EN： The idiom 'go according to plan' means to happen or progress as planned or intended. It is frequently used in the negative form ('not going according to plan') in the present continuous tense to describe an ongoing situation or project encountering difficulties.
中文： 片語「go according to plan」意思是「按計劃進行／順利進行」。常以現在進行式的否定形式（is/are not going according to plan）出現，用來描述某個正在進行的事態或專案遇到了困難、不如預期。
Despite our best efforts, the launch is not going according to plan.
儘管我們盡了最大努力，發布會的進展依然不如預期。
EN： Compound noun modification: Multiple nouns and adjectives ('major', 'grid', 'upgrade') can precede a head noun ('programme') to specify its purpose, creating a concise technical subject phrase.
中文： 複合名詞修飾：形容詞（major）與名詞（grid、upgrade）可以疊加置於核心名詞（programme）之前，用來精準說明該項目的具體範疇與性質，形成緊湊的專案名稱。
The city's rapid transit expansion project will take five years.
該市的大眾捷運擴建工程將耗時五年。
EN： In British English, 'programme' is spelled with '-mme' when referring to public schemes, broadcasts, or schedules (reserving 'program' mainly for computer code). The UK's 'national grid' upgrade is a major political issue as the nation attempts to transition to renewable energy targets by 2030 while keeping household bills manageable.
中文： 在英式英語中，表示公共方案、活動日程或廣播節目時，拼寫通常為「programme」（「program」主要保留給電腦程式使用）。英國當前正力拚 2030 年達成淨零清潔電力目標，電網（national grid）升級因而牽涉龐大預算與一般家庭能源帳單負擔，是英國政壇與民生關注的焦點議題。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (set off by commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' refers back to 'The programme' and functions as the subject inside the relative clause.
中文： 非限定關係子句（前後用逗號隔開）用於為先行詞提供補充說明，即使刪除也不影響主句的主要意思。這裡關係代名詞 'which' 代替前面的主詞 'The programme'，並在子句中作主詞。
The hospital, which opened last year, provides free healthcare to local residents.
這家去年開業的醫院為當地居民提供免費醫療服務。
EN： The passive pattern 'be expected to + base verb' is used to talk about anticipated events, costs, or schedules based on current forecasts or expectations.
中文： 被動語態結構 'be expected to + 原形動詞' 用於表示根據預測、規劃或社會預期，某事「預計會……」或「被期望……」。
The new bridge is expected to reduce traffic congestion significantly.
新橋預計將大幅緩解交通擁塞。
EN： British English spelling uses '-ise' (modernise) and the British noun 'programme' (with -mme). In the UK, major state-level infrastructure projects often involve national grid updates to transition towards net-zero carbon energy, funded partially via household electricity bills.
中文： 本句採用標準英式拼寫：'programme'（美式通常拼作 program）以及 'modernise'（美式為 modernize）。在英國，能源轉型與電網現代化是近年朝向 2030 淨零排放的核心國家級政策，其巨額預算往往直接影響居民的家庭能源帳單（energy bills）。
EN： The reporting verb 'reveal' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as a noun clause (direct object). Inside this clause, two independent clauses are coordinated by the conjunction 'and': 'costs are rising' and 'many projects are running behind schedule'. Both use the present continuous tense ('are rising', 'are running') to describe current, ongoing trends.
中文： 報導動詞「reveal」（揭露）後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞。在該子句中，由對等連接詞「and」連接兩個子句（costs are rising 與 many projects are running behind schedule），皆採用現在進行式（are rising, are running）來描述目前正在持續發生的趨勢或現狀。
A recent survey has shown that prices are increasing and sales are dropping.
最近的一項調查顯示，物價正在上漲，而銷售量正在下滑。
EN： The idiom 'run behind schedule' means to be late or delayed past the planned completion time. The opposite is 'run ahead of schedule', while meeting the target time is 'be on schedule'.
中文： 慣用語「run behind schedule」意思是「進度落後」或「遲於預定時間」。其反義詞為「run ahead of schedule」（進度超前），若按原定時間進行則為「be on schedule」（按時進行）。
The train is running twenty minutes behind schedule due to heavy snow.
由於大雪，火車延誤了二十分鐘。
EN： In the UK and other Commonwealth systems, an 'audit report' from an independent public watchdog (like the UK's National Audit Office) plays a crucial constitutional role in scrutinising government spending, holding ministers accountable to Parliament and taxpayers.
中文： 在英國與大英國協體制中，由獨立公共監督機構（例如英國的國家審計署）出具的「審計報告」（audit report）具有關鍵的憲政監督功能，負責嚴格審查政府開支，確保各部會首長向國會與納稅人負責。
EN： The phrasal verb 'call for' means to publicly demand or urge that an action be taken. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase as its object (e.g., 'call for transparency').
中文： 片語動詞「call for」意為「呼籲」或「公開要求」採取某種行動，後面直接接名詞或名詞片語作為受詞（例如：call for transparency，呼籲提高透明度）。
Environmental groups have called for stricter limits on industrial emissions.
環保團體已呼籲對工業排放實施更嚴格的限制。
EN： A contact clause (reduced relative clause) occurs when a relative pronoun such as 'that' or 'which' is omitted. In 'the risks [that] this programme poses to household energy bills', the clause modifies 'risks', and the verb 'pose' commonly collocates with 'risk' ('pose a risk to...').
中文： 此處省略了關係代名詞 that/which（形成關係子句）。在「the risks [that] this programme poses to household energy bills」中，該子句修飾先行詞「risks」；動詞「pose」常與「risk」搭配，構成「pose a risk to...」（對……構成風險）。
We must consider the challenges this new policy creates for small businesses.
我們必須考量這項新政策對小型企業帶來的挑戰。
EN： The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent UK parliamentary body responsible for scrutinising public spending. Its reports often hold significant political weight regarding government efficiency and accountability.
中文： 英國的國家審計署（National Audit Office, NAO）是獨立於政府的國會機構，專門審查政府公共支出的成效與價值（value for money）。其發布的報告在英國政界與媒體中具有高度權威性與影響力。
EN： The passive pattern 'be considered + adjective/noun' means people regard the subject as having a certain quality. Here, 'is considered essential' expresses a widely held view without mentioning the specific agent.
中文： 「be considered + 形容詞/名詞」為被動語態結構，表示「被認為……」或「被視為……」。此處省略了動作執行者（by experts/people），用以客觀陳述普遍認知。
Regular exercise is considered vital for mental health.
規律運動被認為對心理健康至關重要。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the main clause occurs. Inside this clause, 'want + to-infinitive' shows intention.
中文： 從屬連接詞「because」引導原因副詞子句，用來解釋主要子句的原因。子句內部則使用了「want + 不定詞 (to achieve)」結構來表達企圖或目標。
She started early because she wanted to avoid the traffic.
她很早就出發，因為她想要避開尖峰車流。
EN： 'Clean power by 2030' is a flagship political target in the UK, aiming to decarbonise the electricity grid largely through offshore wind, solar, and nuclear power. Achieving this requires massive upgrades to transmission lines to move renewable electricity from coastal areas to major cities.
中文： 「2030年前實現乾淨能源」是英國重大的能源轉型政策目標，旨在透過離岸風電、太陽能和核能讓電力系統去碳化。要達成此目標，必須大幅升級輸電網絡，將沿海產生的再生能源有效輸送至各大城市。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Out of [number/group]' is frequently used at the beginning of a sentence to specify a total quantity or pool from which a specific portion is selected or discussed.
中文： 介系詞片語「Out of + 數字或群體」常置於句首，用來表示「在……之中／從……之中」，從總數或群體中取出特定的一部分進行陳述或比較。
Out of thirty applicants, only three were invited for an interview.
在三十位申請者中，只有三位受邀參加面試。
EN： The main clause uses the present perfect passive voice ('have already been completed'). The structure 'have/has + been + past participle' describes an action that has been finished prior to the present moment, placing emphasis on the result rather than the actor.
中文： 主要子句使用了現在完成式的被動語態（have already been completed）。結構為「have/has + been + 過去分詞」，強調動作在當前時刻之前已經完成，重點在於成果狀態而非執行者。
Five new stations have already been built along the rail line.
沿線已經建成了五座新車站。
EN： In news and official reporting, placing the fraction or ratio upfront (e.g., 'Out of X, Y have...') is a standard rhetorical technique to highlight low completion rates or implementation gaps without directly expressing editorial opinion.
中文： 在新聞與官方稽核報導中，將母體與比例置於句首（例如「Out of X, Y have...」）是常見的修辭手法，能客觀呈現低完成率或執行進度的落後，無須直接參雜過多的主觀情緒評論。
EN： Present Perfect Passive ('have been' + past participle): Combines the present perfect tense with the passive voice. It shows that an action was completed prior to now by an unspecified agent and remains relevant to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式被動語態（have/has been + 過去分詞）：結合了現在完成式與被動語態，用來表示某動作在過去某個時間已被完成，且對當前狀況仍有影響或關聯，此處不強調是誰進行分類，而是強調「項目已被分類」這個事實。
Several documents have been classified as confidential by the committee.
該委員會已將數份文件歸類為機密。
EN： Collocation 'be classified as': Often used in formal or technical contexts to indicate the category, role, or status assigned to something or someone.
中文： 固定搭配「be classified as」（被歸類為……）：常用於正式或客觀報導語境，後接名詞或形容詞，表示某事物被賦予的類別、定位或屬性。
The species has been classified as endangered.
該物種已被列為瀕危物種。
EN： In UK energy and climate policy, 'clean power' refers to generating electricity without burning unabated fossil fuels, primarily using wind, solar, and nuclear power. The UK government has set an ambitious target to decarbonise its electricity grid by 2030, making grid upgrades a frequent topic of debate regarding infrastructure readiness and consumer energy costs.
中文： 在英國的能源與氣候政策中，「clean power」（淨零／清潔電力）指的是在不燃燒未經減排處理之化石燃料的前提下發電，主要依靠風力、太陽能與核能。英國政府設定了在 2030 年前實現電網脫碳的雄心目標，因此電網升級工程的進度與消費者電費負擔，經常成為英國公共議題與政策審計的焦點。
EN： The preposition 'of' at the beginning of a clause is often used in a partitive construction ('Of [set], [subset]...'), highlighting a portion taken from a broader group.
中文： 介系詞 'of' 置於句首可用於部分詞結構（'Of [母群體], [子群體]...'），用來強調從整體中取出特定的一部分，常出現在新聞或統計數據中。
Of the 100 applicants, only five were selected for the interview.
在 100 位申請者中，只有 5 位入選面試。
EN： The passive pattern 'be forecast to do something' is commonly used in news and formal reports to describe expected future trends or outcomes based on current data.
中文： 被動語態結構 'be forecast to do something'（預測/預計將做某事）常在新聞與正式報告中用於根據現有資料描述未來的預期發展或結果。
The economy is forecast to grow by 2% next year.
預計明年經濟將增長 2%。
EN： In major public infrastructure governance in the UK, reports by audit bodies like the National Audit Office (NAO) frequently scrutinise whether projects meet statutory deadlines. The verb 'deliver' is standard public policy terminology for completing a public project or providing public infrastructure as planned.
中文： 在英國公共基礎建設治理中，審計機構（如國家審計署 NAO）常發布審計報告監督重大工程是否按期推展。在公共政策與政府治理語境中，動詞 'deliver' 專指「按計畫完工並交付公共基礎設施或達成目標」。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is commonly used in news and formal reports to express projections, forecasts, or anticipated outcomes based on current evidence.
中文： 被動語態結構「be expected to + 原形動詞」常用於新聞與正式報告中，表示根據目前證據所作出的「預計、預期」或推測結果。
The new subway line is expected to open next autumn.
這條新地鐵線預計將於明年秋季開通。
EN： The phrase 'less than' functions as a quantifier modifier meaning 'fewer than' or 'not as much as', followed here by a duration of time ('one year') modifying the adjective 'late' to indicate the extent of the delay.
中文： 「less than」為數量修飾語，表示「少於、不到」，此處後接時間長度（one year）修飾形容詞「late」，用以具體說明延誤的程度。
The flight was delayed by less than thirty minutes.
該航班延誤了不到三十分鐘。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of a reporting verb like 'said'. In this structure, 'that' connects the main clause ('The National Audit Office said') to the reported statement ('the government and its energy bodies must be more open about costs'). In spoken or informal English, 'that' is frequently omitted, but it is standard in formal journalism.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句常作為轉述動詞（如「said」）的受詞。在此結構中，「that」將主要子句（「國家審計署表示」）與所轉述的內容（「政府及其能源機構必須對成本更加公開透明」）連接起來。在口語中「that」常可省略，但在正式新聞報導中通常會保留。
The committee reported that the new policy would reduce inflation.
委員會報告指出，新政策將會降低通貨膨脹。
EN： The adjective 'open' is paired with the preposition 'about' to describe being honest, frank, or communicative regarding a specific subject ('open about costs'). The modal verb 'must' indicates a strong requirement or necessity, followed by the base form of the copular verb 'be'.
中文： 形容詞「open」常與介系詞「about」搭配，表示對某特定主題保持坦率、透明或公開（如「open about costs」）。情態助動詞「must」表示強烈要求或必要性，後方接連綴動詞的原形「be」。
Companies need to be open about their environmental impact.
企業需要對其造成的環境影響保持公開透明。
EN： The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent UK parliamentary body responsible for scrutinising public spending. Unlike government departments, it operates independently of ministers to hold the government accountable to taxpayers.
中文： 英國國家審計署（National Audit Office, NAO）是獨立於內閣部門之外的議會機構，專門負責審計公部門支出與評估公共價值，以確保納稅人的資金受到妥善監督。
EN： The verb 'deserve' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to know') to express what someone ought to receive or experience because of their qualities or actions.
中文： 動詞「deserve」（值得、應得）後方常接不定詞「to + 原形動詞」，表示某人因其身分或行為而理應獲得或享有某種權利或待遇。
Students deserve to receive clear feedback on their work.
學生理應獲得對其作業的明確回饋。
EN： Indirect questions (embedded wh-clauses) follow statement word order (wh-phrase + subject + verb) instead of question word order. Here, 'how much this infrastructure programme will really cost them' serves as the object of 'know'.
中文： 間接問句（嵌入式疑問子句）作為受詞時，需使用陳述句語序（疑問詞組 + 主詞 + 動詞），而非倒裝的疑問句語序。在此句中，「how much...」子句作為動詞「know」的受詞。
I wonder how much this laptop will cost after tax.
我想知道這台筆記型電腦含稅後究竟要花多少錢。
EN： In the UK, major energy infrastructure projects are frequently funded through network charges added directly to domestic household energy bills. Therefore, public scrutiny bodies like the National Audit Office often refer to the public as 'consumers' rather than just 'taxpayers', highlighting their direct financial stake in energy policy decisions.
中文： 在英國，重大能源基礎設施升級的費用往往會直接分攤至一般家庭的電費與天然氣帳單中。因此，像國家審計署這類的監督機構常使用「消費者」（consumers）而非僅用「納稅人」（taxpayers），強調民眾在能源政策與基建延宕時所承擔的直接金錢衝擊。
EN： The reporting verb 'noted' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object (noun clause), which expresses the content or information reported.
中文： 動詞「noted」（指出）後方接由「that」引導的名詞子句，作為整句話的受詞，用來具體陳述報告提及的內容。
The study noted that regular exercise improves mental health.
該研究指出規律運動有助於改善心理健康。
EN： The conditional clause 'if problems are not addressed soon' uses the first conditional pattern (passive voice in present tense) to describe a realistic future condition and its potential result ('could continue to grow').
中文： 條件子句「if problems are not addressed soon」使用第一條件句結構（以現在式被動語態表示），用來描述若未採取行動可能在未來引發的真實結果（以情態動詞 could 表推測）。
If the leak is not fixed soon, the water damage will get worse.
如果漏水不儘快修復，水損情況將會更加嚴重。
EN： In British public policy discourse, expressions like 'the 2030s' and 'infrastructure budget' reflect long-term capital planning cycles and the scrutiny applied by independent watchdog bodies such as the National Audit Office.
中文： 在英國公共政策討論中，「the 2030s」（2030 年代）與「budget」（預算）等用語反映了公共基礎建設的長期規劃週期，以及獨立監管機構（如國家審計署）對政府支出的嚴格監督文化。
EN： The sentence uses the present perfect passive ('have been urged'). This tense combines the present perfect (have/has + past participle) with the passive voice (be + past participle) to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time before now, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the agent.
中文： 本句使用了「現在完成式被動語態」（have been + 過去分詞）。結構為 have/has + been + V-ed，用於表示過去某個未明確指出的時間點發生、並對現在仍具影響力的被動行為，強調受詞（部長們）而非施事者。
Local residents have been warned about the incoming storm.
當地居民已被警告即將來臨的暴風雨。
EN： The pattern 'urge someone to do something' becomes 'be urged to do something' in the passive voice. The to-infinitive acts as an objective complement (or subject complement in passive) indicating the recommended action.
中文： 動詞片語「urge someone to do something」（敦促某人做某事）在被動語態中轉換為「be urged to do something」。後方接不定詞（to + 原形動詞）作為補語，說明被敦促執行的動作。
The company was urged to cut carbon emissions.
該公司被敦促減少碳排放。
EN： In the UK parliamentary system, 'Ministers' (members of the government appointed by the Prime Minister) are directly accountable to Parliament and the public for government spending and major infrastructure projects.
中文： 在英國議會制度中，「Ministers（部長／大臣）」由首相任命，需對議會與公眾就政府支出及重大基礎設施建設的成敗直接承擔政治責任。
EN： The verb 'warn' is often followed by a that-clause acting as a noun clause (direct object) to explain the content of the warning: 'warn (someone) that + clause'.
中文： 動詞「warn」（警告）常後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來說明警告的具體內容，句型為「warn (someone) that + 子句」。
Doctors have warned that lack of sleep can harm your immune system.
醫生們警告，缺乏睡眠可能會損害你的免疫系統。
EN： The noun 'ability' is commonly followed by a to-infinitive ('ability to do something') to specify the action or capability being referred to.
中文： 名詞「ability」（能力）後面常搭配不定詞片語「to + 原形動詞」，用來具體說明是什麼樣的能力（即「做某事的能力」）。
Regular practice will improve your ability to speak English fluently.
規律的練習將提高你流利說英語的能力。
EN： In the UK energy policy discourse, 'the grid' refers to the National Grid, which transmits high-voltage electricity across England, Scotland, and Wales. Upgrading the grid is critical for connecting offshore wind farms in the North Sea to major population centres in the south.
中文： 在英國能源政策語境中，「the grid」指的是英國國家電網（National Grid），負責英格蘭、蘇格蘭與威爾斯的高壓輸電。電網升級之所以至關重要，是因為必須將北海的大型離岸風力發電廠傳輸至人口密集的中南部城市。
EN： This sentence uses the First Conditional (real conditional) pattern: 'If + Present Simple, Modal (cannot) + Base Verb'. It describes a very realistic condition and its direct future consequence or limitation.
中文： 本句採用第一類條件句（真實條件句）結構：「If + 現在簡單式，情態助動詞（cannot）+ 原形動詞」，用來描述未來非常可能發生的假設情況及其直接後果或限制。
If the train does not arrive on schedule, we cannot catch our flight.
如果火車沒有按表抵達，我們就趕不上飛機。
EN： The main clause employs the modal passive voice structure: 'modal auxiliary (cannot) + be + past participle (delivered)'. This is used to focus on the action happening to the subject ('wind and solar power') rather than who performs it.
中文： 主要子句採用情態助動詞的被動語態結構：「情態助動詞（cannot）+ be + 過去分詞（delivered）」，強調動作施加於主詞（風能與太陽能）之上，而非強調具體的執行者。
Fresh supplies cannot be delivered without proper road maintenance.
如果沒有妥善的道路維護，新鮮物資就無法被送達。
EN： In modern energy policy discussions, 'infrastructure' typically refers to the national power grid (transmission cables, substations, pylons). In Britain, achieving 'clean power' heavily depends on connecting offshore wind farms in the North Sea to inland populated centers.
中文： 在現代能源政策的討論中，「基礎設施（infrastructure）」通常具體指全國電網（如輸電纜線、變電所、輸電塔等）。在英國，實現「淨零清潔能源」的目標極度依賴於將北海的離岸風電順利連接並輸送至內陸人口稠密的城市中心。
EN： The Present Perfect tense with 'not yet' ('has not yet + past participle') is used to express that an action has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 現在完成式結合「not yet」（has/have not yet + 過去分詞），用來表示某個動作直到目前為止「尚未」發生，但預期未來會發生。
The company has not yet announced its annual financial results.
該公司尚未公布其年度財務業績。
EN： The prepositional collocation 'respond to [something]' means to reply or react to something. It is often followed by an adverbial phrase like 'in detail' (thoroughly, with all specifics).
中文： 動詞片語「respond to + 受詞」表示「回應某事或對某事作出反應」；常搭配介系詞片語「in detail」（詳細地），作為修飾動詞的方式狀語。
She responded to the allegations in detail during the press conference.
她在記者會上對各項指控進行了詳細回應。
EN： In Westminster-style political reporting, when an official watchdog (such as the UK National Audit Office) publishes a critical report, the phrase 'has not yet responded in detail' typically signals that a formal parliamentary or ministerial response is expected soon, rather than outright refusal to comment.
中文： 在英國西敏制政體的新聞報導中，當官方監督機構（如國家審計署）發布具批評性的審計報告時，「尚未詳細回應」（has not yet responded in detail）通常代表政府各部會預計會在近期發表正式的議會或官方聲明，而非拒絕置評。
EN： The phrase 'remain committed to' uses the linking verb 'remain' followed by the adjective 'committed', where 'to' acts as a preposition (not an infinitive marker). Therefore, it must be followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund (-ing form).
中文： 片語「remain committed to」（依然致力於……）中，連繫動詞「remain」後接形容詞「committed」，此處的「to」是介系詞而非不定詞標記，因此後面必須接名詞、名詞片語或動名詞（V-ing）。
The company remains committed to reducing its carbon emissions.
該公司依然致力於減少其碳排放量。
EN： The structure 'keep + object + prepositional phrase' (keep costs under control) expresses maintaining a specific state or condition for the object.
中文： 「keep + 受詞 + 介系詞片語」（如 keep costs under control）結構，用來表示使某事物維持在某種特定狀態或條件下。
We need to keep the project on schedule.
我們需要讓專案維持按進度進行。
EN： In UK political and public discourse, 'clean power by 2030' refers to a flagship national initiative to decarbonize electricity generation, making it a frequent topic of debate concerning infrastructure spending versus household energy costs.
中文： 在英國的政治與公共議題中，「2030年實現清潔能源目標」（clean power by 2030）是一項具有指標性的去碳化國家政策，也因此常成為基礎建設龐大預算與家庭能源開銷之間權衡辯論的焦點。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 升級、改良
在本文中： 查帳、審計、稽核
在本文中： 揭露、顯示
在本文中： 透明度、公開透明
在本文中： 不可或缺的、至關重要的
在本文中： 預測、預報
在本文中： 基礎設施、公共建設
在本文中： 應得、值得
在本文中： 處理、應對（問題）
在本文中： 敦促、力勸
在本文中： 有效率地
在本文中： 致力於……的、堅定投入的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
happening as expected or intended
按照計畫進行
to progress more slowly than originally planned; to be delayed
進度落後
to create or represent a potential danger or threat
構成風險、造成威脅
energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power
再生能源
being well managed and prevented from becoming worse or excessive
在控制之中、受到控制