EN： The auxiliary verb 'will' is used here to express a future fact or a scheduled event that has been officially decided.
中文： 助動詞「will」在此處用於表達未來的預定事實或已正式決定的事件。
The new museum will open next month.
新博物館將於下個月開幕。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used with months (e.g., in December) to indicate the time when something happens.
中文： 介系詞「in」與月份（如：in December）連用，用來表示某事發生的時間點。
We usually go skiing in January.
我們通常在一月去滑雪。
EN： The nationalization of railways is a significant political shift in the UK. Since the 1990s, most services were privatized, but the current Labour government is moving to bring them back under state control to improve reliability and integration.
中文： 鐵路國有化是英國一項重大的政治轉變。自 1990 年代以來，大多數鐵路服務都已私有化，但目前的工黨政府正致力於將其重新納入國家控制，以提高可靠性和整合性。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has announced): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used for news announcements.
中文： 現在完成式 (has announced)：用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作與現在有相關性，常用於新聞公告。
The company has announced a new CEO.
公司已經宣布了一位新的執行長。
EN： Passive Voice in Future Tense (will be nationalised): Formed by 'will be' + past participle. It focuses on the action being done to the subject rather than who is doing it.
中文： 未來式的被動語態 (will be nationalised)：由「will be + 過去分詞」構成。它強調主體所承受的動作，而非執行動作的人或單位。
The new bridge will be completed next year.
這座新橋將於明年完工。
EN： In the UK, 'nationalisation' refers to the process of bringing private assets (like railways) under public ownership by the government. This has been a major political topic since the Labour government took power in 2024, aiming to improve service reliability.
中文： 在英國，「國有化」(nationalisation) 指的是將私人資產（如鐵路）收歸政府公有的過程。自 2024 年工黨政府上台以來，這一直是一個主要的政治議題，旨在提高服務的可靠性。
EN： Present Perfect Passive (has/have + been + past participle): This structure is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has an effect on the present, while focusing on the person or thing receiving the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態 (has/have + been + 過去分詞)：此結構用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在，或對現在產生影響的動作，同時將焦點放在承受動作的人或事物上。
The old building has been renovated by the city council.
這棟舊建築已由市議會翻新。
EN： The preposition 'for' + duration: Used to indicate the length of time an action or state has lasted.
中文： 介系詞「for」加上一段時間：用於表示某個動作或狀態持續的時間長度。
They have lived in London for ten years.
他們在倫敦住了十年。
EN： The privatization of British railways began in the mid-1990s under the Conservative government. The mention of '30 years' refers to this period of private operation before the current trend of returning services to public ownership (nationalization).
中文： 英國鐵路的私有化始於 1990 年代中期的保守黨政府。文中提到的「30 年」指的就是這段私營時期，而現在正處於將服務收歸公有（國有化）的趨勢中。
EN： The Present Perfect Passive ('has been returned') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the result or state rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has been returned）用於描述過去某個不特定時間發生的動作，強調結果或狀態而非執行者。
The stolen car has been returned to its owner.
那輛失竊的汽車已經歸還給車主了。
EN： The conjunction 'since' is used to indicate a starting point in time. When followed by a clause in the Past Simple ('came to power'), the main clause usually uses the Present Perfect.
中文： 連字號「since」用於表示時間的起點。當後面接簡單過去式的從句（came to power）時，主句通常使用現在完成式。
He has lived in London since he graduated in 2020.
自從他 2020 年畢業以來，他就一直住在倫敦。
EN： The term 'public ownership' or 'nationalisation' refers to the process of the government taking control of a private industry. In the UK, the railway system has historically shifted between private and public control, with the Labour party traditionally favouring state management to improve service reliability.
中文： 「公有制」（public ownership）或「國有化」（nationalisation）是指政府接管私人產業的過程。在英國，鐵路系統在歷史上多次在私人經營與政府控制之間切換，工黨傳統上傾向於國家管理，以提高服務的可靠性。
EN： Passive Voice (was passed): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Formed with 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被動語態 (was passed)：當動作本身比執行動作的人更重要時使用。由「be 動詞 + 過去分詞」構成。
The new law was passed by the parliament yesterday.
這項新法律昨天由議會通過了。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time (When...): A clause that indicates when the main action takes place, often starting with 'when'.
中文： 時間副詞子句 (When...)：用來指示主句動作發生的時間，通常以「when」開頭。
When the sun sets, the temperature drops quickly.
當太陽下山時，氣溫會迅速下降。
EN： The UK's railway system has fluctuated between private and public ownership for decades. The Labour party traditionally supports nationalization (government control) of essential services like transport to ensure public benefit over private profit.
中文： 英國的鐵路系統幾十年來一直在私有化和國有化之間波動。工黨傳統上支持將交通等基本服務國有化（政府控制），以確保公共利益優先於私人利潤。
EN： Passive Voice with 'be expected to': This structure is used to express expectations or predictions about a future event. The subject (this process) is receiving the action rather than performing it.
中文： 使用 'be expected to' 的被動語態：此結構用於表達對未來事件的預期或預測。主詞（這項進程）是動作的承受者而非執行者。
The new project is expected to start next month.
這項新專案預計將於下個月開始。
EN： Prepositional phrase 'by the end of': This phrase indicates a deadline or a point in time before which an action must be completed.
中文： 介係詞短語 'by the end of'：此短語表示截止日期或動作必須在該時間點之前完成。
Please submit your report by the end of the week.
請在週末前提交您的報告。
EN： The nationalization of railways is a significant political shift in the UK. Since the 1990s, most services were privatized, but the current Labour government is moving them back into public ownership to improve reliability and service quality.
中文： 鐵路國有化是英國一項重大的政治轉變。自 1990 年代以來，大多數服務都已私有化，但現任工黨政府正將其重新收歸公有，以提高可靠性和服務品質。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' (that-clause) acting as the direct object of the verb 'confirmed'. This structure allows you to report a fact or statement.
中文： 本句使用了「名詞子句」（that 子句）作為動詞「confirmed」的直接受詞。這種結構常用於陳述事實或報告訊息。
The company announced that the project was successful.
公司宣布該專案取得了成功。
EN： The phrase 'take effect' is a common collocation meaning to become officially active or valid, often used for laws, rules, or schedules.
中文： 短語「take effect」是一個常見的搭配詞，意思是正式生效或開始實施，常用於法律、規則或時間表。
The new law will take effect from next month.
新法律將於下個月起生效。
EN： In the UK, major changes to train schedules (timetables) usually happen twice a year, in May and December. This is why the nationalization of Great Western Railway is timed to coincide with these industry-wide updates.
中文： 在英國，火車時刻表的大規模變動通常每年發生兩次，分別在五月和十二月。這就是為什麼大西部鐵路的國有化時間點被安排在與這些全行業更新同步的時候。
EN： The verb 'connects' is used in the present simple tense to describe a permanent fact or a regular route. The structure 'connect A to B' is used to show a link between two locations.
中文： 動詞「connects」使用現在簡單式來描述永久事實或固定路線。結構「connect A to B」用於表示兩個地點之間的連結。
The new bridge connects the island to the mainland.
這座新橋將島嶼與大陸連接起來。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'in' and 'to' are used here as modifiers to provide specific geographical details about the locations.
中文： 以「in」和「to」開頭的介系詞片語在此作為修飾語，提供有關地點的具體地理細節。
He lives in a small village in north Italy.
他住在義大利北部的一個小村莊。
EN： Paddington station is one of London's major railway termini and is famously associated with the fictional character Paddington Bear. It serves as the gateway for trains traveling to the west of the UK.
中文： 帕丁頓車站是倫敦的主要鐵路終點站之一，並因虛構角色「帕丁頓熊」而聞名。它是前往英國西部地區火車的門戶。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has worked): Used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has relevance to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式 (has worked)：用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現狀相關的動作。
The company has provided excellent service since 2010.
該公司自 2010 年以來一直提供優質的服務。
EN： Infinitive of Purpose (to upgrade... and introduce): The 'to + verb' structure is used here to explain the reason or goal of the action (why they worked closely).
中文： 不定詞表示目的 (to upgrade... and introduce)：這裡使用「to + 動詞」結構來解釋動作的原因或目標（即為什麼他們要密切合作）。
He studied hard to pass the exam.
他努力學習是為了通過考試。
EN： The 'mainline' refers to the primary railway tracks connecting major cities, which are crucial for national infrastructure. 'Intercity trains' in the UK are long-distance services that connect major population centers, often featuring higher speeds and more amenities than local commuter trains.
中文： 「幹線」(mainline) 指的是連接主要城市的主要鐵路軌道，對國家基礎設施至關重要。英國的「城際列車」(intercity trains) 是連接主要人口中心的高速長途服務，通常比當地的通勤列車速度更快、設施更完善。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. This structure is commonly used to report statements or information.
中文： 本句使用「that 引導的名詞子句」作為動詞「said」的直接受詞。這種結構常用於轉述他人說過的話或陳述一項事實。
The teacher said that the exam would be easy.
老師說考試會很簡單。
EN： The possessive case is formed by adding an apostrophe and 's' ('s) to a noun (e.g., government's) to indicate ownership or relationship.
中文： 所有格的用法是在名詞後加上撇號與 s（'s），例如「government's」，用來表示所有權或所屬關係。
The company's new office is in London.
這間公司的辦公室在倫敦。
EN： The 'Department for Transport' is the UK government department responsible for the English transport network and a limited number of transport matters in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The move toward nationalization reflects a significant shift in UK political strategy regarding public infrastructure.
中文： 「交通部」(Department for Transport) 是英國政府負責英格蘭運輸網絡，以及蘇格蘭、威爾斯和北愛爾蘭部分運輸事務的部門。將鐵路收歸國有的舉動，反映了英國在公共基礎設施政治策略上的重大轉變。
EN： The Present Continuous Passive (am/is/are + being + past participle) is used to describe an action that is currently in progress or planned for the near future where the subject receives the action.
中文： 現在進行式的被動語態（am/is/are + being + 過去分詞）用於描述目前正在進行或計畫在不久的將來發生，且主詞為動作接收者的情況。
The old bridge is being repaired by the workers.
那座舊橋正由工人們進行維修。
EN： The word 'several' is a determiner used to indicate an indefinite number that is more than two but not very many. It is always followed by a plural countable noun.
中文： 單字 'several' 是一個限定詞，用來表示不確定的數量，通常指兩個以上但不是很多（幾個、數個）。它後面總是接複數可數名詞。
Several students were absent from the meeting.
有幾位學生缺席了會議。
EN： In the UK, 'nationalisation' refers to the process of the government taking control of a private industry or company. This has been a major political topic in British railway history, shifting between private franchises and public control.
中文： 在英國，「國有化」(nationalisation) 指的是政府接管私人產業或公司的過程。這一直是英國鐵路史上的重要政治議題，在私人特許經營與國家控制之間不斷更迭。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses: These clauses provide extra information about a noun (separated by commas) and are introduced by relative pronouns like 'which'.
中文： 非限定關係子句：這種子句用於提供關於名詞的額外補充資訊（通常用逗號隔開），並由關係代名詞（如 which）引導。
The new train station, which opened last week, is very modern.
上週開放的新火車站非常現代化。
EN： The phrase 'be due to' is used to describe something that is expected to happen at a specific time based on a schedule or arrangement.
中文： 短語 'be due to' 用於描述根據時間表或安排，預計在特定時間發生的事情。
The next train is due to arrive in ten minutes.
下一班火車預計在十分鐘後到達。
EN： Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) is one of the most significant rail franchises in the UK, operating busy routes like the Thameslink, Southern, and Great Northern. Its nationalization is a major step in the British government's plan to bring railways back under public control to improve reliability.
中文： Govia 泰晤士連線鐵路 (GTR) 是英國最重要的鐵路特許經營權之一，營運著泰晤士連線、南方鐵路和大北方鐵路等繁忙路線。將其國有化是英國政府計劃將鐵路重新納入公共控制以提高可靠性的重要一步。
EN： The Future Passive Voice is formed using 'will be' + past participle. It is used to describe actions that will happen to the subject in the future, where the performer of the action is often the government or an organization.
中文： 未來式被動語態由「will be + 過去分詞」構成。用於描述未來將發生在主詞身上的動作，執行者通常是政府或機構。
The new bridge will be completed next year.
這座新橋將在明年完工。
EN： Prepositions of Time: 'In' is used with months, years, and seasons to indicate a general period of time when an event occurs.
中文： 時間介係詞：'in' 與月份、年份和季節連用，用來表示事件發生的某個時間段。
The school year starts in September.
學年於九月開始。
EN： The nationalisation of railways in the UK marks a significant shift in policy under the Labour government, moving away from the privatisation model that began in the 1990s. Chiltern Railways is one of several operators being brought back under public control to improve service consistency.
中文： 英國鐵路國有化標誌著工黨政府政策的重大轉變，擺脫了始於 1990 年代的私有化模式。奇爾特恩鐵路是數個被重新納入公共控制以提高服務一致性的營運商之一。
EN： The use of 'will remain' indicates a future state or condition that will persist after a specific event (the changes). 'Remain' is an intransitive verb here, meaning to continue to exist.
中文： 使用「will remain」表示在特定事件（這些變更）之後將持續存在的未來狀態或情況。「Remain」在此是不及物動詞，意為「繼續存在」或「保持」。
Only a few tickets will remain after the pre-sale ends.
預售結束後將只剩下幾張票。
EN： The colon (:) is used to introduce a list that clarifies or specifies the 'three private train operators' mentioned earlier in the sentence.
中文： 冒號（:）用於引出一個列表，用以說明或具體列舉句子前半部分提到的「三家私人列車營運商」。
The store sells three types of fruit: apples, oranges, and bananas.
這家店販售三種水果：蘋果、柳橙和香蕉。
EN： The sentence reflects a major shift in UK transport policy. Since the mid-1990s, British railways were privatized. However, the current government is moving toward 'Great British Railways,' a state-owned model, to improve service reliability and simplify ticketing.
中文： 這句話反映了英國交通政策的重大轉變。自 1990 年代中期以來，英國鐵路一直實行私有化。然而，現任政府正轉向「大英鐵路」（Great British Railways）的國有化模式，旨在提高服務可靠性並簡化票務系統。
EN： The passive voice construction 'be expected to' is used to describe something that is likely to happen based on current information or plans. It shifts the focus from who expects it to the action itself.
中文： 被動語態結構「be expected to」（被預計、預期）用於根據現有資訊或計劃描述可能發生的事情。它將焦點從「誰在預期」轉移到「動作本身」。
The new train station is expected to open next month.
新火車站預計將於下個月啟用。
EN： The preposition 'before' is used here to indicate a deadline or a point in time by which an action must be completed. 'Before the end of' is a common phrase to specify a time limit.
中文： 介系詞「before」在此用於表示截止日期或動作必須完成的時間點。「Before the end of」（在...結束之前）是用於指定時限的常用短語。
Please submit the report before the end of the week.
請在週末結束前提交報告。
EN： The sentence refers to the nationalization of British railways. In the UK, the debate between private vs. public ownership of rail services is a significant political issue, with the Labour government historically favoring public control to improve service reliability and integration.
中文： 這句話涉及英國鐵路的國有化。在英國，鐵路服務的私有化與公有化之爭是一個重大的政治議題。工黨政府在歷史上一直傾向於公有制，以期提高服務的可靠性與整合性。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 國有化；將私有企業轉為國家所有
在本文中： 所有權；物主身份
在本文中： 法律；法規
在本文中： 時刻表；（火車、公車）班次表
在本文中： 升級；改良
在本文中： 重大的；有意義的
在本文中： 通勤者；往返於郊區與城市之間的人
在本文中： 轉移；移交
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
State or government ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise.
公有制；國有化
To take control of a country's government, usually after an election.
執政；上台
To become active or start to apply (of a law, rule, or schedule).
生效；起作用
Expected to happen or arrive at a particular time.
預計；預定