EN： The past participle phrase 'based in China' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is based in China') to modify the noun 'team'. This structure creates concise and formal written prose.
中文： 过去分词短语「based in China」作为简化的关系从句（原为「which is based in China」），用来修饰前面的名词「team」。这种结构能使书面表达更加精炼且正式。
A software company based in London has developed a new artificial intelligence tool.
一家总部位于伦敦的软件公司开发了一款新型人工智能工具。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' provides extra descriptive information about the framework. The modal verb 'could' indicates present or future possibility, while 'fundamentally alter' uses a manner adverb to modify the main verb.
中文： 由「which」引导的非限定性关系从句对前面的框架提供额外的补充说明。情态助动词「could」表示现在或未来的可能性，而「fundamentally alter」则使用方式副词来修饰主要动词。
The recent discovery of clean groundwater, which could greatly improve public health, was welcomed by the local community.
最近发现的清洁地下水可能会大幅改善公共卫生，这受到了当地社区的欢迎。
EN： The relative adverbs 'how' introduces a noun clause that acts as the direct object of 'alter'. Within this nominal clause, 'scientists' is the subject and 'approach' functions as a transitive verb meaning 'to deal with or handle'.
中文： 疑问副词「how」引导一个名词性从句，作为主要动词「alter」的直接宾语。在这个名词性从句内部，「scientists」是主语，而「approach」则作为及物动词，意思是「看待、处理或应对」。
The guide explained how engineers design resilient structures for earthquake zones.
这本指南解释了工程师如何为地震带设计具备韧性的结构。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle ('put forward'). The phrase 'put forward by...' is a shortened form of 'which was put forward by...', functioning as a non-restrictive adjectival modifier set off by commas.
中文： 过去分词短语形成的简化关系从句（缩略从句）。「put forward by...」是「which was put forward by...」的省略形式，在此作为非限定修饰语，前后以逗号隔开，用来补充说明主语概念。
The proposal, drafted by the senior engineering team, addresses all major safety concerns.
这份由资深工程团队起草的提案，解决了所有主要的安全顾虑。
EN： The phrasal verb 'integrate A into B' means to combine two or more things so that they become a single, unified whole. It is commonly used in academic and professional contexts to describe synthesis.
中文： 动词短语「integrate A into B」表示「将 A 整合/融合至 B 之中」，常用于学术与专业语境，用来描述概念、系统或学科之间的综合与结合。
The new curriculum integrates interactive technology into traditional classroom instruction.
新课程将互动科技整合进传统课堂教学之中。
EN： Qingdao University of Science and Technology (QUST) in Shandong Province, China, is widely recognized for its strength in chemical engineering and materials science. Academic breakthroughs from Chinese institutions often emphasize interdisciplinary frameworks that support national sustainability goals.
中文： 位於中國山東省的青島科技大學（QUST）在化學工程與材料科學領域享有盛名。中國學術機構近年發表的突破性研究，常強調跨學科架構的建立，以響應國家永續發展與綠色科技的目標。
EN： 'Rather than' is a prepositional or conjunctional phrase used to indicate preference or alternative, often meaning 'instead of'. When followed by a verb, it typically takes a gerund (-ing form) when functioning prepositionally, emphasizing the action that is being rejected or avoided in favor of the main clause.
中文： 「Rather than」是介词或连词短语，用于表示偏好或替代方案，意为「而不是…/与其…不如…」。当后面接动词时，若作为介词使用，通常接动名词（-ing 形式），用以强调主句所替代或摒弃的动作。
Rather than relying on fossil fuels, the company invests heavily in renewable energy solutions.
该公司并没有依赖化石燃料，而是大量投资于可再生能源解决方案。
EN： The structures 'treat X as Y' and 'envision X as Y' use 'as' to introduce a complement that defines the role, status, or perception of the object. 'Treat as' means to regard or handle in a specified way, while 'envision as' implies conceptualizing or imagining something in a prospective or theoretical role.
中文： 结构「treat X as Y」（将 X 视为 Y）与「envision X as Y」（将 X 构想/想象为 Y）都使用介词「as」来引出补语，定义宾语的角色、身份或认知方式。「treat as」指以特定方式对待或看待；「envision as」则带有对未来或理论层面将事物概念化的含义。
The city council envisions the abandoned railway as a vibrant public park.
市议会将这条废弃的铁路构想为一个充满活力的公园。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces a relative clause modifying a temporal noun ('time'), indicating a situation or condition that coincides with the main event.
中文： 关系副词『when』引导限定性关系从句，用来修饰表示时间的名词（如 time），说明主句事件发生时所处的特定时代背景或情况。
We live in an era when technological advancements occur at a breakneck speed.
我们生活在一个科技进步以极快速度发生的时代。
EN： The aspectual construction 'prove + adjective' (often used in continuous tense 'are proving') functions as a linking verb showing a gradual revelation or confirmation of a state over time.
中文： 『prove + 形容词』此结构（常以进行式 are proving 呈现）扮演系动词的角色，用以表达某种状态随着时间推移而逐渐被证实或显现出来。
Initial strategies are proving ineffective against the newly mutated strain of the virus.
初步的策略正被证明对这种新变异的病毒株无效。
EN： 'Inadequate for + noun/gerund' is a precise formula indicating that something lacks the necessary quality, quantity, or capability required for a specific purpose.
中文： 『inadequate for + 名词/动名词』为精密的固定搭配，表示某物在质量、数量或能力上『不足以应付/不称职』特定的用途或目标。
The current infrastructure is highly inadequate for handling such a massive surge in data traffic.
目前的基础设施极不足以处理如此庞大的数据流量激增。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' introduces a concessive clause that highlights a contrast between the positive attributes of natural enzymes (high selectivity) and their limitations (vulnerability). Unlike 'despite' or 'in spite of', which require a noun phrase or gerund, 'although' must be followed by a full subject-verb clause.
中文： 从属连词「although」（尽管/虽然）引导让步状语从句，用来突出天然酶的优点（高选择性）与其局限性（脆弱性）之间的对比。与「despite」或「in spite of」（后接名词短语或动名词）不同，「although」后面必须接包含主语和动词的完整从句。
Although the new material exhibits excellent conductivity, it remains difficult to mass-produce efficiently.
尽管这种新材料展现出极佳的导电性，但要进行高效的大规模生产依然非常困难。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by the predicate adjective 'vulnerable', which takes the preposition 'to'. The structure 'remain vulnerable to + [noun/noun phrase]' expresses a continuous state of susceptibility to external damaging factors.
中文： 系动词「remain」（保持/依然是）后接表语形容词「vulnerable」（易受伤害的/脆弱的），并配合介词「to」。结构「remain vulnerable to + [名词/名词短语]」用于表示对外部破坏性因素持续处于易受影响或受损的状态。
Without proper encapsulation, the active biological molecules remain vulnerable to enzymatic degradation.
如果没有适当的封装，这些活性生物分子依然容易受到酶解作用的破坏。
EN： When listing multiple parallel items (in this case, four obstacles: heat, acidity, oxidation, and prolonged operational stress), English academic prose uses Oxford commas and maintains parallel noun structures to establish formal rhythm and absolute clarity.
中文： 在列举多个平行项目时（本句包含四个不利因素：高温、酸度、氧化与长时间运作压力），英文学术写作常使用牛津逗号（Oxford comma），并保持名词结构的对等平行，以确保结构严谨与语义清晰。
The catalyst failed due to contamination, mechanical wear, thermal shock, and poor pH stability.
该催化剂因污染、机械磨损、热冲击以及酸碱稳定性不佳而失效。
EN： The transition adverb 'Furthermore' is used to introduce an additional, usually stronger, point that supports or expands upon a previous statement. It sets a formal and persuasive tone.
中文： 过渡副词「Furthermore」（此外/再者）用于引出补充性且通常语气更强的论点，用以支持或扩展前文，常见于正式写作与学术论述中。
The proposed policy is economically unfeasible; furthermore, it violates existing environmental regulations.
这项提议的政策在经济上不可行；此外，它还违反了现行的环保法规。
EN： The gerund phrase 'recovering them after use' acts as the singular subject of the second independent clause, taking the third-person singular verb 'presents'. Gerund subjects are common in formal contexts to describe actions or processes.
中文： 动名词短语「recovering them after use」（使用后回收它们）作为第二个独立从句的单数主语，因此搭配第三人称单数动词「presents」。动名词作主语常用于正式语境中，用来抽象化描述某一动作或过程。
Managing large-scale scientific datasets requires advanced computational tools.
管理大规模科学数据集需要先进的计算工具。
EN： The word 'prohibitive' is a high-level predicate adjective meaning 'so high or expensive as to prevent something from being done or bought'. It often modifies nouns like 'cost', 'price', or 'expense'.
中文： 形容词「prohibitive」在此作为表语形容词，意思是「（价格或成本）高得令人望而却步的」，常用于修饰「cost」（成本）、「price」（价格）或「expense」（费用）等名词。
The initial setup fees for the laboratory equipment proved prohibitive for the small startup.
该实验室设备的初始设置费用对这家小型初创企业来说高得令人望而却步。
EN： The transitional phrase 'by contrast' is used parenthetically between commas to introduce a stark difference between the main subject and a previously mentioned topic.
中文： 转折短语「by contrast」（相比之下）以插入语的形式置于双逗号之间，用以引出主语与前文所述事物之间的鲜明对比。
Traditional solar panels require vast surface areas; wind turbines, by contrast, utilize vertical space more efficiently.
传统的太阳能电池板需要广大的表面积；相比之下，风力发电机则能更有效地利用垂直空间。
EN： The preposition 'through' is paired with a noun phrase ('modifications to...') to express the method, means, or mechanism by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介词「through」（通过）后接名词短语（如「modifications to...」），用来表达达成某项动作的方法、手段或机制。
Engineers improved the vehicle's fuel efficiency through structural modifications to the chassis.
工程师通过对底盘进行结构改进，提升了车辆的燃油效率。
EN： Parallel structure is maintained when listing noun phrases as objects of a preposition, using 'and' before the final element ('particle size, surface structure, and electronic configuration').
中文： 在列举介词的宾语时，采用平行结构（排比），并在最后一个项目之前使用连词「and」（如「particle size, surface structure, and electronic configuration」），以保持句法的对称与流畅。
The material's strength can be optimized through control of ambient temperature, processing duration, and cooling speed.
该材料的强度可通过控制环境温度、加工时间和冷却速度来达到最佳化。
EN： The nominal relative clause (or fused relative clause) beginning with 'What' acts as a noun phrase functioning as the subject of the main sentence. Here, 'What distinguishes...' means 'The thing that distinguishes...'.
中文： 由 'What' 引导的名词性关系从句（又称复合关系代词从句）在句中充当主语，相当于 'The thing that...'，表示「……的事物/特点」。
What makes this approach revolutionary is its focus on long-term ecological sustainability.
使这种方法具有革命性突破的地方，在于它关注长期的生态可持续性。
EN： The noun 'insistence' takes a appositive 'that' clause expressing a recommendation, requirement, or strong claim, which often takes a subjunctive mood (e.g., 'should not be evaluated' or 'not be evaluated').
中文： 抽象名词 'insistence'（坚持）后常接由 'that' 引导的同位语从句，用以说明坚持的具体内容。从句中常使用虚拟语气，即含情态助动词 'should' 或直接使用动词原形。
The committee reiterated its insistence that all safety protocols be strictly observed.
委员会再次重申其坚持，即所有安全规范都必须被严格遵守。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'distinguish A from B' is used to highlight the difference between two entities, where A is the subject of distinction and B is the point of comparison.
中文： 'distinguish A from B' 为固定动词搭配，意为「将 A 与 B 区别开来」或「使 A 不同于 B」。在此句中，A 为生态纳米酶学，B 为先前的研究。
Clear communication and analytical rigor distinguish top researchers from their peers.
清晰的沟通能力与严谨的分析态度，将顶尖研究人员与其同行区分开来。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'argued that + clause' uses 'that' as a conjunction introducing a noun clause that acts as the direct object of the verb 'argued'. In formal academic or journalistic contexts, this structure is standard for presenting arguments or hypotheses.
中文： 「argued that + 从句」的间接引语句型，使用「that」作为连词来引导一个名词性从句，作为动词「argued」的直接宾语。在正式学术或新闻语境中，此结构常用于提出观点、论点或假设。
Scholars have argued that urban green spaces significantly reduce stress levels among residents.
学者们主张，城市绿地能显著降低居民的压力水平。
EN： The passive voice modal verb construction 'must be + past participle' (must be understood) expresses strong necessity or obligation regarding how something should be perceived or analyzed, removing the emphasis from the agent performing the action.
中文： 情态动词被动语态结构「must be + 过去分词」（must be understood），用于表达对某事应如何被看待或分析的强烈必要性或义务，从而转移对动作执行者的关注。
These policy changes must be implemented within a strict timeframe to be effective.
这些政策变更必须在严格的时间框架内实施才能生效。
EN： The relative clause introduced by 'that' ('that sustain ecosystems') modifies the preceding noun phrase 'the broader cycles of energy and matter', where 'that' acts as the subject of the verb 'sustain'.
中文： 由「that」引导的关系从句（that sustain ecosystems）用来修饰前面的名词短语「the broader cycles of energy and matter」，在此「that」充当动词「sustain」的主语。
We should focus on technologies that support sustainable development.
我们应该专注于能支持可持续发展的技术。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person or group of people. They are separated from the main sentence by commas.
中文： 由 'who' 引导的非限定性关系从句用于对前面的人或群体提供额外的补充说明（非必要信息），前后需使用逗号与主句隔开。
Dr. Aris, who led the climate task force, delivered the opening speech.
领导气候任务小组的阿里斯博士发表了开幕致辞。
EN： The verb 'emphasize' followed by a 'that' clause is a formal reporting structure used to express a strong opinion, claim, or key finding in academic and professional contexts.
中文： 动词 'emphasize' 后接 'that' 引导的名词性从句，为学术与专业语境中常见的正式报道动词结构，用于强调核心观点或重要研究发现。
Researchers emphasized that immediate action is required to combat biodiversity loss.
研究人员强调需要立即采取行动以应对生物多样性丧失。
EN： The preposition 'on' is used after abstract nouns like 'perspective', 'view', or 'take' to indicate the specific subject or topic being considered.
中文： 在 'perspective'（观点）、'view'（看法）等抽象名词之后，习惯使用介词 'on' 来引导所关注或探讨的具体主题与对象。
The conference provided a novel perspective on renewable energy integration.
该会议提供了关于可再生能源整合的新颖观点。
EN： Inversion in conditional clauses: When 'if' is omitted in a first conditional or hypothetical structure, 'should' is placed before the subject. This creates a more formal, academic tone.
中文： 条件句倒装：当省略「if」时，助动词「should」会置于主语之前，形成主谓倒装。这种结构常见于正式书面语或学术文章中，用以表达假设情况。
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our customer support team.
如果您需要进一步的协助，请随时与我们的客户支持团队联系。
EN： The idiom 'gain traction' means to become popular, gain acceptance, or start making progress. It is widely used in business, academic, and scientific contexts.
中文： 习语「gain traction」意指（想法、概念或产品）获得支持、抓住市场、开始流行或取得进展。常用于商业、学术及科学报道中。
The novel renewable energy policy is beginning to gain traction among local governments.
这项新颖的可再生能源政策正开始获得地方政府的重视与支持。
EN： The phrase 'for [time period] to come' is used to emphasize that something will continue or have an impact far into the future.
中文： 短语「for [时间单位] to come」用于强调某事在未来的漫长一段时间内将持续发生或产生影响，译为「在未来的……时间里」。
The decisions made at this conference will shape economic development for years to come.
在此次会议上做出的决定将影响未来多年的经济发展。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 开创性的；先驱的
在本文中： 跨学科的；跨领域的
在本文中： 催化的
在本文中： 调节的；管理的
在本文中： 补救；（环境）修复
在本文中： 选择性
在本文中： （费用）昂贵得令人负担不起的；高得吓人的
在本文中： 后勤的；运筹规划的
在本文中： 令人信服的；很有吸引力的
在本文中： 提倡者；支持者
在本文中： 整体的；全面的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To propose or suggest an idea, plan, or theory for consideration.
提出（想法、计划或理论）
The removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.
环境修复；污染整治
Used to show that there is a clear difference between two things.
相比之下；相反地
To become popular, accepted, or gathering momentum.
获得支持；开始流行；取得进展