EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was/were + past participle'): Used to describe an action that happened to the subject in the past, often emphasizing the victim or result rather than the perpetrator.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（was/were + 过去分词）：用于描述过去发生在主语身上的动作，常用于强调受害者或事件结果，而非施动者。
The cyclist was injured in an accident on Friday evening.
这名单车骑士在周五傍晚的一场意外中受伤了。
EN： Past Participle as a Reduced Relative Clause: 'called Nathaniel Mortley' functions as a reduced form of 'who was called Nathaniel Mortley', post-modifying the noun phrase 'a 16-year-old'.
中文： 过去分词短语作后位修饰（简化关系子句）：「called Nathaniel Mortley」是「who was called Nathaniel Mortley」的简化形式，用来修饰前面的名词短语「a 16-year-old」。
A student called Liam won the science competition.
一位名叫利亚姆的学生赢得了科学竞赛。
EN： In the UK, 'knife crime' involving teenagers has been a significant social and policing issue, particularly in urban areas like south London. Community street festivals are popular summer events, but can occasionally become flashpoints for youth violence.
中文： 在英国，涉及青少年的「持刀犯罪」（knife crime）一直是重大的社会与治安议题，特别是在伦敦南部等都会区。街头节庆虽是夏季常见的社区盛事，但有时也容易成为青少年暴力冲突的引爆点。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle 'received') is used to describe an action that happened before another past event (in this context, being attacked in 2010). The adverb 'just' emphasizes that it happened very recently before that reference point.
中文： 过去完成式（had + 过去分词 received）用来表示在过去某个特定时间点（在此指 2010 年遭遇袭击）之前就已经完成的动作。副词「just」则强调该动作是在当时不久前才刚发生。
She had just finished her homework when the lights went out.
电灯熄灭时，她刚好写完作业。
EN： The past continuous tense ('was' + '-ing' verb 'planning') is used here to describe an ongoing state of mind, intention, or future arrangement that existed around that specific time in the past.
中文： 过去进行式（was + 现在分词 planning）在此用来描述过去特定时刻正在持续进行的心理状态、意图或未来的计划安排。
They were planning to travel abroad before the trip was cancelled.
在行程被取消之前，他们原本正计划出国旅行。
EN： In the UK education system, 'GCSEs' (General Certificate of Secondary Education) are key exams taken at age 16 (Year 11). Most students take 8 to 10 GCSEs, so achieving excellent grades in 14 is exceptionally impressive. 'A-levels' (Advanced Levels) are subject-based qualifications taken at age 18 to gain university entry; students typically take only 3 or 4, making Mortley's plan to take 5 a sign of extraordinary academic ambition.
中文： 在英国教育体制中，「GCSE」（普通中等教育证书）是学生在 16 岁（相当于中五／高一）时参加的重要学术会考，一般学生通常应考 8 至 10 门，能取得 14 门优异成绩极为罕见且优异。「A-levels」（高级程度考试）则是 16 至 18 岁大学预科阶段的课程与升学测验，大多数学生仅修读 3 到 4 门，莫特利计划攻读 5 门展现了他当时非凡的学业企图心。
EN： The double genitive (or 'double possessive') pattern 'a friend of his girlfriend' combines 'of' with a possessive form (or here, a noun phrase specifying the possessor) to indicate one of several friends.
中文： 双重所有格结构「a friend of + 名词」表示「……的其中一个朋友」，强调该对象有多个朋友，这是其中之一。
He met a colleague of his brother at the party.
他在派对上遇到了他哥哥的一位同事。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' introduces a non-defining relative clause, adding descriptive background information about the location mentioned in the main clause ('a street').
中文： 关系副词「where」引导非限定关系子句，用来对先行词「a street」（一条街）补充说明该地点发生的情况。
We stayed at a quiet hotel, where we could relax completely.
我们住在一间安静的饭店，在那里我们可以彻底放松。
EN： In the UK, 'knife crime' involving teenage gangs has been a serious public concern, particularly in major cities like London. The setup described—being lured to an ambush by an acquaintance—reflects a tragic reality of street violence in certain urban areas.
中文： 在英国，青少年帮派涉及的「持刀犯罪」一直是严重的社会问题，特别是在伦敦等大城市。句中所描述的通过熟人引诱至特定地点设伏的情况，反映了当地街头暴力的真实隐忧。
EN： Compound sentence with coordinating conjunction 'and': Two independent clauses are joined by 'and' to show chronological sequence. The second clause uses passive voice ('was called') because the caller is unspecified or unimportant.
中文： 对等连接词「and」构成的复合句：以「and」连接两个独立子句，表达事件的先后顺序。后半句使用被动语态（was called），因为打电话叫救护车的人身份不明或非句子焦点。
He slipped on the ice, and a doctor was called immediately.
他在冰上滑倒了，有人立刻叫了医生。
EN： Infinitive of purpose ('to take him to hospital'): The 'to + verb' structure functions as an adverbial modifier indicating the goal or purpose of calling the ambulance. Note that in British English, 'to hospital' is commonly used without the article 'the' when referring to receiving medical care.
中文： 表示目的的不定词（to take him to hospital）：「to + 原形动词」在此作副词修饰语，表示叫救护车的目的。值得注意的是，英式英语中「to hospital」习惯不加冠词「the」，表示前去就医。
She ran out to catch the bus.
她跑了出去为了赶上公车。
EN： In British English, speakers say 'go to hospital' or 'take someone to hospital' without the definite article 'the' when referring to being hospitalized or receiving medical treatment, similar to 'go to school' or 'go to church'. In contrast, American English typically includes the article: 'go to the hospital'.
中文： 在英式英语中，当表达前去就医或住院时，习惯省略定冠词 'the'，说成「go to hospital」或「take someone to hospital」，这与「go to school（上学）」、「go to church（做礼拜）」的用法类似；而美式英语通常会加上定冠词说成「go to the hospital」。
EN： The present perfect passive ('have been' + past participle) is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the recent past whose effects are felt in the present moment.
中文： 现在完成式的被动态（have/has been + 过去分词），在此用来描述最近刚刚发生、且影响延续到当前时刻的被动词（「我被刺伤了」）。
I think the window has been broken.
我想窗户被人打破了。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses using 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定关系子句使用「who」来补充说明先行词（人）的额外资讯，前后需用逗号隔开，且此处不可用「that」替换。
He spoke to the manager, who agreed to refund his money.
他跟经理谈过，经理同意退钱给他。
EN： In British culture, a 'pub' (public house) serves as a central community hub. If someone is injured or in trouble on the street, seeking shelter in a local pub where staff ('behind the bar') can assist and call emergency services is very common.
中文： 在英国文化中，酒吧（pub）是社区的核心交流场所。当有人在街头遇险或受伤时，逃入附近的酒吧求助是常见的情况，吧台工作人员（behind the bar）通常会协助提供庇护并报警叫救护车。
EN： A preposition followed by a gerund or noun phrase (such as 'of opening a restaurant') is often used after nouns like 'dream', 'idea', or 'hope' as an appositive/complement defining what the noun involves.
中文： 名词（如 dream、idea、hope）后常接「of + 动名词（V-ing）或名词短语」，作为同位修饰或补充说明该名词的具体内容。
Her dream of becoming an astronaut came true after years of training.
经过多年的训练，她成为太空人的梦想终于实现了。
EN： The linking verb 'seem' followed by a to-infinitive ('seemed to disappear') expresses an impression or appearance, indicating that something appeared to be the case based on evidence or perception.
中文： 连缀动词 seem 后接不定词（to + 原形动词），即「seemed to + V」，用来表达「似乎……」或「看起来……」，描述一种基于外在情况的主观感受或观察。
All their problems seemed to vanish once the rain stopped.
雨一停，他们所有的问题似乎都消失了。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was sent'): Formed with 'was/were' + past participle. It indicates that the action happened to the subject rather than the subject performing it. 'Be sent to jail' is a common passive idiom meaning to be imprisoned.
中文： 过去简单式的被动语态（was sent）：由「was/were + 过去分词」构成，表示主语是动作的承受者而非执行者。「be sent to jail」为常见短语，意为「被送进监狱/入狱服刑」。
He was sent to prison for three years after the trial.
审判结束后，他被判入狱服刑三年。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'behind bars': An idiomatic expression functioning as an adverbial phrase of place, meaning 'in prison' or 'incarcerated'. The 'bars' refer literally to the iron bars of a jail cell.
中文： 介词短语「behind bars」：惯用语，作地方副词短语使用，字面意思是「在铁栏杆后」，实际意指「在监狱里、服刑中」。
The criminal will spend the rest of his life behind bars.
该罪犯余生都将在牢狱中度过。
EN： In British English, 'offence' is spelled with a 'c', whereas American English uses 'offense' with an 's'. Furthermore, 'behind bars' is a universally understood idiom across the English-speaking world representing incarceration, often used in journalistic writing to avoid repetitive use of the word 'prison'.
中文： 在英式英语中，'offence' 拼写为 -ce，而美式英语则写作 'offense'（-se）。此外，'behind bars'（身陷囹圄、在狱中）是英语世界广泛使用的生动成语，常用于新闻报道以避免重复出现 'prison' 或 'jail'。
EN： "Now that" is a subordinating conjunction used to explain a new situation or cause. It means 'since' or 'because now', indicating that something has changed and this change affects the main clause.
中文： 「Now that」为从属连词，意为「既然、如今由于」，用来表示某种情况已经改变，并成为主要子句动作或状态的原因或背景。
Now that the exams are over, we can finally relax.
既然考试已经结束，我们终于可以好好放松了。
EN： The idiom "make up for lost time" means to do something with great urgency or energy because one has missed the opportunity or wasted time in the past.
中文： 成语「make up for lost time」意为「弥补失去的时间／亡羊补牢」，表示因为过去错过机会或浪费了时光，现在加倍努力去做某事。
After being sick for two weeks, she worked overtime to make up for lost time.
生病两周后，她加班工作以弥补耽误的时间。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 刺，戳（通常指用刀等利器傷害）
在本文中： 逃脫，逃跑
在本文中： 救護車
在本文中： 襲擊，攻擊事件
在本文中： 消失，不見
在本文中： 違法行為，罪行
在本文中： 熱情，熱愛
在本文中： 釋放，出獄
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to do something quickly or thoroughly because you started late or missed opportunities earlier
补偿失去的时间；弥补以往的蹉跎
in prison or jail
在监狱中；坐牢
to physically wound someone in the back with a sharp object (or idiomatically, to betray someone)
从背后刺伤（本文为字面义；引申义为背叛）