EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause shifts backward in tense (backshift). Here, the original present continuous 'is rising' shifts to the past continuous 'was rising' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态一致：当转述过去某人所说的话时，名词从句中的动词时态通常需要往过去推一格（时态回推）。在此句中，因为主要动词「said」是过去式，所以原话中的现在进行时「is rising」要转化为过去进行时「was rising」。
He said that the temperature was dropping.
他说气温正在下降。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the sea level was rising') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. 'That' is often omitted in informal speech but kept in formal contexts.
中文： 名词从句作直接宾语：连接词「that」引导一个名词从句（that the sea level was rising），在句中作为及物动词「said」的直接宾语。在口语中「that」常被省略，但在正式语境中通常会保留。
She explained that the project was finished.
她解释说该项目已经完成了。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original speech shifts backward. Here, the modal verb 'can' shifts to 'could' to match the past tense reporting verb 'explained'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态后退：当转述他人过去所说的话时，原话的时态通常需要向过去推移。在此句中，情态助动词「can」后退为「could」，以配合过去式的转述动词「explained」。
He explained that he could not attend the meeting.
他解释说他无法出席会议。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that we could all help') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'explained'. In informal English, 'that' can often be omitted.
中文： 名词从句作宾语：连接词「that」引导一个名词从句（that we could all help），在句中作为及物动词「explained」的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，「that」通常可以省略。
She mentioned that the project was finished.
她提到项目已经完成了。
EN： Indirect Questions: When reporting a question (especially a 'wh-' question), we use statement word order (subject + verb) instead of question word order (verb + subject). No auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did' are used.
中文： 间接疑问句：当转述一个问题（特别是 wh- 开头的疑问句）时，我们使用陈述句的语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句的语序（动词 + 主语）。此时不需要使用助动词如 do、does 或 did。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： Tense Backshift in Reported Speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into a past tense. Here, 'how do you save' becomes 'how we saved'.
中文： 间接引语中的时态回退：当引导动词为过去式（如 'asked'）时，被转述从句中的动词通常也需要往过去推一个时态。在此处，'how do you save' 变成了 'how we saved'。
He asked what we wanted.
他问我们想要什么。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what was said in the past, the verb in the noun clause shifts backward in time. Here, the original statement 'The air has improved' (Present Perfect) shifts to 'the air had improved' (Past Perfect) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the simple past tense.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回推：当转述过去所说的话时，名词从句中的动词时态通常需要向过去回推。在此处，原本的发言「The air has improved」（现在完成时）因为主要从句的转述动词「said」为过去式，而回推为「the air had improved」（过去完成时）。
He said that he had already finished his homework.
他说他已经写完作业了。
EN： Noun Clauses introduced by 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is retained here for formal clarity.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句：连接词「that」引导一个名词从句，作为转述动词「said」的直接宾语。在口语英语中，「that」经常被省略，但在此处保留以维持正式与清晰度。
She believes that technology can solve many problems.
她相信科技可以解决许多问题。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in reported speech to convey commands or requests. The structure is 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something). In negative commands, 'not' is placed before the to-infinitive (tell someone not to do something).
中文： 动词「tell」（告诉/吩咐）常用于间接引语中以传达命令或请求。其结构为「tell + 宾语 + 不定式」（吩咐某人去做某事）。若是否定命令，则将「not」放在不定式之前（吩咐某人不要做某事）。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
医生叫我多喝水。
EN： The noun 'use' in this context is an uncountable noun meaning the act of using something or the state of being used. It is often preceded by a possessive adjective (our, their) or a noun adjunct (plastic use, energy use).
中文： 在此语境中，名词「use」是不可数名词，意为「使用」或「利用」。它前面通常会加上所有格代词（如 our、their）或修饰名词（如 plastic use 塑料使用、energy use 能源使用）。
We need to limit our water use during the dry season.
在枯水期我们需要限制我们的用水量。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tense in the noun clause (that-clause) often shifts back. Here, the original statement 'Bees are important' (present simple) shifts to 'bees were important' (past simple) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回退：当转述过去某人所说的话时，名词从句（that 从句）中的动词时态通常需要向过去回退。在此句中，原本的陈述「Bees are important」（一般现在时）因为主要从句的转述动词「said」为过去式，而回退为「bees were important」（一般过去时）。
He said that he loved classical music.
他说他热爱古典音乐。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The clause 'that bees were important' functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce this noun clause and can often be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 名词从句作为直接宾语：从句「that bees were important」作为及物动词「said」的直接宾语。连接词「that」用于引导此名词从句，在非正式语境中通常可以省略。
She believes that we can change the world.
她相信我们可以改变世界。
EN： In recent years, global awareness about the decline of bee populations has grown significantly. Bees are crucial pollinators for many crops that feed the world. This sentence reflects the widespread scientific and ecological concern regarding biodiversity and environmental protection.
中文： 近年來，全球對於蜜蜂數量減少的關注顯著提高。蜜蜂是地球上許多糧食作物極為關鍵的授粉媒介。這句話反映了當前科學界與生態學界對生物多樣性及環境保護的普遍重視。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether' or 'if' are used to report yes/no questions. In indirect speech, the word order is statement order (subject + verb) rather than question order, and the tense often shifts back (backshift) to match the reporting verb in the past tense.
中文： 使用 'whether' 或 'if' 引导的间接疑问句，用于转述「是/否」疑问句（即 Yes/No 疑问句）。在间接叙述中，语序须调整为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序，且动词时态通常需要往过去推移（时态回推），以配合过去式的转述动词（如 asked）。
She asked whether I liked classical music.
她问我是否喜欢古典音乐。
EN： The past simple tense ('recycled') is used here in the noun clause to represent a past habit or a backshifted present simple tense from the original direct question ('Do you recycle at school?').
中文： 名词从句中的一般过去时（'recycled'）在此处用来表示过去的习惯，或是从原本的直接疑问句（'Do you recycle at school?'）因应间接叙述而进行的时态回推（由现在时改为过去时）。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, environmental education and recycling initiatives are deeply integrated into the school curriculum from a young age. Schools often have designated recycling bins and student-led green committees, making 'recycling at school' a very common and relatable topic for students.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，環境教育與資源回收計畫從小就深植於學校課程中。學校通常設有專門的回收桶和學生主導的環保委員會，因此「在學校做回收」對學生來說是一個非常普遍且貼近生活的話題。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what was written or said in the past (using reporting verbs like 'said'), the tenses in the noun clause (that-clause) usually shift backward. Here, the present continuous 'are shrinking' shifts to the past continuous 'were shrinking' to match the past tense reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回退：当转述过去所说或所写的内容时（使用如 'said' 等转述动词），名词性从句（that 从句）中的时态通常需要向过去回退。在此处，现在进行时 'are shrinking' 转变为过去进行时 'were shrinking'，以配合过去时的转述动词 'said'。
The report said that temperatures were rising.
报告指出气温正在上升。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that forests were shrinking') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in written or formal contexts.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：连接词 'that' 引导一个名词性从句（'that forests were shrinking'），在句中作为及物动词 'said' 的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，'that' 经常被省略，但在书面或正式语境中通常会保留。
She explained that the project was complete.
她解释说该项目已经完成。
EN： The verb 'tell' is followed by an object and an infinitive (to + verb) to report an order, request, or advice. To make this structure negative, 'not' is placed directly before 'to-infinitive' (tell + object + not + to-infinitive).
中文： 动词「tell」（告诉）后面接宾语和不定式（to + 动词），用于转述命令、要求或建议。若要将此结构改为否定，需将「not」直接放在「to-不定式」之前，形成「tell + 宾语 + not + to-不定式」的结构。
The teacher told us not to run in the hallway.
老师告诉我们不要在走廊上奔跑。
EN： The word 'clean' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'water'. In English, attributive adjectives are placed directly before the nouns they describe to specify their qualities.
中文： 单词「clean」（干净的）作为形容词，修饰名词「water」（水）。在英文中，前置形容词会直接放在其所修饰的名词前面，用以说明该名词的特质或状态。
We need clean air to stay healthy.
我们需要干净的空气来保持健康。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, environmental education and water conservation are heavily emphasized from a young age. Phrases like 'waste clean water' are commonly used in schools and public campaigns to foster ecological responsibility.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，環境保護教育與節約用水觀念從小就受到高度重視。像「waste clean water」（浪費乾淨的水）這類的表達方式，經常出現在學校教育和公共宣導活動中，用以培養公民的生態責任感。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report questions or explain processes. When a question starting with a question word (like 'how') is embedded within a sentence, it follows statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order (verb + subject).
中文： 间接疑问句（名词性从句）用于转述问题或解释过程。当一个以疑问词（如 'how'）开头的疑问句嵌入在句子中时，它必须使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序（动词 + 主语）。
She explained how the machine operates.
她解释了这台机器是如何运作的。
EN： The past simple tense is used here for both the reporting verb ('explained') and the verb in the noun clause ('worked') to maintain backshift/tense agreement, referring to a past explanation of a general process.
中文： 此处的转述动词（'explained'）与名词性从句中的动词（'worked'）皆使用一般过去时，以保持时态一致（时态后退），用来描述过去对于某个一般运作过程的解释。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause often shifts back in tense (backshift). Here, the original statement 'Small actions make a difference' (present simple) shifts to 'made a difference' (past simple) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态一致：当转述过去某人所说的话时，名词从句中的动词时态通常需要往过去推一个时态（时态后退）。在此处，原本的陈述「Small actions make a difference」（一般现在时）因为主要从句的转述动词「said」为过去式，而转变为「made a difference」（一般过去时）。
She said that she wanted to help the environment.
她说她想要帮助环境。
EN： The Collocation 'make a difference': This common idiom means to have a significant effect on a person or situation, often in a positive way. It can be modified by adjectives like 'big', 'small', or 'no'.
中文： 短语「make a difference」的用法：这个常见的习语意思是对人或处境产生重大影响（通常是积极正面的影响）。中间可以加上「big」（巨大的）、「small」（微小的）或「no」（毫无）等形容词来修饰。
Every recycled bottle can make a big difference.
每一个回收的瓶子都能产生巨大的影响。
EN： Reported speech with a 'that' clause is used to report what was said or written. When the reporting verb (reported) is in the past tense, the verb inside the noun clause (was) usually shifts to a past tense as well to maintain backshift/tense agreement.
中文： 使用 'that' 引导的名词从句作为间接引语，用来转述他人说过或写过的内容。当主要从句的转述动词（如 reported）为过去式时，that 从句中的动词（如 was）通常也需要配合时态一致，使用过去式。
The article stated that the air quality was improving.
文章指出空气质量正在改善。
EN： The comparative adjective 'cleaner' is formed by adding '-er' to the one-syllable adjective 'clean'. It is used to compare the state of the river in the past to a newer, improved state.
中文： 比较级形容词 'cleaner' 是在单音节形容词 'clean' 后面加上 '-er' 形成。在此处用于将河流现在（或转述当时）的状态与过去的状态进行比较，表示「更干净的」。
EN： The Simple Past Tense is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'visited' is the past tense form of the regular verb 'visit', indicating an event that occurred 'last week'.
中文： 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作。在本句中，「visited」是规则动词「visit」的过去式，表示发生在「last week」（上周）的事件。
Yesterday, a famous writer visited our local library.
昨天，一位著名的作家拜访了我们当地的图书馆。
EN： The 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) is used here as an infinitive of purpose, explaining 'why' the scientist visited the school (to give a talk).
中文： 不定式（to + 动词原形）在此处用作表示目的的不定式（Infinitive of Purpose），用来解释科学家拜访学校的「目的」（为了进行演讲）。
He went to the store to buy some fresh vegetables.
他去商店是为了买一些新鲜蔬菜。
EN： In English-speaking schools, it is very common for guest speakers, such as scientists, authors, or local professionals, to visit schools and give educational talks (often called 'assemblies' or 'guest lectures') to raise awareness about topics like climate change.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校中，邀請客座演講者（如科學家、作家或當地專業人士）到校進行教育性演講（通常稱為「assemblies」或「guest lectures」）是非常普遍的，這能有效提升學生對氣候變遷等議題的認識。
EN： Reported speech with backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original spoken words shifts backward. Here, 'is' shifts to 'was' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语与时态后退：当转述他人过去所说的话时，原话的时态通常需要向过去推移。在此句中，因为引述动词「said」是过去式，所以从句中的「is」后退为过去式「was」。
He said that he was tired.
他说他累了（当时的状态）。
EN： The structure 'one of + plural noun' is used to talk about one specific thing within a larger group. The noun that follows must always be plural (challenges), even though the overall subject 'one' is singular.
中文： 「one of + 复数名词」的结构用于表示某个群体中的其中一个。尽管整体主语「one」是单数，但后面接的名词必须是复数形式（challenges）。
This is one of our best projects.
这是我们最好的项目之一。
EN： Indirect Speech with Tense Shift (Backshift): When reporting what someone said in the past using a reporting verb like 'explained', the tense in the noun clause shifts back. Here, the present perfect 'have warmed' shifts to the past perfect 'had warmed' because the action of warming happened prior to the moment of explanation.
中文： 间接引语与时态回溯：当使用过去时态的转述动词（如 'explained'）来转述某人过去所说的话时，名词从句中的时态需要向过去推移。在此处，现在完成时 'have warmed' 转变为过去完成时 'had warmed'，因为「变暖」的动作发生在「解释」之前。
He explained that they had already finished the project.
他解释说他已经完成了该项目。
EN： Noun Clauses as Direct Objects: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that human actions had warmed the planet') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'explained'. 'That' is often optional in informal speech but preferred in formal writing.
中文： 名词从句作直接宾语：连接词 'that' 引导一个名词从句（'that human actions had warmed the planet'），在句中作为及物动词 'explained' 的直接宾语。在非正式口语中 'that' 常可省略，但在正式写作中建议保留。
She mentioned that the meeting was postponed.
她提到会议延期了。
EN： In environmental science and global discourse, 'the planet' is commonly used as a synonym for 'Earth' to emphasize its unity and vulnerability. The phrase 'human actions' (anthropogenic activities) is a key term in discussions about climate change, highlighting collective responsibility.
中文： 在環境科學與全球論述中，「the planet」（這顆行星）常用作「地球」（Earth）的同義詞，以強調其整體性與脆弱性。而「human actions」（人類行為，或稱人為活動）是氣候變遷討論中的關鍵詞，用以強調人類的共同責任。
EN： An adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when' is used to indicate the time at which the action in the main clause occurs. In this sentence, the action of 'asking' sets the temporal context for the main action 'smiled'.
中文： 由 'when'（当……时）引导的时间状语从句，用来表示主要从句动作发生的时间点。在本句中，「询问」的动作为主要动作「微笑」设定了时间背景。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
当钟声响起时，学生们离开了教室。
EN： An indirect question (noun clause) introduced by a question word (how) functions as the object of the verb 'asked'. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions follow statement word order (subject + verb): 'how we could help' instead of 'how could we help'.
中文： 由疑问词（how）引导的间接疑问句（名词从句），在此作为动词 'asked' 的宾语。与直接疑问句不同，间接疑问句须使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），即 'how we could help'，而非 'how could we help'。
She asked where we wanted to go.
她问我们想去哪里。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (indirect speech for an imperative/command). In this structure, 'someone' is the indirect object, followed by an infinitive (to + verb) acting as the object complement.
中文： 动词「tell」（告诉）常用于「tell someone to do something」（告诉某人去做某事）的句型中，这常用于转述命令或要求。在此结构中，「someone」是间接宾语，后面接不定式（to + 动词）作为宾语补足语。
The teacher told us to open our books.
老师告诉我们把书打开。
EN： Parallel structure (or parallelism) involves using the same grammatical form to express coordinate ideas. In this sentence, the coordinating conjunction 'and' connects two infinitive phrases: 'to save energy' and 'to reduce waste'. Repeating the 'to' is optional but adds clarity and emphasis.
中文： 平行结构（对等结构）是指使用相同的语法形式来表达并列的观点。在本句中，并列连词「and」连接了两个不定式短语：「to save energy」与「to reduce waste」。重复使用「to」是可选的，但能增加句子的清晰度与语气强度。
He likes to swim and to run in the morning.
他喜欢在早上游泳和跑步。
EN： In modern environmental discourse, 'saving energy' and 'reducing waste' are core tenets of sustainable living. The phrasing reflects a global educational shift toward personal responsibility in combating climate change, often taught to students from a young age.
中文： 在現代環保論述中，「節約能源」與「減少垃圾」是永續生活方式的核心原則。這種措辭反映了全球教育在應對氣候變遷時，越來越強調個人責任的趨勢，通常從小就灌輸給學生。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause often shifts back in tense. Here, 'really mattered' is in the simple past tense because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense, even though the statement represents a general truth or ongoing belief.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态一致：当转述过去某人所说的话时，名词性从句中的动词通常需要向过去推移一个时态。在此处，因为引导动词「said」为过去时，所以从句中的动词使用过去时「really mattered」，即使该内容代表的是普遍真理或持续的信念。
He said that he wanted to become a doctor.
他说他想成为一名医生。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that small daily choices really mattered') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' can be omitted, but keeping it adds clarity.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：连接词「that」引导一个名词性从句（that small daily choices really mattered），在句中作为及物动词「said」的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，「that」可以省略，但保留它能使结构更清晰。
She believes that everyone can make a difference.
她相信每个人都能有所作为。
EN： The phrase 'small daily choices really mattered' reflects a prominent theme in modern environmental movements: individual agency. It emphasizes that global challenges like climate change are addressed not just by large-scale policies, but also by the cumulative effect of everyday personal habits (e.g., reducing plastic, saving energy).
中文： 「每天小小的選擇真的很重要」這句話反映了現代環保運動中一個非常重要的觀念：個人能動性。它強調像氣候變遷這樣的全球性挑戰，不僅需要依靠宏觀的政策，也取決於每個人日常習慣（如減塑、節能）累積起來的巨大力量。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) introduced by question words like 'how' function as the object of a verb. In indirect questions, the word order is subject + verb (statement order), not verb + subject (question order).
中文： 由疑问词（如 'how'）引导的间接疑问句（名词从句）可作为动词的宾语。在间接疑问句中，语序为「主语 + 动词」（陈述句语序），而非「动词 + 主语」（疑问句语序）。
She explained how solar panels generate electricity.
她解释了太阳能板是如何发电的。
EN： An adjective clause (relative clause) can modify a noun. When the relative pronoun (such as 'that' or 'which') acts as the object of the relative clause, it is commonly omitted, as seen in 'the air [that] we breathe'.
中文： 形容词从句（关系从句）可用于修饰名词。当关系代词（如 'that' 或 'which'）在关系从句中担任宾语时，通常可以省略，如此处的 'the air [that] we breathe'（我们所呼吸的空气）。
This is the book we read in class.
这就是我们在课堂上读过的那本书。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether' are used to report yes/no questions. In reported speech, the question word order (verb + subject) changes to statement word order (subject + verb), and the tense often shifts back (backshift).
中文： 使用「whether」（是否）引导的间接疑问句，用于转述「是/否」疑问句。在间接叙述中，疑问句的语序（动词 + 主语）要改为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），且时态通常需要往过去推移（时态回推）。
He asked whether I wanted to join the team.
他问我是否想加入这个团队。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by question words (like 'where') function as objects. Similar to indirect yes/no questions, they must follow statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 由疑问词（如「where」）引导的名词从句在句中担任宾语。与间接的「是/否」疑问句类似，它们必须遵守陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
Do you know where they live?
你知道他们住在哪里吗？
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that occurred before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had never thought' happened prior to the past action of admitting ('admitted').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经发生或完成的动作。在本句中，「从未思考过」（had never thought）发生在「承认」（admitted）这个过去动作之前。
She realized that she had lost her keys.
她意识到她把钥匙弄丢了。
EN： A noun clause starting with the conjunction 'that' can function as the direct object of a verb (here, 'admitted'). The conjunction 'that' is often optional in informal contexts but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由连接词「that」引导的名词性从句可以作为动词（此处为 admitted）的直接宾语。在非正式语境中，「that」通常可以省略，但在此处保留以使结构更清晰。
They admitted that they made a mistake.
他们承认他们犯了个错误。
EN： The reporting verb 'tell' is followed by an indirect object and an infinitive clause: 'tell + someone + to-infinitive'. To make this structure negative, 'not' is placed directly before the 'to-infinitive' ('not to do something').
中文： 动词「tell（告诉）」后面接间接宾语和不定式从句，结构为「tell + 某人 + 不定式（to V）」。若要将此结构改为否定，需将「not」直接放在不定式前面，形成「not to do something（告诉某人不要做某事）」。
The doctor told me not to eat late at night.
医生告诉我晚上不要太晚吃东西。
EN： The linking verb 'feel' is followed by an adjective (such as 'helpless') to describe the subject's emotional state. The preposition 'about' is commonly used after 'helpless' to specify the cause or subject of the feeling.
中文： 系动词「feel（感到）」后面接形容词（如「helpless」）来描述主语的情绪状态。介词「about」常用在「helpless」之后，用来明确指出产生该感觉的原因或对象。
They felt excited about the upcoming trip.
他们对即将到来的旅行感到兴奋。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the noun clause usually shifts back into the past. Here, 'have' becomes 'had' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语与时态回溯：当转述某人过去所说的话时，名词从句中的动词通常需要向过去回溯一个时态。在此处，因为主要动词（引介动词）「said」是过去式，所以从句中的「have」要转变为过去式「had」。
He said that he wanted to become a volunteer.
他说他想要成为一名志愿者。
EN： The noun phrase 'the power to do something': The infinitive 'to do' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'power', expressing the ability or authority to perform a certain action.
中文： 名词短语「the power to do something」（做某事的权力/能力）：不定式「to do」在此作为形容词修饰名词「power」，用以表示进行某项动作的能力或权力。
We all have the power to save energy.
我们都有能力节约能源。
EN： In modern social movements, especially those related to climate change and environmental protection, there is a strong emphasis on empowering youth. Phrases like 'young people have the power to make change' reflect a global cultural shift where younger generations are viewed as active leaders of future progress rather than passive observers.
中文： 在現代社會運動中（特別是與氣候變遷和環保相關的運動），非常強調賦予年輕人力量。像「young people have the power to make change」這樣的句子，反映了全球文化的一種轉變：年輕一代被視為未來進步的積極領導者，而非被動的旁觀者。
EN： The verb 'leave' can be followed by an object ('the talk') and then a participle ('feeling...') acting as an object complement or a depictive secondary predicate, describing the state or feeling of the subject ('we') at the moment of leaving.
中文： 动词「leave」（离开）后面可以接宾语（the talk）与分词（feeling...）作为宾语补足语或描绘性次要谓语，用来描述主语（we）在离开那一刻的状态或感受。
They left the meeting smiling and shaking hands.
他们离开会议时面带微笑并互相握手。
EN： The noun clause 'that we could truly make a difference' acts as the complement of the participle 'feeling', expressing the content of the feeling.
中文： 名词从句「that we could truly make a difference」作为分词「feeling」的补足语，用来表达该感受的具体内容。
She was feeling that everything would turn out fine.
她觉得一切都会好起来的。
EN： Direct Speech (Quotation Marks): Direct speech repeats the exact words spoken. In English, the spoken words are enclosed in quotation marks, and a comma is typically used to separate the spoken quote from the reporting verb (e.g., 'asks Sarah').
中文： 直接引语（引号的使用）：直接引语用于重复说话者原汁原味的话语。在英文中，所说的话会放在双引号内，并且通常会使用逗号将引用的话与说话动词（例如 'asks Sarah'）隔开。
"I love reading," said Tom.
「我喜欢阅读，」汤姆说。
EN： Inversion in Reporting Clauses: When the reporting clause (e.g., 'asks Sarah') comes after the direct speech, the subject and verb can sometimes be inverted (verb before subject), especially with simple verbs like 'say' or 'ask', provided the subject is a noun and not a pronoun.
中文： 引述从句的倒装：当引述从句（如 'asks Sarah'）放在直接引语之后时，主语与动词有时可以倒装（动词放在主语前面），特别是像 'say' 或 'ask' 这样的简单动词，前提是主语必须是名词而非代词。
"Where are you going?" asked the teacher.
「你要去哪里？」老师问道。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the reported clause typically shifts back in tense (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words 'The oceans are getting warmer' (Present Continuous) shift to 'the oceans were getting warmer' (Past Continuous) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语与时态回溯：当转述某人过去所说的话时，被引导的从句中的动词时态通常需要往过去推一格（时态回溯）。在此处，原本说话的内容「The oceans are getting warmer」（现在进行时）因为主句的转述动词「said」为过去时，而转变为「the oceans were getting warmer」（过去进行时）。
He said that he was studying for the exam.
他说他那时正在准备考试。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The clause 'that the oceans were getting warmer' functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce this noun clause and can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：从句「that the oceans were getting warmer」作为及物动词「said」的直接宾语。连接词「that」用于引导此名词性从句，在口语中经常可以省略。
She believes that we can save the planet.
她相信我们可以拯救这个星球。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) introduced by question words like 'how' do not use auxiliary verbs (do/does/did) and follow the statement word order (subject + verb). In reported speech, the tense of the indirect question often shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense reporting verb 'asked'. Here, 'how often we used' is the indirect question.
中文： 由疑问词（如 'how'）引导的间接疑问句（名词性从句）不使用助动词（do/does/did），且须保持陈述句语序（主语 + 动词）。在间接引语中，间接疑问句的时态通常需要往回推一个时态（时态一致），以配合过去时主要动词 'asked'。在此处，'how often we used' 即为间接疑问句。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： The verb 'ask' can take a double object (ditransitive structure): 'ask + indirect object (person) + direct object (the question/noun clause)'. In this sentence, 'us' is the indirect object, and the noun clause 'how often we used plastic' is the direct object.
中文： 动词 'ask' 可以接双宾语（授与动词结构）：'ask + 间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（问题/名词性从句）'。在本句中，'us' 是间接宾语，而名词性从句 'how often we used plastic' 则是直接宾语。
He asked them what they wanted.
他问他们想要什么。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what was said in the past ('The report said'), the tense in the noun clause shifts back (backshift). Here, the present perfect 'has increased' shifts to the past perfect 'had increased' to show that the action happened before the reporting took place.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回推：当转述过去所说的话（如 'The report said'）时，名词性从句中的时态通常需要向过去推一格。在此处，现在完成时 'has increased' 转为过去完成时 'had increased'，用以表示该动作发生在「报告指出」这个过去时间点之前。
He said that the train had already left.
他说火车已经开走了。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in formal or written contexts.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词性从句：连接词 'that' 引导一个名词性从句，作为转述动词 'said' 的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，'that' 经常被省略，但在正式或书面语境中通常会保留。
She explained that the project was complete.
她解释说该项目已经完成了。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in reported speech to convey commands or requests. The structure is 'tell + object + to-infinitive' (tell someone to do something). In the past tense, 'told' is used.
中文： 动词「tell」（告诉/吩咐）常用于间接引语中以转述命令或要求。其结构为「tell + 宾语 + 不定式」（告诉某人去做某事）。在此句中，使用的是过去时「told」。
He told me to close the window.
他叫我把窗户关上。
EN： The word 'more' is the comparative form of 'many' or 'much'. When placed before a plural countable noun (like 'trees'), it means 'a greater number of'.
中文： 单词「more」是「many」或「much」的比较级。当它放在复数可数名词（如「trees」）前面时，表示「更多数量的」。
We need to buy more apples.
我们需要买更多的苹果。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by question words (wh- words) function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how energy was wasted' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. Unlike direct questions, noun clauses use statement word order (subject + verb).
中文： 由疑问词（如 how, what, why 等）引导的名词性从句可以作为动词的宾语。在本句中，「how energy was wasted」是一个名词性从句，作为动词「explained」的直接宾语。与直接疑问句不同，名词性从句必须使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词）。
She showed us how the machine worked.
她向我们展示了这台机器是如何运作的。
EN： The passive voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. Here, 'was wasted' (past simple passive) emphasizes that energy was being lost, without specifying who wasted it.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时。在这里，「was wasted」（一般过去时的被动语态）强调能源被浪费了，而没有明确指出是谁浪费的。
A lot of water was wasted during the festival.
节日期间有许多水被浪费了。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': 'Whether' is used to introduce an indirect yes/no question (noun clause) acting as the object of a verb like 'ask'. It means 'if' or 'whether or not'.
中文： 使用「whether」引导的间接疑问句：「whether」用于引导间接的「是/否」疑问句（名词从句），作为「ask」等动词的宾语，表示「是否」或「是不是」。
She asked whether we had finished our homework.
她问我们是否已经完成了家庭作业。
EN： Backshift in reported speech: When the reporting verb (asked) is in the past tense, the tense in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the present tense 'Do you care...?' shifts to the simple past 'cared'.
中文： 间接引语中的时态后退：当主要动词（asked）为过去式时，转述从句中的时态需向后退一格。在此处，现在时的「Do you care...?」变成了简单过去时的「cared」。
He asked if I knew the answer.
他问我是否知道答案。
EN： In environmental discussions, 'the planet' is a very common and slightly more emotional or urgent way of referring to Earth, emphasizing our shared responsibility to protect it.
中文： 在環境議題的討論中，「the planet」（這個星球/地球）是一個非常常見且帶有情感或緊迫感的詞彙，用來指代地球，強調我們共同保護它的責任。
EN： Reported commands and requests use the structure 'tell + object + (not) + to-infinitive'. When the original direct speech is negative ('Don't give up'), it becomes 'not to' followed by the base verb in reported speech.
中文： 间接命令与要求使用「tell + 宾语 + (not) + 不定式」的结构。当原本的直接引语为否定句（例如「Don't give up」）时，在间接引语中会转化为「not to」后接原形动词。
He told me not to worry about the results.
他告诉我不必担心结果。
EN： The phrasal verb 'give up' means to stop making an effort or to resign to defeat. When followed by a noun like 'hope', it means to stop believing that something good will happen.
中文： 短语动词「give up」意为停止努力或认输。当后面接名词「hope（希望）」时，表示不再相信好事会发生，即「放弃希望」。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) is used to report what someone said. When the reporting verb (said) is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in the noun clause often shifts back (backshift). Here, 'starts' becomes 'started' to match the past tense of 'said'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）用于转述他人说过的话。当主要动词（如 said）为过去式时，名词从句中的动词时态通常需要往过去推一个时态（时态回推）。在此处，「starts」变成「started」以配合过去式的「said」。
She said that she wanted to help the environment.
她说她想要帮助环境。
EN： The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but including it makes the sentence structure clearer.
中文： 连接词「that」引导一个名词从句，作为动词「said」的直接宾语。在口语或非正式英语中，「that」经常被省略，但保留它可以使句子结构更清晰。
He explained that the project was complete.
他解释说该项目已经完成了。
EN： This sentence reflects a common theme in environmental and social activism: individual responsibility and collective action. The phrase 'change starts with us' (or 'with you') is a popular motivational slogan used globally to inspire grassroots initiatives.
中文： 這句話反映了環保與社會運動中常見的主題：個人責任與集體行動。口號「改變從我們開始」（或從你開始）在全球被廣泛使用，用以激勵草根階層的主動性與參與感。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'learned'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main clause with the subordinate clause, and it can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句在此作为动词「learned」的直接宾语。在这种结构中，「that」是一个连接词，用来连接主句与从句，在非正式口语中通常可以省略。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信诚实是最好的策略。
EN： The verb 'count' is used here as an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have value/influence'. It is often used in the simple present tense to state a general truth or principle.
中文： 动词「count」在此处用作不及物动词，意思是「重要」或「有价值、有影响力」。它常用于一般现在时，以陈述普遍的真理或原则。
In a democracy, every vote counts.
在民主国家中，每一票都很重要。
EN： The phrase 'every action counts' reflects a strong contemporary environmental and social ethos in English-speaking cultures, emphasizing individual responsibility and the collective power of small, daily efforts to combat global issues like climate change.
中文： 「every action counts」（每個行動都有其意義）反映了英語系國家當代強烈的環保與社會思潮，強調個人責任以及微小日常努力的累積力量，用以應對氣候變遷等全球性議題。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： （规模、数量或体积）缩减，变小
在本文中： 专家，行家
在本文中： 挑战，艰巨任务
在本文中： 承认（某事属实）
在本文中： 无助的，无能为力的
在本文中： 减少，降低（数量、尺寸或程度）
在本文中： 改善，好转
在本文中： 重要，有重大关系
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature.
气候变化
To have a significant effect on a person or situation; to cause a change.
产生影响，发挥作用，带来改变
To stop believing that something good will happen or that you can succeed.
放弃希望
A panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating.
太阳能板