EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a recent action that has a result or relevance in the present. In this case, the agreement has already been made and its effects are ongoing.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述最近发生且对现在有影响或关联的动作。在本文中，代表「同意」的动作已经发生，且其影响持续至今。
The company has decided to change its policy.
公司已经决定要更改其政策。
EN： The verb 'agree' is often followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject has consented to perform.
中文： 动词「agree」（同意）后面经常接「不定式」（to + 动词原形），用来表示主语同意执行的动作。
They agreed to meet again next week.
他们同意下周再次见面。
EN： In the UK, labor unions (often called 'trade unions') have a long history of collective bargaining. The mention of 'Acas' in the context refers to a public body that helps resolve industrial disputes, highlighting the structured nature of labor relations in Britain.
中文： 在英國，勞工工會（通常稱為 trade unions）在集體談判方面有悠久的歷史。背景中提到的「Acas」是一個協助解決勞資糾紛的公共機構，這突顯了英國勞資關係的結構化特質。
EN： The use of 'voted to + verb' indicates the purpose or the result of a voting process. In English, the infinitive (to + base verb) often follows specific verbs to show intention.
中文： 「voted to + 动词」的用法表示投票过程的目的或结果。在英语中，不定式（to + 动词原形）经常接在特定动词之后，用来表示意图或决定。
The committee voted to postpone the meeting.
委员会投票决定延后会议。
EN： The word 'recently' is an adverb of time used with the past simple tense to describe an action that happened a short time ago.
中文： 「recently」是一个时间副词，与一般过去时连用，用来描述不久前发生的动作。
She recently moved to a new apartment.
她最近搬到了一间新公寓。
EN： In the UK and US tech industries, unionization has historically been rare compared to manufacturing. However, recent years have seen a surge in 'white-collar' tech workers organizing to influence company ethics and working conditions, as seen here with workers in London.
中文： 在英國和美國的科技產業中，與製造業相比，工會化歷來較為罕見。然而，近年來「白領」科技從業人員組織起來以影響公司倫理和工作條件的情況激增，正如這裡提到的倫敦員工一樣。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has been + -ing) is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and is still continuing or has a strong connection to the present, emphasizing the process of 'growing'.
中文： 现在完成进行时（have/has been + 动词-ing）用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在，或与现在有强烈关联的动作或状态，在此强调「担忧」持续增长的过程。
Public interest in renewable energy has been growing for several years.
大众对可再生能源的兴趣几年来一直在增长。
EN： The word 'how' introduces a noun clause that functions as the object of the preposition 'about'. It explains the specific content of the workers' concerns.
中文： 由「how」引导的名词性从句作为介词「about」的宾语，用来具体说明工人们所担忧的内容。
We are discussing how the new policy affects our team.
我们正在讨论这项新政策如何影响我们的团队。
EN： The sentence reflects ongoing ethical debates in the tech industry regarding 'dual-use' technology—AI developed for commercial purposes being adapted for military or surveillance use, which often leads to internal conflict between tech employees and management.
中文： 這句話反映了科技業持續存在的倫理爭議，即「軍民兩用」技術的問題：為商業目的開發的人工智慧被轉用於軍事或監視用途，這往往會導致科技公司員工與管理層之間的內部衝突。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take place' is used to say that an event happens, especially something that has been planned or organized. It is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object.
中文： 短语动词「take place」用于表示某事发生，特别是经过计划或组织的活动。这是一个不及物动词，意即其后不需要接直接宾语。
The graduation ceremony will take place in the main hall.
毕业典礼将在大礼堂举行。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information about a noun (in this case, the Service). They are separated by commas and use 'which' to refer to things or organizations. They cannot be introduced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（Non-defining relative clauses）提供关于名词（此处指该服务处）的额外信息。这类从句通常用逗号隔开，并使用「which」来指代事物或机构，且不能使用「that」来引导。
He works for the BBC, which is a famous broadcasting company.
他在 BBC 工作，那是一家著名的广播公司。
EN： Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that aims to improve organizations and working life through better employment relations. It is often called in to help resolve major industrial disputes between employers and trade unions.
中文： Acas（諮詢、調解與仲裁服務處）是英國的一個公共機構，旨在透過改善僱傭關係來提升組織效能與工作生活。當雇主與工會之間發生重大勞資糾紛時，通常會請該機構介入協助調解。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action. In this sentence, 'is led' indicates that Google DeepMind receives the action of leading.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：用于强调动作的接受者而非执行者。在本句中，「is led」表示 Google DeepMind 是「被领导」的对象。
The project is managed by a team of experts.
该项目由专家团队管理。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. 'Nobel prize winner' provides extra information about 'Demis Hassabis'.
中文： 同位语短语：紧跟在名词旁边，用来重新定义或补充说明该名词的单词或短语。「Nobel prize winner」（诺贝尔奖得主）为「德米斯·哈萨比斯」提供了额外的身份信息。
My friend Sarah is a talented musician.
我的朋友莎拉是一位才华横溢的音乐家。
EN： Demis Hassabis, the co-founder of DeepMind, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2024 for his work on protein structure prediction using AI, highlighting the growing intersection of technology and traditional science.
中文： DeepMind 的共同創辦人德米斯·哈薩比斯因其在利用人工智慧預測蛋白質結構方面的貢獻，於 2024 年獲得諾貝爾化學獎，這凸顯了科技與傳統科學之間日益增長的交集。
EN： The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) when expressing that someone says they will not do something.
中文： 动词「refuse」（拒绝）后接「不定式」（to + 动词原形），用来表达某人表示不愿做某事。
He refused to answer the question.
他拒绝回答那个问题。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the purpose or reason for an action (collective bargaining).
中文： 介词「for」在此用于表示某个动作的目的或原因（此处指集体谈判）。
They met for a private discussion.
他们见面是为了进行私人讨论。
EN： In labor relations, 'collective bargaining' is a formal process where workers, through their union, negotiate contracts with employers regarding wages, hours, and working conditions. 'Recognizing' a union is the essential first legal step for this process to begin.
中文： 在勞資關係中，「集體談判」（collective bargaining）是一個正式過程，勞工透過工會與雇主就工資、工時和工作條件進行協商。「承認」（recognizing）工會是此過程開始前必要的法律第一步。
EN： The verb 'tell' is a ditransitive verb that often takes an indirect object (the person being told) followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object (the information being shared).
中文： 动词「tell」是一个双宾语动词，通常接一个间接宾语（被告知的人），后接一个由「that」引导的从句作为直接宾语（分享的信息）。
She told the manager that she would finish the report by Friday.
她告诉经理她会在周五前完成报告。
EN： The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a future event.
中文： 情态动词「may」用于表达对未来事件的可能性或不确定性。
The heavy rain may cause a delay in the flight schedule.
大雨可能会导致航班行程延误。
EN： Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that helps resolve workplace disputes. Its involvement indicates a formal stage in labor relations where an independent third party facilitates negotiation.
中文： Acas（諮詢、調解與仲裁服務處）是英國的一個公共機構，旨在協助解決職場糾紛。它的介入象徵著勞資關係進入了一個正式階段，由獨立第三方促進談判。
EN： Present Continuous Tense (is facing): Used here to describe a current, ongoing situation or trend that is happening around the present time.
中文： 现在进行时 (is facing)：在此用于描述目前正在发生、持续中的情况或趋势。
The company is facing many difficulties this year.
这家公司今年正遭遇许多困难。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'of [heritage/origin]': Used to describe a person's ethnic or cultural background.
中文： 介词短语 'of [血统/来源]'：用于描述一个人的种族或文化背景。
She is a writer of Italian heritage.
她是一位具有意大利血统的作家。
EN： The mention of 'Palestinian heritage' is significant here because it provides context for the researcher's protest against the company's work for the Israeli government, highlighting the intersection of personal identity and corporate ethics in the tech industry.
中文： 提及「巴勒斯坦血統」在此非常重要，因為它為該研究員抗議公司為以色列政府工作的行為提供了背景，突顯了科技產業中個人身分與企業倫理的交集。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'claims'. This structure is used to report statements, thoughts, or beliefs.
中文： 本句使用「that 从句」作为名词性从句，担任动词「claims」的直接宾语。这种结构常用于转述陈述、想法或信念。
She believes that the project will be successful.
她相信该计划会成功。
EN： The passive voice 'was wrongfully dismissed' (be + past participle) is used to emphasize the person who experienced the action (the researcher) rather than who performed the action.
中文： 被动语态「was wrongfully dismissed」（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于强调承受动作的人（研究员），而非执行动作的人。
The employee was dismissed for violating company policy.
该员工因违反公司政策而被解雇。
EN： The term 'wrongful dismissal' is a specific legal concept in labor law, referring to a situation where an employee's contract is terminated by the employer in breach of one or more terms of the contract or a statutory provision.
中文： 「Wrongful dismissal」（不當解僱）是勞動法中的一個特定法律概念，指雇主違反勞動合約條款或法律規定而終止與員工的合約。
EN： The verb 'dispute' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to question whether a statement or account is true or valid. In the third person singular present tense, an '-s' is added to the base verb.
中文： 动词「dispute」在此作为及物动词，意思是质疑某个陈述或说法是否真实或有效。在第三人称单数现在时中，原形动词后需加上「-s」。
The company disputes the claims made by the former employee.
该公司驳斥了前员工提出的指控。
EN： The phrase 'what happened' acts as a noun clause (nominal relative clause) serving as the object of the preposition 'of'. It functions like a noun to represent the events that occurred.
中文： 短语「what happened」作为名词性从句（关系从句），担任介词「of」的宾语。它的功能如同名词，用来代表所发生的事件。
I want to know what happened at the meeting.
我想知道会议上发生了什么事。
EN： In legal and corporate contexts, 'disputes' is a formal way to say the company disagrees with a version of events. It is a neutral but firm term often used in official statements to avoid direct accusations of lying while still denying the claims.
中文： 在法律與企業語境中，「disputes」是表達公司不同意某種說法的正式方式。這是一個中性但堅定的術語，常用於官方聲明中，以避免直接指責對方撒謊，但同時否認其指控。
EN： The verb 'be' (is) acts as a linking verb, connecting the subject 'The researcher' to the subject complement 'a member', which describes who the subject is.
中文： 动词「be」(is) 在此作为系动词，将主语「The researcher」与主语补语「a member」连接起来，用以描述主语的身份。
She is a talented engineer at the company.
她是该公司一位才华横溢的工程师。
EN： The preposition 'of' is used to show belonging or membership, indicating that the person belongs to a specific organization.
中文： 介词「of」用于表示归属或成员身份，指出该人属于某个特定组织。
He is a member of the local chess club.
他是当地国际象棋俱乐部的成员。
EN： The 'United Tech and Allied Workers' Union' is a real-world branch of the Communication Workers Union in the UK, representing workers in the technology sector who are increasingly organizing to address ethical concerns and labor rights.
中文： 「聯合科技與盟軍工人工會」是英國通訊工人工會的一個分支，代表科技產業的勞工。近年來，科技業員工越來越傾向於透過工會組織來應對倫理疑慮與勞工權益問題。
EN： The phrasal verb 'credit A with B' is used to say that someone or something is responsible for a good thing. 'A' is the person or entity receiving the credit, and 'B' is the achievement or action (often a gerund ending in -ing).
中文： 动词短语「credit A with B」用于表示将某项功劳或成就归于 A。A 是获得功劳的对象，B 则是该项成就或行为（通常使用动名词 -ing 形式）。
The team credited their coach with winning the championship.
球队将赢得冠军的功劳归于他们的教练。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述过去某个不特定时间发生的动作，且该动作与现状具有关联性。
Scientists have discovered a new planet in a distant galaxy.
科学家们在遥远的星系中发现了一颗新行星。
EN： The mention of 'Gaza' and 'Israeli officials' refers to the ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. In the tech industry, this highlights the ethical debate over 'dual-use' technology—commercial software being used for military applications.
中文： 提及「加薩」與「以色列官員」涉及中東持續的地緣政治緊張局勢。在科技產業中，這突顯了關於「軍民兩用」技術的倫理爭議，即商業軟體被用於軍事用途引發的討論。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, or a completed action with visible results.
中文： 现在完成时 (have + 过去分词)：该时态用于描述过去某个不确定时间发生的动作，且该动作与现在有关联，或是已完成并产生明显结果的动作。
Many residents have signed the letter to protest the new law.
许多居民已经签署了这封信以抗议新法律。
EN： Passive Voice in Continuous Tense (be + being + past participle): This structure is used to emphasize that an action is currently being performed on the subject, rather than the subject performing the action.
中文： 进行时的被动语态 (be + being + 过去分词)：此结构用于强调动作目前正被施加在主体上，而不是主体在执行该动作。
The old building is being renovated by the construction crew.
那栋旧建筑正由施工团队进行翻修。
EN： The use of AI in military and defense is a highly sensitive ethical topic in the tech industry. Employees at major companies like Google often use 'petitions' and 'unions' as tools to voice their moral concerns and influence corporate policy, reflecting a culture of internal activism.
中文： 人工智慧在軍事與國防領域的應用是科技產業中極具敏感性的倫理議題。Google 等大型公司的員工經常利用「請願書」和「工會」作為表達道德疑慮及影響公司政策的工具，這反映了一種內部行動主義的文化。
EN： The verb 'represent' is used here to indicate that something serves as a sign or symbol of a particular quality or situation. It is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object.
中文： 动词「represent」（代表/象征）在此用于表示某事充当了特定品质或情况的标志或象征。这是一个及物动词，意即其后需要接直接宾语。
This discovery represents a major breakthrough in cancer research.
这项发现代表了癌症研究的一项重大突破。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'for' and 'in' are used here as modifiers to provide more specific information about the 'moment'. 'For AI ethics' specifies the field, and 'in the technology industry' specifies the location/context.
中文： 以「for」和「in」开头的介词短语在此作为修饰语，用来提供关于「moment」（时刻）更具体的信息。「For AI ethics」指明了领域，而「in the technology industry」则指明了地点或背景。
It was a difficult time for the family in that small town.
对于那个小镇上的家庭来说，那是一段艰难的时期。
EN： The sentence highlights the growing global concern over 'AI ethics,' a field that addresses the moral implications of artificial intelligence, especially its use in warfare and surveillance. This reflects a shift where tech workers increasingly hold their employers accountable for the social impact of their products.
中文： 這句話凸顯了全球對「人工智慧倫理」（AI ethics）日益增長的關注。這是一個探討人工智慧道德影響的領域，特別是其在戰爭和監視方面的應用。這反映了一種轉變：科技從業人員越來越要求雇主對其產品的社會影響負責。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'how' as the object of the verb 'affect'. A noun clause functions as a noun and follows the word order of a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
中文： 本句使用了以「how」引导的「名词性从句」作为动词「affect」的宾语。名词性从句的功能等同于名词，且须使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
I don't know how the machine works.
我不知道这台机器是如何运作的。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential future impact, rather than past ability.
中文： 情态动词「could」在此处用于表达「可能性」或未来的潜在影响，而非指过去的能力。
This new law could change everything.
这项新法律可能会改变一切。
EN： In the tech industry, unionization is a relatively new and significant trend. Traditionally, tech workers relied on individual bargaining power, but concerns over ethics (like AI in warfare) and job security are driving collective action.
中文： 在科技產業中，成立工會是一個相對較新且重要的趨勢。傳統上，科技從業人員依賴個人議價能力，但對倫理問題（如 AI 用於戰爭）和工作保障的擔憂正推動集體行動。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 总部；总公司所在地
在本文中： 担忧；挂念的事项
在本文中： 国防；防卫
在本文中： （正式）承认；认可（某组织的地位）
在本文中： 解雇；开除
在本文中： 反驳；对……提出异议
在本文中： 归功于；认为……有功劳
在本文中： 请愿书；联署书
在本文中： 伦理；道德规范
在本文中： 结果；结局
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
工会
Negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.
团体协约谈判；集体协商
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
举行；发生
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data.
云计算
To express strong objection or disapproval of something.
抗议；反对