EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct connection or relevance to the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）用於表示過去發生且對現在仍有影響或關聯的動作。在此句中強調「結束合作」這件事對目前狀態的影響。
The museum has updated its policy on sponsorship.
博物館已經更新了關於贊助的政策。
EN： Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements (normally noun phrases) are placed side by side so one element identifies or describes the other. Here, 'the oil and gas company' describes 'BP'.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是一種語法結構，將兩個名詞短語並列放置，其中一個用來說明或補充另一個。在本句中，「the oil and gas company」是用來說明「BP」這間公司的性質。
My friend Sarah works for a tech company.
我的朋友莎拉在一間科技公司工作。
EN： In recent years, cultural institutions in the UK and globally have faced increasing public and activist pressure to cut sponsorship ties with fossil fuel companies due to climate change concerns.
中文： 近年來，由於對氣候變遷的關注，英國及全球的文化機構面臨越來越大的公眾與倡議團體壓力，要求切斷與化石燃料公司的贊助關係。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues into the present, often accompanied by duration phrases like 'for several decades'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，常配合表示時間長度的介系詞短語（如『for several decades』）使用。
They have lived in London for ten years.
他們已經在倫敦住了十年。
EN： In reported speech with a past-tense reporting verb ('announced'), the auxiliary verb 'will' changes to 'would' to match the past perspective (Future in the Past).
中文： 間接引語中，當主句的轉述動詞為過去式（如『announced』）時，從句中的助動詞『will』需改為『would』，以符合過去未來的時態一致性。
She promised that the project would finish on time.
她承諾該專案會按時完成。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): A defining relative clause uses relative pronouns like 'who' or 'that' to provide essential information about a noun (here, 'Campaigners').
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：限定性關係子句使用關係代名詞（如 'who' 或 'that'）來修飾先行詞，提供必要的補充資訊（在此句中修飾 'Campaigners'）。
Students who study hard usually achieve good results.
勤奮學習的學生通常能取得好成績。
EN： Indirect Question / Object Clause introduced by 'how': The word 'how' can introduce a noun clause acting as the object of a preposition (here, 'in'), describing the manner or way something is done.
中文： 由 'how' 引導的間接疑問句／名詞子句：'how' 可以引導名詞子句，作為介系詞（在此句中為 'in'）的受詞，用來說明做某事的方式或途徑。
We discussed how technology changes our daily lives.
我們討論了科技如何改變我們的日常生活。
EN： The word 'seismic' originally refers to earthquakes, but in news context, a 'seismic shift' metaphorically describes a massive, landmark change. Public institutions in the UK, like major museums, are under increasing ethical pressure from climate advocacy groups to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies.
中文： 『seismic』原本意指『地震的』，但在新聞語境中，『seismic shift』隱喻極為重大且具里程碑意義的轉變。近年來英國的文化與科學機構（如博物館）面臨越來越多來自環保團體的倫理壓力，要求其停止接受化石燃料企業的贊助。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or describe the same entity. Here, 'the director of the Science Museum Group' is an appositive phrase explaining who 'Sir Ian Blatchford' is.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是指將兩個名詞短語並列放置，用來識別或補充說明同一個對象。在此句中，『the director of the Science Museum Group』作為同位語短語，補充說明『伊恩·布萊奇福特爵士』的身份。
Mr. Davis, the principal of our school, announced the new rules today.
我們學校的校長戴維斯先生今天宣布了新規定。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another past event or a specific time in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示某一動作在過去某個時間點或事件之前已經完成，強調過去的『先後順序』。
She realized that she had left her keys at home after she reached the office.
她到達辦公室後才意識到自己把鑰匙忘在家裡了。
EN： In the UK, public cultural and educational institutions have faced increasing pressure from environmental activists to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies (like BP and Equinor) to combat 'greenwashing'.
中文： 在英國，公共文化與教育機構近年面臨環保倡議團體越來越大的壓力，要求終止來自化石燃料公司（如 BP 及 Equinor）的贊助，以抵制企業藉由文化贊助改善形象的『漂綠』行為。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened before another action or point in the past.
中文： 過去完成貌（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個時間點或事件「之前」就已經發生的動作。
She realized that she had left her keys at the office.
她意識到她把鑰匙忘在辦公室了。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in base form without 'to'), i.e., 'help somebody do something'.
中文： 動詞 help 後面接賓語（受詞）時，後續的動詞可以使用原型動詞（省略 to 的不定詞），即「help + 人/物 + 原型動詞」。
The teacher helped the students understand the difficult problem.
老師幫助學生理解了這個難題。
EN： The reported speech structure with a 'that' clause uses the Past Perfect tense ('had brought') to indicate an action that happened before another past event (the verb 'added').
中文： 間接引語中的 that 子句使用了「過去完成式」（had brought），用來表示在過去某個時間點（即動詞 added）之前就已經發生的動作或狀態。
She stated that the team had completed the project before the deadline.
她表示團隊在截止日期前就已經完成了該計畫。
EN： The idiom 'bring something to life' means to make something interesting, exciting, or real.
中文： 習慣用語「bring something to life」的意思是「賦予…生機」或「使…變得生動有趣」。
The novel's vivid descriptions bring the historical characters to life.
這本小說生動的描繪讓歷史人物栩栩如生。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues into the present, often accompanied by time expressions like 'for + duration'.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，常與「for + 時間長度」等時間副詞連用。
They have lived in London for ten years.
他們已經在倫敦住了十年。
EN： The preposition 'with' is used after 'partnership' to indicate the person, group, or organization with which a relationship or agreement exists.
中文： 名詞「partnership」（合作關係）後面常接介系詞「with」，用以指示合作的對象或機構。
The university announced a new partnership with a local technology company.
該大學宣布與一家在地科技公司建立新的合作關係。
EN： In the UK, major cultural and educational institutions like the Science Museum have historically relied on sponsorship from energy giants like BP. However, growing public concern over climate change and public image laundering ('greenwashing') has sparked intense criticism from environmental activists, leading many prominent museums to sever ties with fossil fuel companies.
中文： 在英國，像倫敦科學博物館這樣的重大文化與教育機構，歷史上常依賴 BP 等能源巨頭贊助。然而，隨著公眾對氣候變遷與企業漂綠（greenwashing）關注度提升，環保運動人士提出強烈批評，促使許多知名博物館紛紛終止與化石燃料企業的合作。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'argued that...' uses a noun clause (that-clause) as the direct object of the verb. When the main verb is in the past tense ('argued'), the verb in the dependent clause often shifts back in time (past perfect 'had' to indicate an action prior to or leading up to the argument).
中文： 名詞子句（that 子句）作為動詞引導的受詞，常用於表達觀點或主張。當主要動詞為過去式（argued）時，子句動詞通常需進行時態回溯（如使用過去完成式 had 或是過去式，以符合時態一致性）。
Critics argued that the new policy had a negative impact on local businesses.
批評者主張這項新政策對當地企業產生了負面影響。
EN： The noun phrase 'influence over' is used to show control or effect on something. It is followed by an embedded question introduced by 'how' ('how science... were taught'), which acts as a prepositional object.
中文： 名詞搭配介系詞 'influence over' 表示「對……的影響/控制力」，其後可接由疑問副詞 'how' 引導的間接疑問句（子句名詞化），用來描述對特定過程或方式的影響。
Parents often wonder about how media has an influence over how children learn.
父母常想知道媒體如何對兒童的學習方式產生影響。
EN： In the United Kingdom, 'STEM' (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths) education is a major political and educational priority. Note that British English uses 'maths' with an 's', whereas American English uses 'math'. Corporate sponsorship of education programs by fossil fuel companies has become highly controversial in the UK in recent years due to climate advocacy.
中文： 在英國，STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育是政府與學校非常重視的領域。值得注意的是，英式英語使用帶有 s 的 'maths'，而美式英語則使用 'math'。近年來，化石燃料企業贊助英國教育或博物館的行為，因氣候議題而面臨極大的公眾爭議。
EN： Reported Speech with Backshift: When the reporting verb (e.g., 'said') is in the past tense, the verbs in the subordinate clause usually shift back to a past tense (e.g., 'raise' becomes 'raised', 'are using' becomes 'were using').
中文： 間接敘述與時態時移（Backshift）：當主要子句的轉述動詞（如 said）為過去式時，從屬子句中的動詞通常需要改用相應的過去時態（例如：raise 改為 raised，are using 改為 were using）。
The manager said that the company was planning to open a new branch.
經理表示公司正計劃開設一家新分店。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason with 'because': The conjunction 'because' introduces a clause that explains the cause or reason for the main action or situation.
中文： 由 because 引導的原因副詞子句：連詞 because 用來引導一個說明主要動作或狀況發生原因的子句。
She stayed home because it was raining heavily.
因為下著大雨，所以她待在家裡。
EN： In recent years, major UK cultural institutions (such as the Science Museum and the British Museum) have faced intense public pressure from climate activists to terminate sponsorship deals with fossil fuel giants like BP and Shell—a trend often linked to anti-'artwashing' campaigns.
中文： 近年來，英國各大文化機構（如科學博物館和大英博物館）面臨來自氣候活動人士的巨大公眾壓力，要求終止與 BP 或 Shell 等化石燃料巨頭的贊助合約，這種現象與抵制「藝術洗白」（artwashing）的運動密切相關。
EN： The pattern 'This is not the first time that...' is used to indicate that an event has occurred before. It is typically followed by a clause in the present perfect tense because it refers to an action completed relative to the present moment.
中文： 「This is not the first time that...」（這已經不是第一次……）句型用於表示某件事過去曾經發生過。後方接續的子句通常使用現在完成式（present perfect tense），用來強調相對於現在已經完成的動作。
This is not the first time that she has won a national competition.
這已經不是她第一次贏得全國比賽了。
EN： The idiom 'cut ties with (someone or something)' means to end a relationship, agreement, or association with a person or organization.
中文： 片語「cut ties with」（與……斷絕關係/終止合作）的意思是結束與某人、某機構或團體的關係、合約或聯繫。
The company decided to cut ties with its long-term supplier after the controversy.
在爭議發生後，該公司決定與其長期供應商斷絕合作關係。
EN： In recent years, cultural institutions in the UK, such as the Science Museum and the British Museum, have faced intense public pressure from climate activists to reject sponsorship from fossil fuel companies. Decisions to terminate these long-standing partnerships reflect a broader shift toward environmental accountability and corporate ethics in public funding.
中文： 近年來，英國的文化機構（如科學博物館和大英博物館）面臨來自氣候活動人士的巨大公眾壓力，要求他們拒絕化石燃料公司的贊助。終止這些長期合作關係的決定，反映出公共資金在環保責任和企業道德方面更廣泛的轉變。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'ended') is used to express an action that was completed at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如 'ended'）用於表示在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。
In 2020, the company launched its first electric vehicle.
在 2020 年，該公司推出了其第一款電動汽車。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or describe the same entity, such as 'the oil company Equinor'.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是指將兩個名詞短語並置，用來識別或進一步說明同一個對象，例如「the oil company Equinor」（石油公司 Equinor）。
My friend Sarah is a talented painter.
我的朋友莎拉是一位有天賦的畫家。
EN： Equinor is a Norwegian state-owned multinational energy company. Many major cultural institutions, like the Science Museum in London, have faced increasing public and activist pressure to cut sponsorship ties with fossil fuel giants due to environmental concerns and climate targets.
中文： Equinor 是挪威一家國營的多國能源公司。近年來，許多大型文化機構（如位於倫敦的科學博物館）因環境關懷與氣候目標，面臨越來越多來自公眾與環保人士的壓力，要求終止與化石燃料巨頭的贊助關係。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action or past time. Here, Equinor's failure occurred before the decision was made.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於表示在過去某個時間點或動作「之前」已經發生的事情。在本句中，Equinor 未能達成目標的事實，發生在「做出決定」這個過去動作之前。
The company had reduced its budget before the project began.
在專案開始之前，該公司就已經縮減了預算。
EN： The structure 'enough + to + infinitive' is used to express sufficiency for a specific purpose. 'Enough' comes after the verb or adverb it modifies ('reduce... enough').
中文： 「enough + to + 動詞原形」結構用來表示「足夠……以致於能做某事」。當 enough 修飾動詞或副詞時，通常放在被修飾詞的後面（如本句中的 reduce... enough）。
She saved enough money to buy a new car.
她存了足夠的錢來買一輛新車。
EN： The Paris climate agreement is a landmark international treaty adopted in 2015 to combat climate change, aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 (preferably 1.5) degrees Celsius. Major cultural and scientific institutions, especially in Europe, face increasing pressure from environmental activists to cut financial sponsorships from fossil fuel companies like Equinor or BP to align with these global climate targets.
中文： 《巴黎氣候協定》是 2015 年通過的具里程碑意義之國際公約，旨在應對氣候變遷，將全球升溫控制在 2°C 以內（最好是 1.5°C）。許多歐洲文化與科學機構近年面臨環保團體巨大的輿論壓力，要求切割與 Equinor 或 BP 等化石燃料企業的贊助關係，以符合全球減碳目標與社會責任。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers to the whole action of limiting global heating to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
中文： 非限定關係子句以「which」引導，用來對前面整個主要子句所描述的情況進行補充說明。在本句中，「which」代表「將全球升溫限制在攝氏1.5度」這整件事。
He decided to walk to work every day, which is good for his health.
他決定每天走路去上班，這對他的健康很有好處。
EN： The verb 'aim' is followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express a purpose, goal, or intention.
中文： 動詞「aim」（旨在／目標是）後面常接不定詞（to + 動詞原形），用來表達目的、目標或意圖。
The new policy aims to reduce plastic waste in cities.
這項新政策旨在減少城市的塑膠垃圾。
EN： The target of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is a central goal established by the 2015 Paris Agreement, aimed at significantly reducing the risks and impacts of climate change worldwide.
中文： 將全球升溫限制在比工業化前水準高出攝氏1.5度的目標，是2015年《巴黎氣候協定》所確立的核心目標，旨在大幅降低全球氣候變遷帶來的風險與影響。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 合作夥伴關係
在本文中： 極大的、重大的（原意為地震的）
在本文中： 責任、義務
在本文中： 慷慨的、豐厚的
在本文中： 捐款、貢獻
在本文中： 批評、指責
在本文中： 暗中危害的、潛移默化的
在本文中： 倡導、擁護
在本文中： 道德規範、倫理
在本文中： 排放物、氣體排放
在本文中： 必要的、不可或缺的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To come to an end or finish.
接近尾聲、漸趨結束
To make something interesting, exciting, or realistic.
使……生動起來、賦予活力
To end a relationship or agreement with someone or an organization.
斷絕關係、終止合作
The idea that a business should contribute to society and avoid negative environmental or social impacts.
企業社會責任
A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料