EN： The Simple Past Tense (using the past form of the verb, 'did') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past, often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month'.
中文： 一般过去时（使用动词的过去式“did”）用于描述在过去特定时间完成的动作，通常会伴随过去时间副词，例如“last month”（上个月）。
She visited her grandparents last week.
她上周拜访了她的祖父母。
EN： Ordinal numbers (like 'first') are used as adjectives before nouns to show the order or position of something in a sequence. They are typically preceded by possessive adjectives (like 'my') or the definite article 'the'.
中文： 序数词（如“first”）用作名词前的形容词，以表示事物在序列中的顺序或位置。它们前面通常会加上物主代词（如“my”）或定冠词“the”。
This is my second time visiting Taipei.
这是我第二次造访台北。
EN： The simple past tense question structure with 'did'. In English, to ask a question in the past tense, we use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (in this case, 'try').
中文： 使用助动词 'did' 的一般过去时疑问句结构。在英语中，若要询问过去发生的事情，我们会使用助动词 'did'，后面接主语和主要动词的原形（在此句中为 'try'）。
What did you want to buy?
你当时想要买什么？
EN： The verb pattern 'try to + infinitive'. This structure is used to express making an effort to do something. 'Try' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to discover') to show the goal of the attempt.
中文： 动词句型 'try to + 不定式'。此结构用于表示努力尝试做某事。'try' 后面接不定式（'to discover'）以表示尝试的目标。
She tried to open the window.
她试着打开那扇窗户。
EN： In English-speaking scientific and educational contexts, active questioning is highly encouraged. Asking 'What did you try to discover?' shows active listening and interest in the process of inquiry rather than just the final result.
中文： 在英語系的科學與教育背景中，非常鼓勵主動提問。詢問「你試著要發現什麼？」展現了積極傾聽的態度，以及對「探究過程」而非僅僅是「最終結果」的濃厚興趣。
EN： The auxiliary verb phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits, states, or facts in the past that are no longer true in the present. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助动词短语“used to”（以前常常/过去曾经）用于描述过去的习惯、状态或事实，而这些情况在现在已经不再属实。后面接动词原形。
I used to live in London, but now I live in Taipei.
我以前住在伦敦，但现在我住在台北。
EN： When the main verb of a sentence is in the past tense (e.g., 'thought'), the verbs in the subordinate noun clause (that-clause) usually shift to a past tense as well (e.g., 'grew' instead of 'grow') to maintain backshift of tenses.
中文： 当主句的动词为过去时（例如“thought”）时，名词性从句（that 从句）中的动词通常也需要配合时态一致，转为过去时（例如用“grew”代替“grow”）。
She thought that he was a teacher.
她以前以为他是一位老师。
EN： The phrase 'change one's mind' is an idiomatic expression meaning to alter one's opinion, decision, or plan. The possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, etc.) must agree with the subject.
中文： 短语「change one's mind」是一个惯用语，意思是改变某人的想法、决定或计划。其中的物主代词（my, your, his, her 等）必须与主语一致。
I was going to go out, but I changed my mind because of the rain.
我原本打算出门，但因为下雨我改变了主意。
EN： In this sentence, 'what' acts as the subject of the question. When a question word (who, what, which) is the subject, we do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. The verb directly follows the subject in its tense-appropriate form.
中文： 在这个句子中，「what」（什么）作为疑问句的主语。当疑问词（who, what, which）担任主语时，我们不需要使用助动词（如 do, does, did）。谓语动词会直接跟在主语后面，并呈现相应的时态。
What made you laugh so hard?
是什么让你笑得这么厉害？
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或特定时间点之前就已经完成的动作。
She had already left when I arrived at the station.
当我到达车站时，她已经离开了。
EN： Parallel Structure with Prepositions. The preposition 'in' is used to introduce two contrasting environments ('light' and 'darkness') connected by 'and', maintaining grammatical balance.
中文： 介词的平行结构。介词“in”用来引导两个由“and”连接的对比环境（“light”和“darkness”），以保持句子的语法平衡。
We walked in rain and in wind.
我们在雨中与风中行走。
EN： The phrase 'What happened to...?' is a standard pattern used to ask about the fate, status, or condition of someone or something. 'Happen' is an intransitive verb and is followed by the preposition 'to'.
中文： “What happened to...?”（……怎么了？/……发生了什么事？）是一个标准句型，用于询问某人或某事物的命运、状态或状况。动词“happen”是不及物动词，后面固定搭配介词“to”。
What happened to your bicycle?
你的自行车怎么了？
EN： The pronoun 'ones' is a substitute pronoun used to avoid repeating a plural noun that has already been mentioned (in this context, 'seeds' or 'plants').
中文： 代词“ones”是用来替代前面已经提到过的复数名词（在此情境中指“种子”或“植物”），以避免重复。
I prefer the blue shoes to the red ones.
比起红色的鞋子，我更喜欢蓝色的那些。
EN： The verb 'grow' is used here as a linking verb (copula), meaning 'to become' or 'to develop into a certain state'. It is followed directly by an adjective (weak/strong) rather than an adverb.
中文： 动词“grow”在此处用作系动词（linking verb），意思是“变得”或“发展成某种状态”。其后直接接形容词（weak/strong）而非副词。
The weather grew cold as night fell.
随着夜幕降临，天气变得寒冷。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two clauses that show a direct contrast or comparison between two things.
中文： 连词“while”用于连接两个从句，以表示两件事物之间的直接对比或比较（译为“然而”或“而”）。
Some people prefer tea, while others prefer coffee.
有些人偏好茶，而有些人则偏好咖啡。
EN： Using coordinate adjectives (clear and interesting) to modify a noun. When two adjectives of similar importance describe a noun, they are often joined by 'and' to provide a balanced description.
中文： 使用并列形容词（clear 和 interesting）来修饰名词。当两个同样重要的形容词用来描述同一个名词时，通常会用 'and' 连接，以提供平衡的描述。
It was a long and difficult journey.
那是一趟漫长且艰难的旅程。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'that' is used to refer to a singular thing, event, or statement that is distant in time or space, or has just been mentioned in the conversation.
中文： 指示代词 'that'（那、那个）用于指代在时间或空间上较远，或是刚在对话中被提及的单数事物、事件或陈述。
That is a very good point.
那是一个非常好的论点。
EN： The clause 'why sunlight matters so much' acts as a noun clause (or indirect question) serving as the direct object of the verb 'understand'. In English, noun clauses introduced by question words (like 'why', 'what', 'how') follow statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 从句“why sunlight matters so much”作为名词性从句（或间接疑问句），担任动词“understand”的直接宾语。在英语中，由疑问词（如 why, what, how）引导的名词性从句必须使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
I don't know why she left so early.
我不知道她为什么这么早离开。
EN： The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It is often used with modifiers like 'so much' or 'a lot' to emphasize the degree of importance.
中文： 动词“matter”是不及物动词，意思是“重要”或“有重大关系”。它经常与“so much”（如此地）或“a lot”等修饰语连用，以强调其重要程度。
Your opinion matters to us.
你的意见对我们很重要。
EN： The Present Continuous Tense (be + V-ing) is used here to describe a gradual, ongoing process or trend that is happening around the present time, rather than just an action happening at this exact moment.
中文： 现在进行时（be 动词 + 现在分词）在此处用于描述一个在目前阶段正在持续进行的渐进过程或趋势，而不仅仅是此时此刻正在发生的动作。
Technology is changing our lives more rapidly than ever.
科技正比以往更迅速地改变我们的生活。
EN： The pronoun 'something' is modified by the adjective 'new'. In English, indefinite pronouns ending in -thing, -one, or -body (like something, anyone, nobody) must have their modifying adjectives placed AFTER them (post-modification).
中文： 代词 'something'（某些事物）由形容词 'new'（新的）来修饰。在英语中，以 -thing、-one 或 -body 结尾的不定代词，其修饰形容词必须放在代词的“后面”（后置修饰）。
I want to try something different today.
我今天想尝试一些不同的事物。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong relevance or result in the present (having reliable data now).
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述过去发生但与现在有强烈关联或影响的动作（即现在拥有了可靠的数据）。
I have finished my homework, so I can play now.
我已经做完作业了，所以现在可以玩了。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to be sure of' acts as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the tests were repeated. 'Be sure of' means to have no doubt about something.
中文： 不定式短语「to be sure of」在此作为目的状语，解释「为什么」要重复测试。「Be sure of」意为对某事确信无疑或确保其正确性。
She checked the map to be sure of the directions.
她查看了地图以确保方向无误。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular 'datum'). However, in modern everyday English and even in many general science contexts, it is commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun (e.g., 'my data is reliable').
中文： 在科學語境中，「data」在歷史上是複數名詞（單數為「datum」）。然而，在現代日常英語甚至許多通俗科學情境中，它通常被視為不可數的單數名詞來使用（例如說「my data is reliable」而非「are」）。
EN： Adverbs of frequency (like 'always') are used to describe how often an action occurs. In a sentence, they are typically placed before the main verb (except for the verb 'to be', where they come after).
中文： 频率副词（如 'always'）用于描述动作发生的频率。在句子中，它们通常放在实义动词之前（若遇到 be 动词，则放在 be 动词之后）。
She always drinks coffee in the morning.
她早上总是喝咖啡。
EN： The adverb 'twice' is used as an adverb of frequency/number meaning 'two times'. It is usually placed at the end of the clause or sentence to modify the verb phrase.
中文： 副词 'twice' 用作次数副词，意思是「两次」。它通常放在从句或句子的末尾，用来修饰整个动词短语。
He read the email twice to make sure he understood.
他把那封电子邮件读了两遍以确保他理解了。
EN： The phrase 'check their work twice' reflects a core value in scientific communities and Western education: reproducibility and double-checking. It is reminiscent of the common proverb 'Measure twice, cut once,' emphasizing the importance of accuracy and preventing mistakes.
中文： 「check their work twice」（檢查工作兩次）反映了科學界和西方教育中的核心價值：可重複性與雙重確認。這讓人聯想到西方俗諺「Measure twice, cut once」（量兩次，剪一次；意即三思而後行），強調準確性與預防錯誤的重要性。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'started') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month', 'yesterday', or 'in 2020'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如 'started'）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。通常会与过去的时间副词连用，例如 'last month'（上个月）、'yesterday'（昨天）或 'in 2020'（在2020年）。
Last year, we visited a science museum in London.
去年，我们参观了一家伦敦的科学博物馆。
EN： Adverbial phrases of time (like 'Last month') can be placed at the very beginning of a sentence for emphasis, followed by a comma, or at the end of the sentence without a comma.
中文： 时间状语短语（如 'Last month'）可以放在句首以示强调，其后通常加上逗号；也可以放在句尾，此时不需加逗号。
Yesterday, I finished my homework early.
昨天，我提早完成了我的家庭作业。
EN： The auxiliary verb 'used to' is used to describe past habits, states, or repeated actions that are no longer true in the present. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助动词“used to”（以前经常/过去常常）用于描述过去的习惯、状态或重复发生的动作，而这些情况在现在已经不再持续。后面必须接原形动词。
I used to play tennis every Sunday, but now I prefer swimming.
我以前每个星期天都打网球，但现在我更喜欢游泳。
EN： The verb 'find' can be used in the pattern 'find + object + object complement (adjective)' to express an opinion or perception about something after experiencing it.
中文： 动词“find”可用于“find + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（形容词）”的句型，用来表达在体验某事之后对其产生的看法或感受。
She found the movie very touching.
她觉得那部电影非常感人。
EN： The word 'however' is a conjunctive adverb used to show contrast. It is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to connect the sentence to the previous context.
中文： “however”（然而）是一个连接副词，用于表示对比。它通常放在句子的开头，后面接逗号，用来将该句子与前文的语境联系起来。
I wanted to go for a walk. However, it started to rain.
我想去散步。然而，开始下雨了。
EN： The phrase 'how I felt' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'changed'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 短语“how I felt”（我的感受）是一个名词性从句，作为动词“changed”的直接宾语。它使用的是陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
She explained how she solved the puzzle.
她解释了她是如何解决这个谜题的。
EN： An indirect question is a question embedded inside another statement or question (e.g., 'I wanted to know...'). Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use normal declarative word order (subject + verb) instead of inversion, and do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'.
中文： 间接疑问句是指嵌入在另一个陈述句或疑问句中的疑问句（例如：“我想知道...”）。与直接疑问句不同，间接疑问句使用陈述句的语序（主语 + 动词），而不使用倒装语序，也不使用助动词（如 do, does, did）。
She asked me where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
EN： Comparative adverbs are used to compare two actions. For short adverbs like 'fast', we add '-er' to form the comparative ('faster'). It is often followed by 'than' to introduce the comparison target.
中文： 比较级副词用于比较两种动作。对于像 'fast' 这样的单音节副词，我们在词尾加上 '-er' 来形成比较级（'faster'）。后面通常会接 'than' 来引出比较的对象。
He runs faster than his brother.
他跑得比他弟弟快。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or a specific time in the past.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或特定时间点之前，就已经完成的动作。
She had already left when I arrived at the office.
当我到达办公室时，她已经离开了。
EN： The quantifier 'two pots of' is used to measure or count seeds or plants contained in pots. 'Of' connects the container/measure to the noun.
中文： 数量词「two pots of」（两盆...）用于计量装在盆子里的种子或植物。「of」将容器/计量单位与后面的名词连接起来。
He bought three pots of flowers for his balcony.
他买了三盆花要放在阳台上。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two clauses that show contrast or simultaneous actions. In this sentence, it highlights the contrast between the locations of the two pots.
中文： 连词“while”用于连接两个表示对比或同时发生动作的从句。在本句中，它强调了两个盆子所处位置的对比。
While some people prefer tea, others like coffee.
虽然有些人偏好茶，但其他人则喜欢咖啡。
EN： The pronoun 'the other' is used to refer to the second of two things or people that have been mentioned. It is often paired with 'one' (one... the other...).
中文： 代词“the other”用于指代已提及的两个人或事物中的第二个。它经常与“one”搭配使用（一个……另一个……）。
I have two pens; one is red and the other is blue.
我有两支笔；一支是红色的，另一支是蓝色的。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('observed', 'recorded', 'saw') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, it describes the daily routine of a completed science experiment.
中文： 一般过去时（如 'observed'、'recorded'、'saw'）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。在本句中，它用来描述过去已完成的科学实验中的每日例行工作。
Yesterday, I walked to the park and met my friend.
昨天，我走路去公园并遇到了我的朋友。
EN： The noun clause 'what I saw' acts as the direct object of the verbs 'observed' and 'recorded'. 'What' functions as a relative pronoun meaning 'the things that'.
中文： 名词性从句 'what I saw'（我所看到的）作为动词 'observed' 和 'recorded' 的直接宾语。其中的 'what' 作为关系代词，相当于 'the things that'（……的事情/东西）。
She always remembers what you said.
她总是记得你说过的话。
EN： The use of the past simple tense ('surprised') is used here to describe a completed action or state in the past. Adverbs of manner or degree like 'truly' are often placed directly before the main verb to add emphasis.
中文： 一般过去时（如 'surprised'）用于描述过去已完成的动作或状态。像 'truly'（真正地）这类表示程度或方式的副词，通常直接放在主要动词前面以达到强调的效果。
The sudden rain truly ruined our picnic plans.
那场突如其来的雨真的毁了我们的野餐计划。
EN： Prepositional phrases of time, such as 'After two weeks', can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the timeframe. When placed at the start, they are typically followed by a comma.
中文： 时间介词短语（例如 'After two weeks'）可以放在句首来设定时间背景。当放在句首时，其后通常加上逗号与主句隔开。
After three months, the project was finally completed.
三个月后，这个项目终于完成了。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or point in time in the past. In this context, it emphasizes that the growth occurred prior to the observation or the end of the two-week experiment.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在此语境中，它强调植物的生长发生在观察或两周实验结束之前。
By the time the teacher arrived, the students had finished the experiment.
在老师到达之前，学生们就已经完成了实验。
EN： To express how many times larger, taller, or longer something is compared to another, use the pattern: 'multiple word (twice, three times, etc.) + as + adjective + as'. When the second part of the comparison is clear from the context, the second 'as' and the noun can be omitted.
中文： 要表达某物是另一物的几倍大、几倍高或几倍长时，使用以下句型：“倍数词（twice, three times 等）+ as + 形容词 + as”。当比较的第二部分在上下文中很明确时，第二个“as”和后续名词可以省略。
This new smartphone is twice as expensive.
这款新智能手机的价格是原来的两倍贵。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have learned') is used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has a strong connection or relevance to the present moment, representing an acquired knowledge or experience.
中文： 现在完成时（have learned）在此处用于描述过去发生但与现在有强烈关联或影响的动作，表示已经获得的知识或经验。
I have learned how to solve this difficult math problem.
我已经学会如何解决这道数学难题了。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' ('that careful observation reveals...') acts as the direct object of the verb 'learned'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) to express what was learned.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词性从句（that careful observation reveals...）作为动词「learned」的直接宾语。从句内部包含完整的句子结构（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语），用以表达所学到的内容。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信诚实是最好的策略。
EN： The adjective pattern 'be curious about something' is used to express a strong desire to know or learn about something. 'Curious' is the adjective, and 'about' is the preposition that introduces the object of interest.
中文： 形容词句型「be curious about something」（对某事感到好奇）用于表达想了解或学习某事的强烈渴望。「curious」是形容词，而介词「about」则用来引出感兴趣的对象。
Children are often curious about how nature works.
孩子们通常对大自然运作的方式感到好奇。
EN： The phrase 'around me' acts as an adjectival modifier (prepositional phrase) placed after the pronoun 'everything' to specify the location or scope of the things being referred to.
中文： 短语「around me」（在我身边/周围）作为形容词性修饰语（介词短语），置于代词「everything」之后，用以明确指出所指事物的空间范围或位置。
I like to observe the people around me.
我喜欢观察我身边的人。
EN： Parenthetical Insertion (or Parenthetical Expression): The phrase 'I realize' is inserted into the main sentence to express the speaker's personal thought or opinion. It is set off by commas and can be removed without changing the core grammatical structure of the sentence.
中文： 插入语（Parenthetical Expression）：'I realize'（我意识到）被插入到主句中，用来表达说话者的个人想法或观点。它用逗号隔开，即使从句子中移除，也不会改变主句的核心语法结构。
Learning a language, I believe, is a lifelong journey.
我相信，学习语言是一场终身的旅程。
EN： Gerund as Object of Preposition: In the phrase 'the art of asking', 'asking' is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun) serving as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 动名词作介词宾语：在短语 'the art of asking' 中，'asking' 是动名词（动词 + -ing，具有名词功能），作为介词 'of' 的宾语。
She mastered the skill of writing essays.
她掌握了写文章的技巧。
EN： Wh-questions in the simple past tense use the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the subject and the base form of the main verb (infinitive without 'to'). Here, 'What did you discover...' asks about a completed action in the past.
中文： 一般过去时的 Wh- 疑问句使用助动词「did」，后接主语与主要动词的原形（不带 to 的不定式）。在此处，「What did you discover...」用于询问过去已完成的动作。
What did you buy at the store yesterday?
你昨天在商店买了什么？
EN： The preposition 'in' is used here to indicate the domain, area, or context of an activity (the project) within which the discovery was made.
中文： 介词「in」在此处用于表示活动（项目）的领域、范围或背景，即在该项目的过程中做出了发现。
She made several mistakes in her presentation.
她在她的演示中犯了几个错误。
EN： In English-speaking classrooms, science fairs and individual projects are a standard part of the curriculum from a young age. Students are encouraged to ask questions, run experiments, and present their findings, fostering critical thinking and public speaking skills.
中文： 在英語系國家的學校中，科學展覽（science fairs）和個人專案是從小學就開始的標準課程內容。學生被鼓勵提出問題、進行實驗並發表他們的發現，這有助於培養批判性思考與口語表達能力。
EN： The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause (or object clause) serving as the direct object of the verb 'found'. It contains a complete sentence structure (subject + verb + object) and the word 'that' can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： “that”引导的从句作为名词性从句（或称宾语从句），在句中担任动词“found”的直接宾语。此从句本身包含完整的句子结构（主语+动词+宾语），在口语中“that”常可省略。
She believes that the project will succeed.
她相信这个企划会成功。
EN： The comparative adverb 'faster' is used to compare the speed of an action. In this sentence, it modifies the verb 'dissolves' to show that warm water does it at a higher speed than cold water.
中文： 比较级副词“faster”用于比较动作的速度。在本句中，它修饰动词“dissolves”，用以表示温水溶解糖的速度比冷水更快。
He runs faster than his brother.
他跑得比他弟弟快。
EN： The auxiliary verb phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits, states, or repeated actions in the past that no longer happen or are no longer true in the present. It is always followed by the base form of the verb.
中文： 助动词短语“used to”用于描述过去经常发生的习惯、状态或重复行为，但现在已经不再发生或不再属实。其后总是接动词原形。
I used to live in London, but now I live in New York.
我以前住在伦敦，但现在我住在纽约。
EN： The preposition 'without' means 'not having' or 'not doing' something. When followed by an action, we must use the gerund form (verb-ing) because prepositions can only be followed by nouns or noun equivalents.
中文： 介词“without”表示“没有”或“未做”某事。当后面接一个动作时，必须使用动名词（V-ing）形式，因为介词后面只能接名词或名词等价物。
She left the room without saying a word.
她一句话也没说就离开了房间。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is used to express that someone or something causes an action to happen. It is followed by an object and the bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). In the question 'What made you start...', 'what' is the subject, 'made' is the causative verb, 'you' is the object, and 'start' is the bare infinitive.
中文： 使役动词“make”（让/使）用于表示某人或某事促使某个动作发生。其后接宾语和原型不定式（不带to的动词）。在问句“What made you start...”中，“what”是主语，“made”是使役动词，“you”是宾语，“start”则是原型动词。
What made you choose this university?
是什么让你选择这所大学的？
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by either a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, 'start doing' uses the gerund form to describe beginning an ongoing activity.
中文： 动词“start”（开始）后面可以接动名词（V-ing）或不定式（to + V），两者意思几乎没有差别。在本句中，“start doing”使用动名词形式，用来描述开始进行一项持续性的活动。
She started learning French last year.
她去年开始学习法语。
EN： In English-speaking academic environments, there is a strong cultural emphasis on hands-on learning and the scientific method. Asking 'What made you start doing real experiments?' reflects a curiosity about a student's personal transition from passive learning (like memorizing textbooks) to active, inquiry-based learning.
中文： 在英語系國家的教育文化中，非常強調「動手實作」與「科學方法」。詢問「是什麼讓你開始做真正的實驗？」反映出對於學生如何從被動學習（如死背課本）轉化為主動探究式學習的興趣與鼓勵。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, 'had failed' happened before 'decided'.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示在过去某个动作或时间点之前就已经完成的动作。在本句中，「had failed」（不及格）发生在「decided」（决定）之前。
She had finished her homework before she went to bed.
她在上床睡觉前就已经完成了作业。
EN： The split infinitive occurs when an adverb (like 'truly') is placed between 'to' and the verb (like 'understand') in an infinitive construction. It is commonly used to add emphasis to the verb.
中文： 分裂不定式是指将副词（如 truly）放在不定式符号「to」与动词（如 understand）之间。这种用法在现代英语中非常常见，用来加强该动词的语气。
He promised to carefully read the instructions.
他答应会仔细阅读说明书。
EN： The adverb 'carefully' is used to modify the verb 'observe'. In English, adverbs of manner (answering 'how') often follow the verb they modify or the direct object if there is one.
中文： 副词“carefully”（仔细地）用来修饰动词“observe”（观察）。在英语中，方式副词（回答“如何”）通常放在其修饰的动词后面，若有直接宾语则放在宾语后面。
She listens carefully to the instructions.
她仔细地聆听了说明。
EN： The word 'before' acts as a subordinating conjunction introducing an adverbial clause of time ('before I draw conclusions'). It indicates that the action in the main clause happens first.
中文： 单词“before”（在...之前）作为从属连词，引导时间状语从句（before I draw conclusions）。它表示主句的动作先发生。
Please wash your hands before you eat dinner.
吃晚饭前请先洗手。
EN： In scientific and academic contexts, 'drawing conclusions' is a standard collocation that refers to the process of arriving at a judgment or decision based on evidence. This sentence reflects the core scientific value of empirical observation preceding theory.
中文： 在科學與學術語境中，「draw conclusions」（得出結論）是一個標準的固定搭配，指根據證據做出判斷或決定的過程。這句話反映了「實證觀察先於理論」的核心科學價值觀。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that was completed in the past but has strong relevance or results in the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述在过去已完成，但与现在时刻有强烈关联或对现在产生影响的动作。
I have lost my keys, so I cannot open the door now.
我弄丢了我的钥匙，所以现在打不开门。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used to indicate that something is written or recorded inside the pages of a physical book, notebook, or document.
中文： 介词“in”在此处用于表示某事被写入或记录在实体书本、笔记本或文件的页面之内。
She wrote her phone number in her diary.
她把她的电话号码写在她的日记本里。
EN： In scientific contexts, keeping a physical 'lab notebook' or 'field notebook' is a traditional and highly valued practice. It serves as a permanent, chronological record of an investigator's ideas, procedures, and data.
中文： 在科學情境中，記錄實體的「實驗筆記本」或「野外記錄本」是一項傳統且備受重視的常規。它作為研究人員想法、步驟和數據的永久且按時間順序的記錄。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun.
中文： 动名词作主语：动名词（动词 + -ing）可以当作名词使用，并在句子中担任主语。在语法上被视为单数名词。
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
学习一门新语言会开启许多机会。
EN： Causative Verb 'Make': The verb 'make' can be used as a causative verb meaning 'to cause someone or something to do something'. It is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb without 'to').
中文： 使役动词 'make'：动词 'make' 可用作使役动词，表示“使某人或某事做某事”。其后接宾语和原型动词（不带to的动词）。
The sad movie made me cry.
那部悲伤的电影让我哭了。
EN： In scientific contexts, 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular 'datum'), but in modern everyday English and general science communication, it is commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun, as seen in 'my data' or 'the data is'.
中文： 在科學情境中，'data'（數據）在歷史上是複數名詞（單數為 'datum'），但在現代日常英語和一般科學傳播中，它通常被視為不可數的單數名詞，如本句中的 'my data' 或常見的 'the data is'。
EN： The adverb 'best' is the superlative form of 'well'. It is used here to modify the verb 'learn', indicating the highest degree of effectiveness.
中文： 副词「best」是「well」（好地）的最高级形式。在这里它用来修饰动词「learn」（学习），表示效果最好的最高程度。
She works best under pressure.
她在有压力时工作表现最好。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time ('when we stay curious'), which indicates the condition or time under which the main action ('We learn best') occurs. 'Stay' is a linking verb followed by the adjective 'curious' as a subject complement.
中文： 连词「when」引导时间状语从句（当我们保持好奇心时），指出主句动作（我们学得最好）发生的时间或条件。其中「stay」为系动词，后接形容词「curious」作为主语补足语。
Children learn quickly when they are interested.
当孩子们有兴趣时，他们学得很快。
EN： This sentence reflects a core value in Western education and scientific inquiry: the belief that active curiosity and questioning are more valuable for learning than passive memorization.
中文： 這句話反映了西方教育和科學探究的核心價值觀：相信主動的好奇心和提問比被動的死記硬背對學習更有價值。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility, indicating that it is possible for a question to lead to a discovery. It is followed by the base form of the verb 'lead'.
中文： 情态动词“can”在此处用于表示“可能性”，指出一个问题有可能会引导出发现。其后接动词原形“lead”。
Regular practice can lead to great improvement.
规律的练习可以带来巨大的进步。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or to result in something. 'To' is a preposition here, so it is followed by a noun phrase ('a new discovery').
中文： 短语动词“lead to”意为“导致、引起”或“带来某种结果”。这里的“to”是介词，因此后面接名词短语（“a new discovery”）。
This path will lead to the main road.
这条小路会通往主干道。
EN： This sentence reflects a core value in Western scientific education: encouraging curiosity and questioning rather than just memorizing facts. It emphasizes that there are no 'dumb' questions in science.
中文： 這句話反映了西方科學教育的核心價值：鼓勵好奇心與提問，而非僅僅死記硬背事實。它強調在科學領域中，沒有所謂「愚蠢」的問題。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 科学实验，为检验某种科学理论或假设而进行的操作或活动
在本文中： 发现，找出（先前未知的事物或事实）
在本文中： 观察，仔细注视以获取信息
在本文中： 记录，将信息写下或保存下来以备日后查证
在本文中： 揭露，展现出（隐藏或不为人知的事物）
在本文中： 好奇的，渴望知道或学习的
在本文中： 溶解，使固体融合于液体中
在本文中： 结论，经过思考或研究后得出的判定
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To adopt a different opinion or decision.
改变主意，改变想法
To make a judgment or decision based on facts or evidence.
得出结论，下结论
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
科学实验