EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech): When reporting what someone said in the past, the tenses in the reported clause usually shift backward (backshift). Here, Sarah's original words 'I am feeling much better' (present continuous) shift to 'she was feeling much better' (past continuous) after the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）：当转述某人过去所说的话时，被引导从句中的时态通常需要向过去推移（时态回退）。例如，莎拉原本说的“I am feeling much better”（现在进行时）在转述动词“said”之后，变为“she was feeling much better”（过去进行时）。
He said that he was working on a new project.
他说他当时正在做一个新项目。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that she was feeling much better') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted.
中文： 名词从句作宾语：连接词“that”引导一个名词从句（that she was feeling much better），在句子中作为转述动词“said”的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，“that”经常被省略。
They believe that the plan will succeed.
他们相信这个计划会成功。
EN： Indirect speech with 'tell'. When reporting what was said, 'tell' is followed by an indirect object (the person being spoken to) and a 'that' clause containing the reported statement. The conjunction 'that' can optionally be omitted.
中文： 使用 'tell' 的间接引语。在转述所说的话时，'tell' 后面会接一个间接宾语（听话者），然后接一个由 'that' 引导的从句来表示转述的内容。连接词 'that' 可以省略。
She told me that she was leaving.
她告诉我她要离开了。
EN： Future in the past. We use 'would' (the past form of 'will') to talk about the future from a perspective in the past, which is common in reported speech after past tense reporting verbs like 'told'.
中文： 过去将来时。我们使用 'would'（'will' 的过去式）来从过去的角度描述将来发生的事，这在 'told' 等过去时态的转述动词后的间接引语中非常常见。
They said they would help us.
他们说他们会帮助我们。
EN： Indirect Questions (Noun Clauses): When a wh-question is embedded within another sentence, it becomes an indirect question. The word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb), and no auxiliary verbs like 'do/does/did' are used.
中文： 间接问句（名词从句）：当疑问词引导的问句嵌入另一个句子中时，它就变成了间接问句。语序需要从疑问句语序（动词 + 主语）改为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），且不使用助动词（如 do/does/did）。
She asked me where the post office was.
她问我邮局在哪里。
EN： Sequence of Tenses (Backshift): In reported speech, if the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), the tense of the verb in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the original question 'Where is the library?' becomes 'where the library was'.
中文： 时态一致（时态回推）：在间接叙述中，如果主要动词是过去式（如 'asked'），则转述从句中的动词时态通常需要向过去推一格。例如，原本的问句 'Where is the library?' 变成了 'where the library was'。
He wanted to know what time the train left.
他想知道火车什么时候出发。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' to report an order, instruction, or strong request. In indirect speech, the infinitive 'to + verb' (to hand in) is used to represent the original imperative sentence.
中文： 动词“tell”常用于“tell someone to do something”（告诉某人去做某事）的句型中，用来转述命令、指示或强烈的要求。在间接叙述中，使用不定式“to + 动词原形”（to hand in）来表示原本的祈使句。
My boss told me to finish the project by Friday.
我的老板叫我在星期五前完成这个项目。
EN： The phrasal verb 'hand in' means to submit or give something (like homework, a report, or a document) to a person in authority.
中文： 短语动词“hand in”意为“上交”或“提交”，指将某物（如作业、报告或文件）交给有权或负责的人。
Please hand in your homework before you leave.
请在离开前上交你们的作业。
EN： In English-speaking academic environments, 'hand in' is the standard phrasal verb used by both teachers and students for submitting assignments. It carries a slightly more casual, everyday tone compared to the formal verb 'submit'.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校環境中，「hand in」是師生之間用來表示「交作業、交報告」最標準且常用的片語。相較於較為正式的單字「submit」，「hand in」聽起來更口語、更貼近日常生活。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with omitted 'that': When reporting what someone said in the past, the conjunction 'that' can be omitted, especially in informal or spoken English. The tenses in the reported clause usually shift back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'said'.
中文： 省略 'that' 的间接引语（转述语气）：当转述他人某件事时，连接词 'that' 可以省略，这在口语或非正式英语中非常常见。被转述从句中的时态通常需要向过去推移（时态回推），以配合主要动词 'said' 的过去时态。
He said he was tired.
他说他累了。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in the past. In this sentence, she finished the project (past perfect) before she spoke about it (simple past).
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）：用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。例如，她完成项目（过去完成时）发生在她提到这件事（一般过去时）之前。
They realized they had lost the keys.
他们意识到他们把钥匙弄丢了。
EN： In professional and academic contexts, keeping others updated on project status (using terms like 'finished the project') is a key communication skill. Using 'already' emphasizes efficiency and proactive completion of tasks.
中文： 在職場與學術環境中，主動回報專案進度（如使用 'finished the project'）是關鍵的溝通技巧。使用 'already'（已經）能強調工作的高效率與主動完成任務的態度。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': 'Whether' is used to introduce noun clauses representing yes/no questions in reported speech. It functions similarly to 'if' but is often preferred in more formal contexts.
中文： 使用“whether”引导的间接问句：“whether”用于在间接叙述中引导表示“是/否”疑问句的名词从句。其功能与“if”相似，但在较正式的语境中更常使用。
She asked whether the museum was open on Sundays.
她询问博物馆星期日是否开放。
EN： Past progressive for future in the past: 'Were coming' is the past progressive tense used here to express a future action from a perspective in the past (backshifting from 'are coming' in direct speech).
中文： 过去进行时表示过去的将来：这里的“were coming”是过去进行时，用来从过去的角度表达未来的动作（由直接叙述中的“are coming”随时态一致原则后退一步）。
They said they were leaving the next morning.
他们说他们第二天早上就要离开了。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, RSVPing or confirming whether you are coming to a party is considered an important social etiquette, allowing the host to prepare food and drinks accordingly.
中文： 在英語系國家中，回覆（RSVP）或確認自己「是否會去參加派對」被視為非常重要的社交禮儀，這能讓主辦人依據人數準備相應的食物與飲料。
EN： The reporting verb 'tell' is used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' for indirect commands. To make it negative, 'not' is placed directly before the to-infinitive: 'tell someone not to do something'.
中文： 动词“tell”（告诉/要求）在间接命令句中常使用“tell someone to do something”（要求某人做某事）的结构。若要表示否定，需将“not”直接放在不定式“to”之前，形成“tell someone not to do something”（要求某人不要做某事）。
The doctor told him not to eat fast food.
医生叫他不要吃快餐。
EN： The phrasal verb 'stay up' means to go to bed later than usual. It is often paired with 'late' or 'too late' to describe the act of remaining awake past one's normal bedtime.
中文： 短语动词“stay up”意为“熬夜”或“迟睡”。它经常与“late”或“too late”连用，用来描述超过正常就寝时间仍保持清醒的行为。
I had to stay up late to finish my homework.
我必须熬夜来完成我的作业。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'staying up late' is a common topic of discussion among teenagers and parents, often relating to sleep hygiene and school performance. The phrase 'Mom told me...' is a very common way to report parental guidance or rules in a casual, everyday conversation.
中文： 在英語系國家中，「staying up late」（熬夜/晚睡）是青少年與家長之間常見的話題，通常與睡眠衛生和學校表現有關。而在日常口語中，使用「Mom told me...」（媽媽叫我...）來轉述父母的叮嚀或規定是非常普遍且自然的表達方式。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of reporting verbs like 'explain', 'say', or 'think'. The conjunction 'that' is optional in informal speech but often retained in formal writing or clear explanations.
中文： 由“that”引导的名词从句，在“explain”（解释）、“say”（说）或“think”（认为）等转述动词后面担任直接宾语。在非正式口语中，“that”常被省略，但在正式写作或需要清晰表达时通常保留。
She explained that the office was closed on weekends.
她解释说办公室在周末是不开放的。
EN： Backshift in indirect speech: When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('explained'), the tense in the noun clause shifts backward. Here, the future auxiliary 'will' shifts to its past form 'would' to reflect a future-in-the-past perspective.
中文： 间接引语中的时态回推：当转述动词为过去式（如“explained”）时，名词从句中的时态需向过去推移。例如，表示未来的助动词“will”变为过去式“would”，以反映“过过去看未来”的时间点。
They said that the train would arrive late.
他们说火车会晚点到达。
EN： Indirect questions are used to report a question that was asked in the past. When a wh-question (like 'what time') is used as a noun clause (the direct object of 'asked'), the word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb). Also, the tense shifts back (backshifting) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'asked'.
中文： 间接问句用于转述过去提出的问题。当疑问词（如 'what time'）引导的从句作为「asked」的直接宾语（名词性从句）时，语序须由疑问句语序（动词 + 主语）改为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词）。此外，从句中的时态需要往过去推一个时态（时态一致），以配合主要动词「asked」的过去时。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： The verb 'ask' can take a double object (ditransitive structure): 'ask + indirect object (person) + direct object (the question/clause)'. In this sentence, 'her' is the indirect object, and the noun clause 'what time the movie started' is the direct object.
中文： 动词「ask」可以接双宾语（双宾动词结构）：「ask + 间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（问题/从句）」。在本句中，「her」是间接宾语，而名词性从句「what time the movie started」则是直接宾语。
He asked us what we wanted to eat.
他问我们想吃什么。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about movie times or schedules is a common casual conversation starter or planning phrase. Note that 'what time' is often preferred over 'when' in daily conversation when asking for a specific clock time.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問電影時間或行程是常見的社交開場白或規劃行程用語。值得注意的是，在日常對話中，若想詢問具體的鐘點時間，人們通常更傾向使用 'what time' 而非較為籠統的 'when'。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tenses in the reported clause shift backward (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words 'You played very well' (Past Simple) shift to the Past Perfect ('had played') because the action occurred before the reporting verb 'said'. The conjunction 'that' is omitted but understood.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回推：当转述某人过去所说的话时，被转述从句中的动词时态需要向过去回推（Backshifting）。在此句中，原本说的“You played very well”（一般过去时）转述后变成了过去完成时（had played），因为该动作发生在转述动词“said”（说）之前。连接词“that”在此被省略了。
She said they had finished the project.
她说他们已经完成了那个项目。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Formed with 'had' + past participle, it is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in the past. In this sentence, 'had played' happened before the coach 'said' it.
中文： 过去完成时：由“had”+ 过去分词构成，用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在本句中，“had played”（表现/比赛）发生在教练“said”（说）之前。
He realized he had lost his keys.
他意识到他把钥匙弄丢了。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with the omission of the conjunction 'that'. In English, when reporting what someone said, 'that' can be omitted after reporting verbs like 'tell' or 'say' in informal or spoken contexts.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）中连接词“that”的省略。在英语中，当使用“tell”或“say”等转述动词来转述他人说过的话时，在非正式或口语情境中，引导从句的“that”通常可以省略。
He told me he would call me later.
他告诉我他晚点会打给我。
EN： Backshift of tenses in reported speech. When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('told'), the verbs in the reported clause usually shift back into the past. Here, 'cannot' shifts to 'could not' to match the past tense of 'told'.
中文： 间接引语中的时态回推。当主句的转述动词为过去式（如“told”）时，被转述从句中的动词通常也需要转为过去时态。在此处，原本说话时的“cannot”回推为过去式“could not”，以配合“told”的时态。
She said she could help us with the project.
她说她可以帮我们做这个项目。
EN： The passive voice with 'ask' (be asked to + verb) is used to express that someone was requested or instructed to do something, often shifting the focus away from who made the request.
中文： 使用「ask」的被动语态（be asked to + 动词）用来表示某人被要求或指示去做某事，通常会将焦点从「是谁提出要求」转移开来。
They were asked to submit their homework by Monday.
他们被要求在星期一之前缴交作业。
EN： The verb 'keep' can be followed by an object and an adjective (keep + object + adjective) to describe maintaining a certain state or condition.
中文： 动词「keep」后面可以接宾语和形容词（keep + 宾语 + 形容词），用来描述保持某种状态或情况。
Please keep the door open.
请保持门开着。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using the passive voice like 'We were asked to...' is a polite and indirect way to convey rules or requests, as it avoids naming the specific person (like a teacher or boss) who gave the order, making it sound less confrontational.
中文： 在英語系國家中，使用像「We were asked to...」（我們被要求...）這樣的被動語態，是一種禮貌且委婉表達規則或要求的方式。因為它避免直接點出下達命令的具體人員（如老師或老闆），聽起來較不具衝突性。
EN： The verb 'share' is commonly used with the preposition 'with' in the pattern 'share something with someone' to indicate the recipient of the shared information or object.
中文： 动词「share」（分享）常与介词「with」连用，形成「share something with someone」（与某人分享某事/某物）的句型，用来表示分享对象。
She shared her travel experiences with the class.
她与全班同学分享了她的旅游经历。
EN： The word 'news' is an uncountable noun in English. It always takes a singular verb and is often paired with determiners like 'some' or 'any' rather than 'a' or 'many'.
中文： 「news」（消息/新闻）在英文中是不可数名词。它总是搭配单数动词，且常与限定词如「some」或「any」连用，而不能使用「a」或「many」。
I have some good news for you.
我有一些好消息要告诉你。
EN： Reported Speech with Tense Shift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb tense in the reported clause usually shifts backward in time (backshifting). Here, the original spoken words were in the Simple Past ('I won...'), which shifts to the Past Perfect ('she had won...') in reported speech.
中文： 间接引语与时态回推：当转述某人过去所说的话时，被转述从句中的动词时态通常会向过去推移（称为时态回推）。在此处，说话者原本说的是简单过去时（「我赢了...」），在间接引语中则需转为过去完成时（「她赢了...」）。
He said that he had lost his keys.
他说他弄丢了钥匙。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'said'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is kept here for formal clarity.
中文： 由 that 引导的名词性从句：连接词「that」引导一个名词性从句，作为转述动词「said」（说）的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，「that」经常被省略，但在此处保留以求正式与清晰。
She believed that the project would succeed.
她相信这个企划会成功。
EN： Indirect Questions (Noun Clauses): When an information question (starting with a question word like 'how', 'what', 'where') is embedded within another sentence, it becomes a noun clause. The word order changes from question order (verb + subject) to statement order (subject + verb). In this sentence, 'how she had prepared for it' acts as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 间接问句（名词从句）：当一个信息问句（以 how, what, where 等疑问词开头）嵌入另一个句子中时，它变成名词从句。其语序会从问句语序（动词 + 主语）改为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词）。例如，“how she had prepared for it”作为动词“asked”的直接宾语。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. Here, the action of 'preparing' (had prepared) happened before the action of 'asking' (asked).
中文： 过去完成时：用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。例如，“准备”（had prepared）的动作发生在“询问”（asked）的动作之前。
They had already eaten dinner when I arrived.
当我到达时，他们已经吃过晚饭了。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reporting Verbs: When reporting what someone said in the past using verbs like 'explain', 'say', or 'tell', we often use a noun clause introduced by 'that' (which can be omitted) as the direct object of the verb.
中文： 间接引语与转述动词：当使用 'explain'（解释）、'say'（说）或 'tell'（告诉）等动词转述过去某人所说的话时，我们通常会使用由 'that' 引导的名词性从句（that 可省略）作为该动词的直接宾语。
He explained that the office was closed on weekends.
他解释说办公室在周末是不开放的。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: Used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in the past. It is formed with 'had' + past participle (V3). Here, the practicing happened before the explaining.
中文： 过去完成时：用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。其结构为 'had' + 过去分词 (V-ed)。在此句子中，「练习」发生在「解释」之前。
She told me that she had already seen the movie.
她告诉我她已经看过那部电影了。
EN： Indirect Speech with Past Perfect Tense: When reporting what someone said in the past (indirect speech), the tense of the original spoken words shifts back. Here, the original belief happened before the 'telling', so the past perfect tense ('had believed') is used to show this relationship in time.
中文： 间接引语与过去完成时：当转述某人过去所说的话（间接引语）时，原本说话时的时态需要往回推一个时态。例如，老师的“信任”发生在“告诉”之前，因此使用过去完成时（had + 过去分词）来表示这两个过去事件的先后顺序。
He told me that he had lost his keys.
他告诉我他弄丢了钥匙。
EN： The Phrasal Verb 'believe in': This phrase means to have trust or confidence in the abilities, character, or existence of someone or something, which is different from simply believing that a statement is true.
中文： 短语动词“believe in”：此短语意为“信任、对……有信心”或“相信……的存在”，与单纯相信某句话是真实的（believe）有所不同。
My parents always believe in me.
我的父母总是信任我。
EN： In English-speaking academic and personal development contexts, expressing that a teacher 'believed in' a student is a powerful sentiment. It highlights the cultural value placed on mentorship, encouragement, and individual potential, which is often seen as a key driver of student success.
中文： 在英語系的學術與個人成長背景中，表達老師「信任（believed in）」學生是一種非常強烈且具鼓勵性的情感。這凸顯了西方文化中對於導師角色、鼓勵教育以及個人潛力的重視，這通常被視為學生成功的關鍵推動力。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' is used to introduce noun clauses expressing doubt or choice, functioning as 'if' in indirect questions. In this sentence, 'whether she was nervous' acts as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 连词「whether」（是否）用于引导表示疑问或选择的名词性从句，在间接问句中相当于「if」。在本句中，「whether she was nervous」作为动词「asked」的直接宾语。
I don't know whether he will attend the meeting.
我不知道他是否会参加会议。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when' indicate the time at which the action in the main clause occurs. When the 'when' clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is required to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 由「when」（当……时）引导的时间状语从句，用来表示主句动作发生的时间。当「when」从句放在句首时，需要用逗号与主句隔开。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
当钟声响起时，学生们离开了教室。
EN： Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) with Backshift: When reporting what someone said in the past, the tense of the original spoken words shifts backward. Here, the original statement 'Nerves pushed me...' (Past Simple) shifts to 'nerves had pushed her...' (Past Perfect) because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态回推：当转述某人某句话时，原话的时态通常需要向过去推移一格。例如，说话者原话为一般过去时 'Nerves pushed me...'，因主要动词 'said' 为过去时，转述时便回推为过去完成时 'nerves had pushed her...'。
He said that he had lost his keys.
他说他弄丢了钥匙。
EN： The causative structure 'push someone to do something' means to strongly encourage, motivate, or force someone to take action or perform a task.
中文： 使役结构 'push someone to do something' 表示强烈鼓励、激励或迫使某人采取行动或完成某事。
My parents always push me to study harder.
我的父母总是督促我更努力学习。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'nerves' (the feeling of being anxious or worried) is often discussed in a positive light when it comes to performance. It is commonly believed that a healthy amount of nervous energy can heighten focus and lead to a better performance, as encapsulated in the phrase 'nerves pushed me to do my best.'
中文： 在英語系國家中，'nerves'（緊張感、焦慮感）在面對表演或挑戰時，常被賦予積極的意義。人們普遍認為，適度的緊張感能提高專注力並激發潛能，進而帶來更好的表現，正如句中「緊張感促使我發揮出最佳表現」所表達的觀點。
EN： Indirect speech with 'tell' + indirect object + 'that' clause. When reporting what someone said, 'tell' requires a personal object (her) followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in casual speech) to report the statement.
中文： 使用「tell + 间接宾语 + that 从句」的间接引语。在转述某人所说的话时，「tell」后面必须接一个表示人的宾语（如 her），接着再接一个由「that」引导的名词性从句（在口语中 that 常可省略）来转述说话内容。
He told me that he was busy.
他告诉我他很忙。
EN： Tense agreement in reported speech (backshifting). When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('told'), the verbs inside the reported clause are usually shifted back into the past tense ('were' instead of 'are').
中文： 间接引语中的时态一致（时态后退）。当主要动词为过去时（如「told」）时，被转述从句中的动词通常也需要退回过去时（例如用「were」代替「are」）。
She said that she loved the movie.
她说她很喜欢那部电影。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, parents frequently express verbal affirmation and pride ('I'm so proud of you') to encourage their children's independence and achievements. This direct emotional validation is a key aspect of positive reinforcement in family dynamics.
中文： 在英語系國家中，父母經常會透過言語肯定（例如說「我為你感到驕傲」）來鼓勵孩子的獨立性與成就。這種直接的情感表達是西方家庭教育中「正向鼓勵」非常核心的一環。
EN： Indirect Speech with 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb (like 'added') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that' clause usually shifts backward (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb (e.g., 'will' becomes 'would').
中文： 使用 'that' 从句的间接叙述：当转述某人过去所说的话时，我们常用引导动词（如 'added'）后接由 'that' 引导的名词性从句。从句中的时态通常需要往回推一个时态（时态回推），以配合引导动词的过去时（例如：'will' 变成 'would'）。
He explained that he would arrive later.
他解释说他会晚点到。
EN： Keep + Gerund (V-ing): The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the continuation of an action, meaning to continue doing something without stopping.
中文： Keep + 动名词 (V-ing)：动词 'keep' 后面接动名词（V-ing）用来表示动作的持续，意思是「继续做某事」而不中断。
She kept running despite the heavy rain.
尽管下着大雨，她仍继续跑着。
EN： Indirect speech with a 'that' clause is used to report what someone said without using their exact words. The tense in the reported clause often shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb 'told'. Here, 'had inspired' (past perfect) is used because the inspiring happened before the telling.
中文： 间接引语与 'that' 引导的从句用于转述某人所说的话，而不使用其原话。转述从句中的时态通常会向过去推移（时态回推），以配合主要动词 'told'（过去式）。在此处，使用 'had inspired'（过去完成时）是因为“启发”发生在“告诉”之前。
He told me that he had lost his keys.
他告诉我他弄丢了钥匙。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, the story's inspiring effect ('had inspired') occurred before the speaker told her about it ('told').
中文： 过去完成时（'had' + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在本句中，故事带来的启发（'had inspired'）发生在说话者告诉她这件事（'told'）之前。
She realized that she had left her phone at home.
她意识到她把手机落在家里了。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report questions that someone else asked. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. In this sentence, 'what my own dream was' is the indirect question acting as the direct object of the verb 'asked'.
中文： 间接问句（名词从句）用于转述他人提出的问题。与直接问句不同，间接问句使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），且不使用助动词（如 do, does, did）。在本句中，“what my own dream was”是间接问句，作为动词“asked”的直接宾语。
He asked me where the library was.
他问我图书馆在哪里。
EN： The word 'own' is used as an adjective after a possessive determiner (like 'my', 'your', 'her') to emphasize that something belongs or relates to a particular person and no one else.
中文： “own”这个字用在所有格限定词（如 my, your, her）之后作为形容词，用以强调某物属于特定的人，而非其他人，具有加强语气的作用。
I want to start my own business one day.
我希望有一天能创立我自己的事业。
EN： Indirect Speech with 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb (like 'replied' or 'said') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that' clause usually shifts back (backshifting) to match the past tense of the reporting verb.
中文： 使用 'that' 从句的间接引语：当转述某人过去所说的话时，我们通常会使用转述动词（如 'replied' 或 'said'），后接由 'that' 引导的名词性从句。从句中的时态通常需要往回推一个时态（时态回推），以配合转述动词的过去时态。
She replied that she was too busy to help.
她回答说她太忙了而无法帮忙。
EN： The infinitive 'to write' as a direct object: The verb 'hope' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to express a desire or plan for the future.
中文： 不定式 'to write' 作为直接宾语：动词 'hope'（希望）后面须接不定式（to + 动词），用以表达对未来的期望或计划。
They hope to visit Japan next year.
他们希望明年能访问日本。
EN： In English, information questions (wh- questions) are formed by placing the question word (what, who, where, etc.) at the beginning, followed by an auxiliary verb (did) and the subject (the teacher). The auxiliary verb 'did' indicates the simple past tense, and the main verb (say) remains in its base form.
中文： 在英语中，信息疑问句（wh- 疑问句）的结构是将疑问词（如 what, who, where 等）放在句首，后面接助动词（did）和主语（the teacher）。助动词“did”表示过去时，而主要动词（say）则保持原形。
What did you buy at the store?
你在商店买了什么？
EN： A vocative comma is used to set off the name of a person being addressed directly (Emma). If the name is at the end of the sentence, the comma precedes it.
中文： 呼格逗号用于隔开直接称呼的人名（艾玛）。如果名字位于句尾，逗号会放在名字之前。
How are you feeling, John?
你感觉怎么样，约翰？
EN： In English-speaking classrooms, it is common and polite for students to address their peers by their first names (like 'Emma') when discussing schoolwork or teacher instructions. The tone is collaborative and informal.
中文： 在英語系國家的課堂中，學生在討論功課或老師的指示時，直接稱呼同儕的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍且禮貌的。這種語氣顯得合作且隨和。
EN： Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) with a 'that' clause: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often use a reporting verb like 'said' followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted). The tense in the 'that' clause typically shifts back (backshift) to match the past tense of the reporting verb.
中文： 间接引语与 'that' 引导的从句：当转述某人过去所说的话时，我们常用 'said' 等转述动词，后接由 'that' 引导的名词性从句（that 可省略）。从句中的时态通常需要往回推一个时态（时态回推），以配合转述动词的过去时。
He said that he was tired.
他说他累了。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Tense: The passive voice is formed using 'be' + past participle (V-3). In the simple past tense, we use 'was' or 'were' depending on the subject. It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer.
中文： 过去时的被动语态：被动语态由「be 动词 + 过去分词 (V-3)」构成。在一般过去时中，依主语单复数使用 'was' 或 'were'。当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时使用。
The window was broken by the wind.
窗户被风吹破了。
EN： Indirect questions with 'whether': When reporting a yes/no question indirectly, we use 'whether' (or 'if') to introduce the noun clause. Unlike direct questions, the word order in the indirect question is statement order (subject + verb), not question order.
中文： 使用 'whether' 的间接问句：当我们间接转述一个“是/否”问句时，会使用 'whether'（或 'if'，意为“是否”）来引导名词从句。与直接问句不同，间接问句的语序为陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
She asked whether we wanted to join them.
她问我们是否想加入他们。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In reported speech, when the reporting verb is in the past tense ('asked'), a direct present perfect or past simple verb shifts back to the past perfect ('had finished').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）：用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在间接引语中，当主要动词为过去式（如 'asked'）时，直接引语中的现在完成时或一般过去时动词需向过去时移，变成过去完成时（'had finished'）。
They told me they had already eaten dinner.
他们告诉我他们已经吃过晚饭了。
EN： The verb 'tell' is commonly used in the pattern 'tell someone to do something' (tell + object + to-infinitive) to report a command, request, or instruction in indirect speech.
中文： 动词「tell」常用于「tell someone to do something」（告诉某人去做某事）的结构中（tell + 宾语 + 不定式），用来转述间接引语中的命令、要求或指示。
The doctor told me to drink more water.
医生叫我多喝水。
EN： The phrase 'after school' is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverbial of time. In English, such time expressions usually appear at the end of the sentence, whereas in Chinese they often appear before the verb.
中文： 介词短语「after school」（放学后）在此作为时间状语。在英文中，此类时间表达通常置于句尾，而在中文中则常置于动词之前。
We usually play basketball after school.
我们通常在放学后打篮球。
EN： Reported speech (indirect speech) with backshift of tenses. When the reporting verb is in the past tense ('said'), the tense in the reported clause shifts back. Here, the future 'will arrive' shifts to 'would arrive'. The conjunction 'that' is omitted after 'said'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与时态后退。当主句的转述动词为过去时（如 'said'）时，被转述从句的时态通常需要往过去推一格。在此处，原本的将来时 'will arrive' 转变为过去将来时 'would arrive'。此外，引导名词性从句的连接词 'that' 在此处被省略了。
She said she would call me later.
她说她晚点会打电话给我。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time 'not later than'. In this context, 'by noon' means at noon or anytime before noon.
中文： 介词 'by' 用于表示截止时间或「不迟于」某个时间点。在此情境中，'by noon' 意指在中午或中午之前的任何时间。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used to report a question. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions follow statement word order (subject + verb) and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 间接问句（名词从句）用于转述问题。与直接问句不同，间接问句使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），且不使用助动词（如 do, does, did）。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that occurred before another action in the past. In reported speech, a direct question in the present perfect or simple past shifts to the past perfect.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已发生的动作。在间接引语中，直接问句的现在完成时或一般过去时会转化为过去完成时。
They wanted to know what he had decided.
他们想知道他做出了什么决定。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking 'where have you been?' can range from a friendly inquiry to a demanding interrogation depending on the tone. Using reported speech ('I asked him...') is a common, neutral way to recount past conversations without repeating the emotional intensity of the original moment.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問「where have you been?」（你去了哪裡？）根據語氣的不同，可以是友善的關心，也可以是質問。使用間接引語（「I asked him...」）是一種常見且中立的方式，用來轉述過去的對話，而不會帶有當時可能存在的強烈情緒。
EN： Indirect commands with 'tell' use the pattern 'tell + object + to-infinitive'. To make the command negative, 'not' is placed directly before the 'to-infinitive' (tell + object + not + to-infinitive).
中文： 使用动词“tell”（告诉/要求）表达间接命令时，句型为“tell + 宾语 + 不定式（to + 动词原形）”。若要表示否定（要求某人不要做某事），则需将“not”直接放在不定式前面，形成“tell + 宾语 + not + to-infinitive”。
The doctor told me not to eat spicy food.
医生叫我不要吃辣的食物。
EN： The phrasal verb 'worry about' is used to express anxiety or concern about someone or something. In this sentence, 'about' is a preposition followed by the noun phrase 'the test'.
中文： 短语动词“worry about”用于表达对某人或某事感到焦虑或担心。在此句子中，“about”是介词，后面接名词短语“the test”（考试）作为其宾语。
EN： Indirect Speech with Reporting Verbs: When reporting what someone said or explained in the past, we use a reporting verb (like 'explained') followed by a noun clause starting with 'that'. The tense in the 'that'-clause usually shifts back (backshift) to reflect the past perspective.
中文： 间接引语与转述动词：当转述某人过去所说或解释的话时，我们会使用转述动词（如“explained”），后接由“that”引导的名词从句。从句中的时态通常需要往回推一个时态（时态回推），以反映过去的时间点。
She explained that the office was closed.
她解释说办公室已经关门了。
EN： Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In this sentence, the rules changed before he explained it.
中文： 过去完成时：过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在本句中，规则的改变发生在他做出解释之前。
They realized that the train had left.
他们意识到火车已经开走了。
EN： Indirect speech (reported speech) with a noun clause. When reporting what someone said in the past, the verb in the reported clause typically shifts back in tense (backshift). Here, the modal verb 'can' shifts to its past form 'could' because the reporting verb 'said' is in the past tense. The conjunction 'that' is omitted before 'we'.
中文： 间接引语（转述语气）与名词从句。当转述过去某人的话时，被转述从句中的动词通常需要向过去推移一个时态（时态回推）。例如，因为主要动词“said”是过去式，情态动词“can”需转为过去式“could”。此处省略了引导名词从句的连接词“that”。
He said we could use his computer.
他说我们可以使用他的电脑。
EN： The use of the modal verb 'could' for permission in the past. While 'can' is used for present permission, 'could' is used to report permission that was given in the past.
中文： 使用情态动词“could”表示过去的允许。虽然“can”用于表示现在的允许，但“could”用于转述过去获得的允许。
My mother said I could go to the cinema.
我妈妈说我可以去电影院。
EN： In many tourist destinations, museums, or sacred sites, photography policies are strict. Hearing 'The guide said we could take photos' is a reassuring confirmation for tourists, as unauthorized photography can sometimes lead to fines or cultural disrespect.
中文： 在許多旅遊景點、博物館或宗教聖地，拍照規定非常嚴格。聽到「導遊說我們可以拍照」對遊客來說是一個令人安心的確認，因為未經授權的拍照有時可能會導致罰款或被視為文化上的不尊重。
EN： Passive Voice with Indirect Objects (be told): When converting a sentence like 'Someone told us...' into the passive voice, the indirect object 'us' becomes the subject 'We', followed by 'were told' (past passive). This is commonly used when the speaker of the information is unknown or unimportant.
中文： 间接宾语被动语态（be told）：当把像“有人告诉我们……”这样的句子转换为被动语态时，间接宾语“us”（我们）会变成主语“We”，后面接“were told”（过去式被动）。这常用于说话者未知或不重要的情况。
We were told that the flight was delayed.
我们被告知航班延误了。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object with 'that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the show would start late') which functions as the direct object of the verb 'told'. In indirect speech, 'would' is used as the past form of 'will' to express future in the past.
中文： that 引导的名词从句作直接宾语：连接词“that”引导一个名词从句（that the show would start late），在句中作动词“told”的直接宾语。在间接引语中，“would”用作“will”的过去式，用来表示从过去时间点来看的未来。
She said that she would call me later.
她说她晚点会打给我。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 比赛、竞赛
在本文中： 准备、防备
在本文中： 练习、训练
在本文中： 紧张的、担忧的
在本文中： 紧张情绪、胆量
在本文中： 鼓舞、激发、启发
在本文中： 取消、废除
在本文中： 解释、说明
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To submit or give something to a person in authority.
缴交、递交
To go to bed later than usual.
熬夜、不睡觉
To try as hard as possible to achieve something.
尽最大努力、全力以赴
Feeling pleasure and satisfaction because of your own or someone else's achievements.
为……感到骄傲、自豪
To do things that will help you to achieve a particular plan or dream.
朝着……努力、致力于