詳細介紹「狄倫·麥康奈爾博士」的專業頭銜與所屬單位。
Professor Jane Smith, a leading climate scientist at Oxford, published a new paper.
牛津大學頂尖氣候學家珍·史密斯教授發表了一篇新論文。
EN： The pattern 'describe + [something] + as + [noun phrase/adjective]' is used to state what you think someone or something is like, or to give a particular characterization to it.
中文： 「describe + [受詞] + as + [名詞片語/形容詞]」結構表示「將……描述/形容為……」，用來表達對某人或某事物的定性或看法。
The manager described the new project as a major opportunity for the team.
經理將這個新專案形容為團隊的重大機會。
EN： In news and academic reporting, experts are frequently introduced with their full academic title ('Doctor' or 'Professor'), followed immediately by an appositive clause specifying their specific discipline and institution. This establishes authority and credibility (ethos) for general readers.
中文： 在英語新聞與學術報導中，專家初次登場時常使用完整尊稱（如 Doctor 或 Professor），並緊跟以逗號隔開的同位語來說明其具體研究領域與所屬大學／機構。這種寫法能迅速向讀者建立消息來源的專業度與公信力。
EN： The verb 'explain' is followed by a noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that'. The noun clause functions as the direct object of 'explained'. When the main clause is in the past tense ('explained'), the subordinate clause typically follows the sequence of tenses rule and uses a past tense verb ('created').
中文： 動詞「explain」（解釋）後接由從屬連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句，作為「explained」的受詞。主要子句使用過去式（explained）時，子句動詞通常配合時態一致原則（sequence of tenses），採用過去式（created）。
She mentioned that the heavy rain caused severe traffic delays.
她提到暴雨引發了嚴重的交通延誤。
EN： When a preposition like 'for' is followed by an action or activity, the verb must take the gerund form (-ing). Here, 'generating' is a gerund acting as the object of the preposition 'for'.
中文： 介系詞（如 for）後面若接動作或行為，該動詞須使用動名詞形式（-ing）。在此例中，「generating」是動名詞，作介系詞「for」的受詞，表示「為了發電／用於發電」。
This equipment is designed for testing water quality.
這項設備是用來檢測水質的。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason (subordinate clause), explaining the cause of the situation described in the main clause ('demand for electricity was low').
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋主要子句（「demand for electricity was low」）發生的原因。
He walked to work because the bus was delayed.
他走路去上班，因為公車誤點了。
EN： The phrase 'At the same time' is a transitional prepositional phrase functioning as a sentence adverbial, signaling that two events or conditions are occurring concurrently.
中文： 片語「At the same time」（與此同時）是介系詞片語作為轉折副詞使用，表示兩個事件或情況正同時發生，常用於句首作語意銜接。
Prices increased; at the same time, wages remained stagnant.
物價上漲了；與此同時，薪資卻停滯不前。
EN： In energy grid management, periods of mild, sunny weather during spring or autumn are known as 'shoulder seasons'. Because neither air conditioning (cooling) nor heaters (heating) are heavily used, electricity demand reaches annual lows while solar generation is at its peak.
中文： 在能源電網管理中，春季或秋季氣溫溫和宜人的時期常被稱為「過渡季（shoulder season）」。由於此時既不需要大量使用冷氣（cooling）也不需要開暖氣（heating），用電需求常降至全年的低點，恰好碰上晴天太陽能發電充沛，便容易創下綠能比例新高。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' (past tense: 'led to') means to cause something to happen or to result in a particular outcome. It is followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund.
中文： 動詞片語「lead to」（過去式為「led to」）意思是「導致、造成、促成」某種結果，後面接名詞、名詞片語或動名詞。
Hard work and dedication led to their eventual success.
努力與奉獻促成了他們最終的成功。
EN： Compound adjectives can be formed by combining a noun with a present participle (noun + verb-ing), such as 'record-breaking'. These hyphenated adjectives describe a noun by highlighting an action it performs or embodies.
中文： 複合形容詞常以「名詞 + 現在分詞（V-ing）」的形式構成，例如「record-breaking」（破紀錄的）。中間通常帶有連字號，用來修飾其後的名詞。
The athlete set a record-breaking time in the 100-meter race.
這名運動員在百米賽跑中創造了打破紀錄的成績。
EN： The verb 'predict' is often followed by a that-clause functioning as the direct object. In reported speech or past narratives, the auxiliary verb 'would' is used instead of 'will' to express the future in the past (backshifting).
中文： 動詞「predict」（預測）常接 that 引導的名詞子句作為受詞。在間接敘述或過去式語境中，原本代表未來的「will」會轉化為過去形式「would」，此文法現象稱為「過去未來式」或時態呼應（backshifting）。
Scientists predicted that the storm would arrive by midnight.
科學家預測這場暴風雨會在午夜前抵達。
EN： Here, 'last' is used as an intransitive verb meaning 'to continue in existence or keep state'. It is often paired with time expressions or adverbs such as 'long', 'two hours', or 'a week'.
中文： 在此句中，「last」作為不及物動詞使用，意思是「持續存在」或「維持」。常與時間副詞或時間段搭配使用，例如「long」（很久）、「two hours」（兩小時）等。
The battery did not last very long during the cold weather.
在寒冷的天氣裡，電池並未持續運作很久。
EN： Indirect Speech with Modal Backshift: When reporting speech in the past tense ('He said'), the future auxiliary 'will' shifts back to 'would' in the that-clause (even when 'that' is omitted).
中文： 間接引語中的情態動詞時態後移：當引述動詞為過去式（He said）時，名詞子句中的未來式助動詞「will」通常需後移變為「would」（即使省略了連接詞 that）。
She said the flight would arrive on time.
她說航班會準時到達。
EN： Passive Voice with Modal Auxiliary: The structure 'would + be + past participle (broken)' is used to focus on the action happening to the subject ('they', referring to the records) rather than who breaks them.
中文： 情態助動詞的被動語態：結構為「助動詞 would + be + 過去分詞（broken）」，重點在於主詞（they，指紀錄）所承受的動作，而非由誰打破紀錄。
The problem will be solved soon.
這個問題很快就會被解決。
EN： In everyday English, 'a couple of' strictly means two, but idiomatically it often means 'a few' (around two to three). In news and casual speech, 'in the next couple of weeks' is commonly used to indicate a near, relatively indefinite timeframe.
中文： 在日常英語中，'a couple of' 嚴格來說指「兩個」，但習慣用法上常等同於「幾個、兩三個」（a few）。在新聞報導與日常口語中，'in the next couple of weeks' 常被用來表示近期但未確切指定具體日期的時間範圍。
EN： The structure 'This is because...' introduces a clause that explains the cause or reason behind a previously mentioned statement or situation.
中文： 句型「This is because...」（這是因為……）後面接一個子句，用來解釋前文所提情況或事實的原因。
He was late for work; this is because the train was delayed.
他上班遲到了；這是因為火車延誤了。
EN： The present perfect continuous tense ('have been coming') indicates an ongoing action that started in the past and continues into the present, especially one happening repeatedly over time.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has been + V-ing，此處為 have been coming）表示從過去某時開始、一直持續進行到現在的動作，常用於表達這段時間內反覆或持續發生的過程。
Several new features have been rolling out over the past few months.
在過去幾個月中，好幾項新功能一直在陸續推出。
EN： In energy, infrastructure, and technology industries, 'come online' is an idiomatic phrase meaning to become operational, connected, or ready to supply power/services. It does not literally mean browsing the internet.
中文： 在能源、基礎建設及科技產業中，「come online」是一個常用慣用語，意指「正式啟用、併網運轉、投入營運」，並非指一般人日常生活中的「上網瀏覽」。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when': When describing a general fact, trend, or future condition, the dependent clause introduced by 'when' uses the simple present tense ('are added') rather than a future tense.
中文： 由「when」引導的時間副詞子句：在表達普遍事實、常態趨勢或未來條件時，從屬子句中習慣使用現在簡單式（如 'are added'），而非未來式。
When new electric vehicles enter the market, charging demand increases.
當新的電動車進入市場時，充電需求便會增加。
EN： Passive Voice in subordinate clauses: 'are added' uses the passive structure (be + past participle) to emphasize the action received by the subject ('solar and wind farms') without needing to specify who performs the action.
中文： 從屬子句中的被動語態：「are added」採用被動語態結構（be動詞 + 過去分詞），用以強調主詞（'solar and wind farms'）所接受的動作，而無需贅述由誰來執行該動作。
When fresh ingredients are added to the soup, the flavor improves.
當新鮮食材被加入湯中時，風味便會提升。
EN： In energy discussions, 'the grid' refers to the interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers. In Australia, the 'National Electricity Market' (NEM) covers most eastern and southern states, making phrases like 'added to the grid' central to discussions about Australia's rapid renewable energy transition.
中文： 在能源領域中，「the grid」（電網）指將電力從生產端輸送至消費端的互聯電網系統。在澳洲，其主要電網為「國家電力市場」（NEM），涵蓋東部與南部多數州份，因此「added to the grid」（併網）常出現在當地有關再生能源轉型的新聞討論中。
EN： The structure 'more [noun] than was needed' uses 'than' as a pseudo-relative pronoun introducing a comparative clause where the subject is omitted because it refers back to the noun being compared.
中文： 「more [名詞] than was needed」結構中，than 作為準關係代名詞引導比較從句，從句中省略了主詞（指代前述的名詞），表示「超過所需之量」。
There was more food on the table than was necessary for the guests.
餐桌上的食物比客人所需要的還要多。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was stored') is formed with 'was/were + past participle'. It emphasizes the action and the object affected rather than who performed the action.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（was stored）由「was/were + 過去分詞」構成，重點在於動作本身以及承受動作的對象，而非執行動作的主體。
The harvested crops were stored in a dry warehouse.
收割下來的農作物被存放在乾燥的倉庫裡。
EN： In countries with rapid renewable energy adoption like Australia, 'curtailment' (turning off generators when supply exceeds demand) or storing energy in big batteries and pumped hydro has become an essential topic in modern energy policy.
中文： 在像澳洲這樣快速普及再生能源的國家，當發電量超過用電需求時，如何透過大型電池儲能或抽蓄水力儲存電力（避免棄光、棄風），已成為當前能源政策的核心議題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 可再生的（指能源能自然補充、取之不盡）
在本文中： （電能等的）產生、發電
在本文中： （電力、資源的）需求量
在本文中： 輸電網、電力網絡
在本文中： 里程碑、重大事件或轉折點
在本文中： 轉型、過渡轉變過程
在本文中： 預測、預料
在本文中： 因素、要素
在本文中： 份額、比例
在本文中： 儲存、儲備（能量或物資）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Natural fuels such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
Surpassing a previous best result or highest level.
破紀錄的
To become operational, active, or connected to a system or network.
投入運轉、上線啟用
An interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.
輸電網、電力網
To establish a new best or highest level of achievement.
創下紀錄