EN： Present Participle Clause (Participle Construction): Used to describe two actions happening at the same time or in close succession, performed by the same subject. 'Mixing the two liquids' is shortened from 'When I mixed the two liquids'.
中文： 現在分詞引導的副詞子句（分詞構句）：用於描述由同一主詞同時或接連發生的兩個動作。「Mixing the two liquids」是由「When I mixed the two liquids」簡化而來。
Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
走在街上時，我偶遇了一位老朋友。
EN： Noun-Noun Modifier (Noun Adjunct): A noun (color) is used to modify another noun (change) to describe the type of change. Here, 'color change' means a change in color.
中文： 名詞修飾名詞（名詞作形容詞）：一個名詞（color）用來修飾另一個名詞（change），以描述該變化的類型。在這裡，「color change」指的是顏色上的變化。
The weather forecast predicted a sudden temperature drop.
天氣預報預測氣溫會突然下降。
EN： This sentence uses a Participle Clause (specifically a past participle clause 'Heated slowly') to express a condition or time. It is a shortened form of 'When it was heated slowly' or 'Because it was heated slowly'. The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('the metal').
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是過去分詞引導的「Heated slowly」）來表示時間或條件。這是「When it was heated slowly」或「Because it was heated slowly」的簡化形式。分詞子句的邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（「the metal」）一致。
Left in the sun, the ice melted quickly.
留在陽光下，冰塊很快就融化了。
EN： The verb 'begin' can be followed by either a to-infinitive ('to bend') or a gerund ('bending') with little to no change in meaning. Here, 'began to bend' describes the initiation of an action.
中文： 動詞「begin」（開始）後面可以接不定詞（to + 動詞原形，如「to bend」）或動名詞（V-ing），兩者意思幾乎沒有差別。在這裡，「began to bend」描述了彎曲動作的開始。
The baby began to cry.
嬰兒開始哭了。
EN： The perfect participle ('Having + past participle') is used to form a participle clause that expresses an action completed before the action in the main clause. It emphasizes the chronological order of events.
中文： 完成分詞（Having + 過去分詞）用於引導分詞子句，表示該動作在主要子句的動作之前已經完成。這強調了事件發生的先後順序。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
寫完功課後，他就出去玩了。
EN： A participle clause (here, 'Having recorded the data') must share the same logical subject as the main clause ('we'). If the subjects were different, it would result in a dangling participle.
中文： 分詞子句（此處為 'Having recorded the data'）的邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（'we'）一致。如果主詞不同，則會造成懸空分詞的語法錯誤。
Having arrived at the station, she realized she had lost her ticket.
到達車站後，她才發現自己把車票弄丟了。
EN： In scientific and academic contexts, presenting findings chronologically using precise grammar (like participle clauses) is highly valued because it clearly outlines the experimental procedure step-by-step.
中文： 在科學與學術情境中，使用精確的語法（如分詞子句）按時間順序呈現研究結果非常受到重視，因為這能清晰地逐步勾勒出實驗步驟。
EN： Participle Clauses (Present Participle): 'Watching closely' is a participle clause used to describe an action happening at the same time as the main verb 'noticed'. It shares the same subject ('I') as the main clause.
中文： 分詞子句（現在分詞）：'Watching closely' 是一個分詞子句，用來描述與主句動詞 'noticed' 同時發生的動作。它的邏輯主詞與主句的主詞（'I'）相同。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
走在街上時，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： Verbs of Perception with Bare Infinitive: The verb 'notice' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') to indicate that the speaker observed the entire action from start to finish.
中文： 感官動詞搭配原型不定詞：動詞 'notice'（注意到）後面可以接受詞和原型不定詞（不帶 to 的動詞），用來表示說話者完整觀察了該動作從頭到尾的過程。
I heard the door close.
我聽到門關上了。
EN： This sentence uses a Participle Clause (specifically a past participle clause) to express a reason. 'Surprised by the result' is a shortened form of 'Because we were surprised by the result'. The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('we').
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是過去分詞子句）來表示原因。「Surprised by the result」是「Because we were surprised by the result」的簡化形式。分詞子句的邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（we）一致。
Exhausted by the long walk, they fell asleep quickly.
因長途跋涉而疲憊不堪，他們很快就睡著了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'run a test' means to conduct, perform, or execute a scientific experiment or procedure. 'Again' is an adverb used to indicate repetition.
中文： 片語動詞「run a test」意為進行、執行科學實驗或程序。副詞「again」則用來表示重複進行該動作。
The scientists decided to run the test again to confirm the findings.
科學家們決定再次進行測試以確認發現。
EN： Present Participle Clauses (分詞短語): A present participle phrase (Verb-ing) can be used to describe an action that happens at the same time as the main verb, or to show the method/manner of the action. The implied subject of the participle must be the same as the subject of the main clause (in this case, 'she').
中文： 現在分詞短語（Verb-ing）可用於描述與主句動詞同時發生的動作，或表示該動作的方法與方式。分詞短語的邏輯主詞必須與主句的主詞一致（在此句中為「she」）。
Using a map, we found the hidden cabin.
使用地圖，我們找到了那間隱密的小木屋。
EN： Simple Past Tense (一般過去時): Used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past. Here, 'studied' is the past form of 'study'.
中文： 一般過去時用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作。在此處，「studied」是動詞「study」的過去式。
He studied the stars every night last summer.
去年夏天，他每天晚上都觀察星星。
EN： This sentence uses a Participle Clause (specifically a past participle clause) to express a condition or cause. 'Left in the sun' is a shortened form of 'Because it was left in the sun' or 'When it was left in the sun'. The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('the plant').
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是過去分詞子句）來表示條件或原因。「Left in the sun」是「Because it was left in the sun」（因為被留在陽光下）或「When it was left in the sun」（當被留在陽光下時）的簡化形式。分詞子句的邏輯主詞必須與主句的主詞（the plant）一致。
Kept in the fridge, the milk stays fresh for a week.
保存在冰箱裡，牛奶可以保鮮一個星期。
EN： The comparative adverb 'faster' is used to modify the verb 'grew', indicating a comparison of speed. Adverbs of one syllable usually form their comparative by adding '-er'.
中文： 比較級副詞「faster」用於修飾動詞「grew」，表示速度上的比較。單音節副詞通常在字尾加上「-er」來形成比較級。
He runs faster than his brother.
他跑得比他弟弟快。
EN： A participle clause (here, 'Not knowing the cause') is used to express a reason, condition, or time relation. It shares the same subject as the main clause ('we'). To make a participle clause negative, place 'not' directly before the participle.
中文： 分詞子句（此處為 'Not knowing the cause'）用於表示原因、條件或時間關係。其邏輯主詞與主句主詞（'we'）相同。若要將分詞子句改為否定，直接將 'not' 置於分詞之前。
Not wanting to wake the baby, she walked on tiptoe.
因為不想吵醒嬰兒，她躡手躡腳地走著。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (V-ing) is used to describe an action that continues or is repeated. In this sentence, 'kept asking' indicates that the action of asking happened repeatedly over a period of time.
中文： 動詞 'keep' 後面接動名詞（V-ing）用於描述持續或重複進行的動作。在本句中，'kept asking' 表示在一段時間內反覆詢問的動作。
He kept trying to solve the puzzle until he succeeded.
他不斷嘗試解開這個謎題，直到成功為止。
EN： Participle Clauses (Present Participle): A present participle clause (verb-ing) can be used to express the method, reason, or time of the main action when both actions share the same subject. Here, 'Measuring' describes how or while 'we' avoided mistakes.
中文： 分詞子句（現在分詞）：當兩個動作的主詞相同時，可以使用現在分詞子句（動詞-ing）來表示主句動作的方法、原因或時間。在這裡，「Measuring（測量）」描述了「我們」如何或在什麼時候避免了錯誤。
Working hard, she finished the project ahead of schedule.
透過努力工作，她提前完成了專案。
EN： Adverbs modifying participles: Adverbs of manner (like 'carefully') are placed after the participle ('Measuring') to describe how the action of the participle is performed.
中文： 修飾分詞的副詞：情狀副詞（如 'carefully'）放在分詞（'Measuring'）之後，用來修飾該分詞動作進行的方式。
Listening intently, the students took detailed notes.
專注地聽著，學生們做了詳細的筆記。
EN： This sentence uses a past participle clause ('Excited by...') acting as an adverbial clause of reason. It is a reduced clause where 'Because we were excited by...' is shortened. The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('we').
中文： 本句使用了過去分詞引導的分詞構句（'Excited by...'），在句中作表示原因的副詞子句。這是由 'Because we were excited by...' 簡化而來的結構。分詞構句的邏輯主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（'we'）一致。
Frightened by the loud noise, the dog hid under the bed.
被巨大的噪音嚇壞了，那隻狗躲到了床底下。
EN： The verb 'tell' is a ditransitive verb, but here it is used with a direct object ('our teacher') representing the person told, which is common when the information shared is implied or has been previously mentioned.
中文： 動詞 'tell'（告訴）是雙賓動詞，但在這裡它僅接了一個直接受詞（'our teacher'，指被告知的人），這在所分享的資訊已被暗示或先前已提及的情況下非常常見。
She smiled and told her mother.
她微笑著並告訴了她的母親。
EN： Participle Clauses (分詞子句): A past participle clause (e.g., 'Cooled down') can be used to express a condition, cause, or time relation. It is a shortened form of a passive adverbial clause (e.g., 'When it was cooled down'). The implied subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('the gas').
中文： 過去分詞子句（Participle Clauses）可用於表示條件、原因或時間關係。它是被動語態副詞子句的簡化形式（例如「當它被冷卻後」）。分詞子句的隱含主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（在此為 'the gas'）一致。
Left in the sun, the ice melted quickly.
留在陽光下，冰塊很快就融化了。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'turn into' (動詞片語 'turn into'): This phrasal verb means to change or become something else. It is followed by a noun representing the result of the transformation.
中文： 動詞片語「turn into」意為「變成」或「轉化為」另一種事物。其後接表示轉變結果的名詞。
With enough heat, water turns into steam.
有足夠的熱量，水就會變成蒸汽。
EN： Participle clauses (specifically using the present participle '-ing') can be used to express the method, reason, or time of the main action. Here, 'Working together' functions as an adverbial clause of manner or means, showing how the main action was accomplished. It shares the same subject ('we') as the main clause.
中文： 分詞子句（特別是使用現在分詞「-ing」）可用於表示主句動作的方法、原因或時間。在此處，「Working together」作為方式或手段的副詞子句，說明了主句動作是如何完成的。它與主句共享相同的主詞（we）。
Using a map, we found the hidden cabin.
透過使用地圖，我們找到了那間隱密的小木屋。
EN： The Simple Past Tense is used to describe completed actions in the past. In this sentence, 'finished' indicates that the action of completing the report occurred and was completed at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式用於描述過去已完成的動作。在此句子中，「finished」表示完成報告的動作發生在過去的特定時間，且已經結束。
They completed the project yesterday.
他們昨天完成了這項專案。
EN： In professional and academic settings in English-speaking cultures, emphasizing collaboration ('working together') is highly valued. Using active verbs to describe group achievements (like 'we finished') rather than passive structures is preferred to show ownership and teamwork.
中文： 在英語系國家的職場與學術文化中，非常強調團隊協作（working together）。相較於被動句型，人們更傾向使用主動動詞來描述團隊成就（例如「we finished」），以展現團隊的向心力與主動性。
EN： Present Participle Clause (Participle Construction): Used to express two actions happening at the same time or in quick succession, where the subject of both actions is the same. 'Entering the lab' is shortened from 'When I entered the lab'.
中文： 現在分詞引導的修飾子句（分詞構句）：用於表示兩個同時發生或接連發生的動作，且兩個動作的主詞必須相同。「Entering the lab」是由「When I entered the lab」簡化而來。
Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
走在街上時，我偶遇了一位老朋友。
EN： Adjective Phrase 'ready for': Used to describe a state of preparedness for a noun or activity. It often follows linking verbs like 'feel' or 'be'.
中文： 形容詞片語「ready for」（為……做好準備）：用於描述對某個名詞或活動已做好準備的狀態。通常接在連繫動詞（如 feel 或 be）之後。
The team felt ready for the upcoming challenge.
團隊感覺已經為即將到來的挑戰做好了準備。
EN： A participle clause (using a present participle '-ing') can be used to describe an action that happens at the same time as, or immediately before, the action in the main clause. The subject of both clauses must be the same (in this case, 'I').
中文： 分詞子句（使用現在分詞「-ing」）可用於描述與主句動作同時發生或緊接在主句動作之前發生的行為。兩個子句的主詞必須相同（在此句中為「I」）。
Opening the door, she welcomed the guests with a warm smile.
打開門，她帶著溫暖的微笑迎接客人。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with care' functions as an adverbial of manner, meaning 'carefully'. It is used to describe how an action is performed.
中文： 介係詞片語「with care」作為地方或方式副詞使用，意思是「小心翼翼地、仔細地」，用來修飾動作進行的方式。
Please handle this fragile box with care.
請小心搬運這個易碎的箱子。
EN： In science education and professional laboratory settings in English-speaking countries, safety protocols (like wearing goggles and gloves) are highly emphasized and strictly enforced. Describing these preparation steps is a standard part of writing lab reports and explaining scientific procedures.
中文： 在英語系國家的科學教育和專業實驗室環境中，安全規範（如佩戴護目鏡和手套）受到高度重視並被嚴格執行。描述這些準備步驟是撰寫實驗報告和解釋科學步驟時的標準流程。
EN： Participle Clauses for Simultaneous Actions: A present participle phrase (Verb-ing) can be used to describe an action that happens at the same time as the action in the main clause. The subject of both actions must be the same (in this case, 'I'). It functions as a shortened adverbial clause (e.g., 'While I was mixing...').
中文： 分詞子句表示同時發生的動作：現在分詞短語（動詞-ing）可用於描述與主句動作同時發生的行為。兩個動作的主詞必須相同（在此句中為「我」）。它起到了簡化副詞子句的作用（例如：「當我正在混合時...」）。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
走在街上時，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： Watch for: This phrasal verb means to pay attention to one's surroundings in order to notice a particular thing or event. It is often followed by a noun phrase indicating what you are expecting to see or happen.
中文： 動詞片語 'watch for'（密切注意/尋找）：這個片語意為密切注意周圍環境，以便察覺特定事物或事件的發生。後面通常接名詞片語，表示預期會看到或發生的事情。
We stood by the window, watching for the postman to arrive.
我們站在窗邊，留意著郵差的到來。
EN： Participle Clauses (分詞子句): Used to reduce an adverbial clause when the subject of both clauses is the same. Here, 'Surprised by...' is a past participle clause functioning as 'Because I was surprised by...'. The past participle ('surprised') is used because the subject ('I') receives the action or is in that state.
中文： 分詞子句：當主句和從屬子句的主詞相同時，可用於簡化副詞子句。在此處，「Surprised by...」是一個過去分詞子句，相當於「Because I was surprised by...」（因為我被...嚇了一跳）。使用過去分詞（surprised）是因為主詞（I）是該狀態的接受者。
Exhausted by the long walk, she fell asleep immediately.
因長途跋涉而疲憊不堪，她立刻睡著了。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'write down' (動詞片語 'write down'): A transitive phrasal verb meaning to record something on paper. When the object is a pronoun (like 'it'), it must be placed between the verb ('write') and the particle ('down').
中文： 動詞片語「write down」：及物動詞片語，意為在紙上記錄某事。當受詞是代名詞（如「it」）時，必須放在動詞（write）和介副詞（down）之間。
If you hear a good idea, please write it down.
如果你聽到一個好主意，請把它寫下來。
EN： Participle Clause (Past Participle): The sentence starts with a past participle clause ('Heated gently') which functions as an adverbial clause of time or condition. It is a shortened form of 'When it was heated gently'. The past participle is used because the subject of the main clause ('the liquid') receives the action of heating (passive voice).
中文： 分詞子句（過去分詞）：句子開頭的過去分詞子句（Heated gently）起到了時間或條件狀語子句的作用。它是「When it was heated gently」的簡化形式。這裡使用過去分詞，是因為主句的主詞（the liquid，液體）是接受「加熱」這個動作的對象（被動語態）。
Left in the sun, the ice melted quickly.
被留在陽光下，冰塊很快就融化了。
EN： Infinitives as Verb Objects (start + to-infinitive): The verb 'start' can be followed by a to-infinitive ('to bubble and steam') or a gerund ('bubbling and steaming') with little to no change in meaning. Here, 'to bubble' and '(to) steam' are coordinate infinitives sharing the particle 'to'.
中文： 不定詞作為動詞受詞（start + to-不定詞）：動詞「start」後面可以接不定詞（to bubble and steam）或動名詞，意思幾乎沒有差別。在這裡，「to bubble」和「(to) steam」是並列的不定詞，共享同一個不定詞符號「to」。
She started to read and write at a very young age.
她在很小的時候就開始學習讀和寫。
EN： In scientific English, passive constructions and participle clauses (like 'Heated gently...') are very common. They help to maintain an objective, impersonal tone by focusing on the process and the materials rather than the person performing the experiment.
中文： 在科學英語中，被動結構和分詞子句（如「Heated gently...」）非常常見。這有助於將焦點放在實驗過程和材料上，而非操作實驗的人，從而保持客觀、中立的語調。
EN： Perfect Participle Clause ('Having + past participle'): Used to show that one action was completed before another action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial clause of time or reason, sharing the same subject as the main clause.
中文： 完成分詞片語（Having + 過去分詞）：用於表示一個動作在主句動作之前已經完成。它在句中作時間或原因狀語，其邏輯主詞與主句主詞一致。
Having finished his homework, Leo went out to play basketball.
完成功課後，里歐出去打籃球了。
EN： Simple Past Tense: Used to describe completed actions in the past. Here, 'recorded' indicates a past action that occurred after the observation.
中文： 簡單過去式：用於描述過去已經完成的動作。在此處，'recorded' 表示在觀察之後發生的過去動作。
We designed a new website last month.
我們上個月設計了一個新網站。
EN： A participle clause (or adverbial participle clause) is used to express reason, time, or condition, sharing the same subject as the main clause. To make a participle clause negative, we place 'not' directly before the participle (present participle 'V-ing' or past participle 'V-ed'). Here, 'Not wanting...' is short for 'Because we did not want...'.
中文： 分詞子句（或稱副詞分詞子句）用於表示原因、時間或條件，其主詞與主要子句相同。若要將分詞子句改為否定，只需將否定詞「not」直接放在分詞（現在分詞 V-ing 或過去分詞 V-ed）之前。在此處，「Not wanting...」是「Because we did not want...」的簡化表達。
Not knowing the answer, she remained silent.
因為不知道答案，她保持沉默。
EN： The adverb 'twice' means 'two times' and is used to indicate frequency. It is placed after the verb and its object ('repeated the test twice') to show how many times the action was performed.
中文： 副詞「twice」意為「兩次」，用來表示頻率。它通常放在動詞及其受詞之後（如「repeated the test twice」），用以說明該動作進行了多少次。
I checked the calculations twice to ensure accuracy.
我把計算結果檢查了兩次以確保準確性。
EN： Participle clauses (using a present participle like 'Using') can be used to express the method, means, or time of an action. It functions as an adverbial modifier, sharing the same subject as the main clause ('we').
中文： 分詞子句（使用現在分詞如 'Using'）可用於表示動作的方法、手段或時間。它作為副詞性修飾語，與主句共享同一個主詞（'we'）。
Using a map, we found the hidden cabin in the woods.
使用地圖，我們找到了森林中隱藏的小木屋。
EN： An indirect question (noun clause) introduced by 'how long' functions as the direct object of the verb 'measured'. The word order in the noun clause remains subject + verb ('the reaction took').
中文： 由 'how long' 引導的間接問句（名詞子句）作為動詞 'measured' 的直接受詞。名詞子句中的語序保持「主詞 + 動詞」（'the reaction took'）。
She asked how long the flight would be.
她問這班航程要花多少時間。
EN： Participle Clause (Past Participle): A past participle clause can be used to express a reason or condition, functioning as an adverbial modifier. It has a passive meaning and shares the same subject as the main clause ('we'). It is a shortened form of 'Because we were encouraged by...'.
中文： 分詞子句（過去分詞）：過去分詞引導的子句可用於表示原因或條件，起副詞修飾語的作用。它具有被動意義，且與主句的主詞（we）一致。這是「Because we were encouraged by...」的簡化形式。
Motivated by his speech, the students started to study harder.
受到他演講的激勵，學生們開始更加努力學習。
EN： Adjective Phrase with Preposition (proud of): The adjective 'proud' is commonly followed by the preposition 'of' to indicate the source or cause of pride.
中文： 形容詞搭配介係詞（proud of）：形容詞「proud」（自豪的）後面通常接介係詞「of」，用來表示感到自豪的來源或原因。
She was proud of her daughter's achievements.
她為女兒的成就感到自豪。
EN： Participle Clauses (分詞短語): A present participle ('Comparing...') can be used to reduce an adverbial clause (e.g., 'When we compared...') when the subject of both clauses is the same ('we'). This makes the sentence more concise and is common in formal or written English.
中文： 分詞短語（Participle Clauses）：當副詞子句（例如 'When we compared...'）的主詞與主要子句的主詞（'we'）相同時，可以使用現在分詞（'Comparing...'）來簡化子句。這能使句子更為精煉，常用於正式或書面英文中。
Entering the lab, she put on her safety goggles.
進入實驗室時，她戴上了安全護目鏡。
EN： Adverbial Phrase 'at last' (副詞片語 'at last'): This phrase is used to emphasize that something has happened after a long time, difficulty, or delay. It is synonymous with 'finally' or 'in the end'.
中文： 副詞片語 'at last'（終於）：此片語用於強調某事在經歷了很長時間、困難或延遲之後終於發生，與 'finally' 或 'in the end' 同義。
After hours of searching, we found the missing key at last.
經過幾個小時的尋找，我們終於找到了遺失的鑰匙。
EN： Present Participle Phrase (分詞短語): The sentence starts with 'Working as a team', which is a present participle phrase acting as an adverbial modifier. It shares the same subject ('we') as the main clause and describes the circumstances or manner in which the main action occurred.
中文： 現在分詞短語（Present Participle Phrase）：句子開頭的「Working as a team」是一個現在分詞短語，用作狀語修飾語。它的邏輯主語與主句的主語（we）一致，用來描述主句動作發生的背景或方式。
Studying late into the night, she finally finished the project.
讀書讀到深夜，她終於完成了這個專案。
EN： Turn A into B (將 A 轉化為 B): This phrasal verb pattern means to transform or change something from one state, form, or substance into another.
中文： Turn A into B（將 A 轉化為 B）：此片語動詞句型表示將某物從一種狀態、形式或物質轉變或轉化為另一種。
They turned the old warehouse into a modern art gallery.
他們將舊倉庫改造成了現代藝術畫廊。
EN： In Western scientific and educational contexts, there is a strong cultural emphasis on collaboration and 'teamwork' rather than just individual achievement. The phrase 'turned curiosity into discovery' also reflects the value placed on inquiry-based learning, where asking questions (curiosity) is seen as the essential starting point for real scientific progress.
中文： 在西方科學與教育背景中，文化上非常強調合作與「團隊精神」（teamwork），而非僅僅個人成就。此外，「將好奇心轉化為發現」這句話也反映了對「探究式學習」的重視——在這種學習模式中，提出問題（好奇心）被視為科學進步不可或缺的起點。
EN： The participle phrase 'Looking back' functions as an adverbial modifier, expressing a perspective or condition. It is a shortened form of 'When I look back'.
中文： 分詞片語「Looking back」（回想起來）在此作為副詞修飾語，用來表示視角或條件。它是「When I look back」的簡化形式。
Looking back, I realize how much I have grown.
回想起來，我才意識到自己成長了多少。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in base form) to express causing something to happen or change state. In 'make science come alive', 'come' is the bare infinitive.
中文： 使役動詞「make」後面接受詞和原形動詞（不帶 to 的不定詞），用來表示使某事發生或改變狀態。在「make science come alive」中，「come」即為原形動詞。
The funny movie made everyone laugh.
這部好笑的電影讓每個人都笑了。
EN： The idiom 'come alive' is commonly used in English to describe a subject or activity becoming exciting, interesting, or highly active, rather than boring or theoretical. It highlights the transformative power of good teaching.
中文： 片語「come alive」在英文中常用來形容某個學科或活動變得生動有趣、充滿活力，而非枯燥乏味或流於理論。這句話強調了好的教學方法所帶來的啟發與轉變力量。
EN： Wh-questions in the simple past tense use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (infinitive without 'to'). The structure is: Wh-word + did + subject + base verb.
中文： 過去簡單式的 Wh- 疑問句使用助動詞「did」，後接主詞與主要動詞的原形（不帶 to 的不定詞）。其結構為：Wh- 疑問詞 + did + 主詞 + 原形動詞。
How did you find the answer?
你是怎麼找到答案的？
EN： Vocative comma: When addressing a person directly by name (Emma) at the end of a sentence, a comma must be placed immediately before the name to set it off from the rest of the sentence.
中文： 呼格逗號：在句子末尾直接稱呼某人的名字（如 艾瑪）時，必須在名字前加上逗號，以將其與句子的其餘部分隔開。
Where are you going, Tom?
你要去哪裡，湯姆？
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional environments, colleagues and students often address each other directly by their first names (like 'Emma') to foster a friendly, collaborative, and egalitarian atmosphere.
中文： 在英語系的學術與專業環境中，同事和學生之間經常直接稱呼彼此的名字（如「艾瑪」），以營造友善、合作且平等的氛圍。
EN： Present Participle Clauses (Participle Phrases) are used to reduce adverbial clauses when the subject of both clauses is the same. 'Putting on...' is a shortened form of 'After I put on...' or 'While I was putting on...'. It describes an action that happens just before or at the same time as the main action.
中文： 現在分詞引導的副詞子句（分詞構句）用於在前後主詞相同時簡化句子。「Putting on...」是「After I put on...」（當我戴上...之後）或「While I was putting on...」的簡化形式，用來描述在主句動作之前或同時發生的動作。
Opening the drawer, he took out a notebook.
打開抽屜後，他拿出一本筆記本。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put on' means to dress oneself in something or to place something on one's body (like gloves, clothes, or glasses). It is a separable phrasal verb, meaning the object can go between 'put' and 'on' if it is not a pronoun, though it commonly stays after 'on'.
中文： 片語動詞「put on」意為穿戴上某物（如手套、衣服或眼鏡）。這是一個可拆分的片語動詞，這意味著如果受詞不是代名詞，它可以放在「put」和「on」之間，不過通常會放在「on」的後面。
She put on her coat before going outside.
她出門前穿上了大衣。
EN： In chemistry and biology laboratory settings, safety protocols are strictly emphasized. 'Putting on gloves' is the standard first step of personal protective equipment (PPE) before handling any chemical or biological 'samples' to prevent contamination and ensure safety.
中文： 在化學和生物實驗室環境中，安全規範受到嚴格強調。在接觸任何化學或生物「樣品」（samples）之前，「戴上手套」（putting on gloves）是穿戴個人防護裝備（PPE）的標準第一步，以防止污染並確保安全。
EN： Participle Clauses (Present Participle): A present participle clause (Verb-ing) can be used to describe two actions happening at the same time, or one action happening immediately after another, when both actions share the same subject. Here, 'Mixing the liquids' is short for 'When I was mixing the liquids'.
中文： 分詞子句（現在分詞）：當兩個動作由同一個主詞發出，且同時發生或接連發生時，可以使用現在分詞（Verb-ing）引導的子句來簡化句子。在此處，「Mixing the liquids」是「When I was mixing the liquids」（當我在混合這些液體時）的簡化表達。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
走在街上時，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： Sensory Verbs: Verbs of perception (like 'see', 'hear', 'watch', 'notice') can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb root) or a present participle (verb-ing). In this sentence, 'saw' is followed by the object 'small bubbles' and the bare infinitive 'form' is implied or omitted, focusing on the completed observation of the bubbles.
中文： 感官動詞：表示感官知覺的動詞（如 see、hear、watch、notice）後面可以接受詞，再接原形動詞（表示完整過程）或現在分詞（表示正在進行的動作）。在本句中，「saw」後面接了受詞「small bubbles」（小氣泡）。
I saw the birds fly away.
我看到鳥兒飛走了。
EN： This sentence uses a Participle Clause (specifically a past participle clause) to express a reason or cause. 'Surprised by the smell' is a shortened version of 'Because I was surprised by the smell'. The subject of the participle clause must be the same as the subject of the main clause ('I').
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是過去分詞子句）來表示原因或理由。「Surprised by the smell」是「Because I was surprised by the smell」的簡化版。分詞子句的主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（此處為「I」）一致。
Exhausted by the long walk, she fell asleep immediately.
因為長途步行而疲憊不堪，她立刻睡著了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'step back' means to move backward, away from something. The adverb 'quickly' modifies the verb 'stepped' to describe the speed of the action.
中文： 片語動詞「step back」意為「往後退」，即避開某物。副詞「quickly」（迅速地）修飾動詞「stepped」，用以描述該動作的速度。
He stepped back to let the ambulance pass.
他往後退了一步，好讓救護車通過。
EN： The Perfect Participle ('Having' + past participle) is used to indicate that the action in the participle clause was completed before the action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial clause of time or reason, sharing the same subject as the main clause.
中文： 完成分詞（Having + 過去分詞）用於表示分詞子句中的動作在主要子句的動作之前已經完成。它在句中作時間或原因的副詞子句，且其邏輯主詞與主要子句的主詞一致。
Having finished his homework, Leo went to bed.
寫完功課後，里奧就去睡覺了。
EN： The simple past tense ('began') is used to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如 'began'）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。
We began the meeting at nine o'clock.
我們在九點鐘開始了會議。
EN： This sentence begins with a present participle phrase ('Watching closely'), which functions as a participle clause. It expresses an action happening at the same time as the main verb ('recorded'). The implied subject of the participle is the same as the subject of the main clause ('we').
中文： 本句以現在分詞片語（Watching closely）開頭，作為分詞構句使用。它表示與主句動詞（recorded）同時發生的動作。分詞片語的隱含主詞與主句的主詞（we）相同。
Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
走在街上時，我偶遇了一位老朋友。
EN： The determiner 'each' is used before a singular countable noun ('change') to refer to all members of a group, considering them individually.
中文： 限定詞「each」用於單數可數名詞（change）之前，用來指代群體中的每一個成員，並強調個體性。
Each student received a certificate.
每位學生都獲得了一張證書。
EN： In scientific contexts and academic writing, precision and objective observation are highly valued. Using participle clauses like 'Watching closely' allows the writer to connect actions logically and concisely, which is a common stylistic feature in lab reports and scientific descriptions.
中文： 在科學情境與學術寫作中，非常看重精準度與客觀觀察。使用如「Watching closely」的分詞構句，能讓寫作者簡潔且具邏輯性地連結多個動作，這是實驗報告和科學描述中非常常見的文體特色。
EN： This sentence uses a participle clause (specifically a present participle clause: 'Not knowing the answer') to express a reason. It is a shortened form of 'Because we did not know the answer'. To form a negative participle clause, place 'not' directly before the participle.
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是現在分詞子句：'Not knowing the answer'）來表示原因。這是 'Because we did not know the answer' 的簡化形式。要形成否定分詞子句，只需將 'not' 直接放在分詞前面。
Not having enough money, he decided to stay at home.
因為沒有足夠的錢，他決定留在家裡。
EN： The main clause uses the simple past tense ('asked') to describe a completed action in the past. The subject of both the participle clause and the main clause must be the same ('we').
中文： 主句使用簡單過去式（'asked'）來描述過去已完成的動作。分詞子句與主句的主詞必須一致（皆為 'we'）。
Feeling tired, she went to bed early.
因為覺得累了，她很早就上床睡覺了。
EN： Participle clauses (using a present participle like 'Using') are used to express method, time, or reason. They share the same subject as the main clause (in this case, 'we').
中文： 分詞子句（使用現在分詞如 'Using'）用於表示方法、時間或原因。分詞動作的主動執行者與主句的主詞一致（在此句中為 'we'）。
Using a map, they found the hidden cabin.
利用地圖，他們找到了那間隱密的木屋。
EN： The simple past tense ('made') is used to describe completed actions in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（'made'）用於描述過去已經完成的動作或狀態。
She made a delicious cake for the party.
她為派對做了一個美味的蛋糕。
EN： This sentence uses a present participle phrase ('Working together') acting as an adverbial clause of manner or means. It describes how the main action ('solved') was accomplished. The implied subject of the participle is the same as the subject of the main clause ('we').
中文： 本句使用了現在分詞片語（'Working together'）作為修飾副詞子句，用來表示達到主要動作（'solved'）的方式或手段。分詞的隱含主詞與主句的主詞（'we'）一致。
Using a map, we found the hidden cabin.
透過使用地圖，我們找到了那間隱密的小木屋。
EN： The simple past tense ('solved') is used to describe a completed action that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（'solved'）用於描述在過去特定時間點已經完成的動作。
They completed the project yesterday.
他們昨天完成了這個專案。
EN： This sentence uses a Participle Clause (specifically a past participle clause) to express a condition or circumstance. 'Described step by step' is a shortened form of 'When it is described step by step'. The past participle 'Described' is used because the subject 'science' receives the action of being described (passive voice).
中文： 本句使用了分詞子句（特別是過去分詞子句）來表示條件或情況。「Described step by step」是「When it is described step by step」的簡化形式。這裡使用過去分詞「Described」，是因為主詞「science」（科學）與動詞「describe」（描述）之間是被動關係（科學被描述）。
Seen from a distance, the island looks like a sleeping giant.
從遠處看（被從遠處看），這座島嶼看起來就像一個沉睡的巨人。
EN： The verb 'feel' is used here as a linking verb (copular verb) meaning 'to seem' or 'to produce a particular sensation'. It is followed directly by an adjective ('clear') acting as a subject complement, rather than an adverb.
中文： 動詞「feel」在此處用作連繫動詞（感官動詞），意思是「聽起來、感覺起來」或「給人某種感覺」。其後直接接形容詞「clear」（清晰的）作為主詞補語，而非接副詞。
After a long day of work, the bed feels comfortable.
工作了一整天後，床鋪感覺很舒服。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 顯微鏡，一種用於放大微小物體以供觀察的實驗室儀器
在本文中： 化學反應，指物質間發生化學變化並產生新物質的過程
在本文中： 護目鏡，用於保護眼睛免受化學品、飛濺物等傷害的防護眼鏡
在本文中： 觀察，仔細察看並記錄事物的變化
在本文中： 好奇心，求知欲
在本文中： 樣品、標本，用於檢測或實驗的少量物質
在本文中： 避免，防止（錯誤或不好的事情發生）
在本文中： 輕柔地、緩慢地，指加熱時火力溫和
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To become interesting, exciting, or full of energy
變得生動、活潑或有趣
To move backward away from something, especially out of surprise or to avoid danger
退後、往後退
Progressing gradually from one stage to the next in a sequence
一步一步地、循序漸進地
A visible alteration in color, often indicating a chemical reaction has occurred
顏色變化（呈色反應）