EN： The preposition 'following' functions as a complex preposition meaning 'after' or 'as a result of', often used in formal news registers to link an event directly to its triggering cause.
中文： 介词“following”在此作复合介词使用，意思为“在……之后”或“由于……”，常用于正式新闻报道中，用以将特定事件与引发该事件的起因紧密联系起来。
The company issued a public apology following a series of data breaches.
在发生一系列数据泄露事件后，该公司发表了公开道歉。
EN： The post-modifying infinitive phrase 'to terminate funding...' acts as an adjectival modifier directly attached to the abstract noun 'decision', explaining the specific content or purpose of that decision.
中文： 不定式短语“to terminate funding...”作为后置修饰语，直接修饰抽象名词“decision”，用以说明该决定的具体内容或目的。
The board approved a proposal to expand international operations.
董事会批准了一项扩展国际业务的提案。
EN： The present perfect tense 'have expressed' is used to connect a past action with the current context, emphasizing the ongoing relevance and immediate impact of the scientists' reaction.
中文： 现在完成时“have expressed”用于将过去发生的动作与当前情境联系起来，强调科学家们的反应在目前依然具有重要性和即时影响。
Environmentalists have voiced strong opposition to the new policy.
环保人士已对新政策表达了强烈反对。
EN： Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, is an iconic center for astrophysics and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Home to the famous Lovell Telescope, it played a key historical role in space exploration, including tracking early Soviet and American satellites during the Space Race.
中文： 位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台是天體物理學的標誌性中心，並獲登錄為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產。該天文台擁有著名的洛威爾望遠鏡，在太空競賽時期曾協助追蹤美蘇早期的衛星與探測器，於人類太空探索史上具有極高的文化與科學地位。
EN： Reduced relative clauses using past participles ('situated...', 'designated...') act as non-defining adjectival modifiers to insert supplementary descriptive details between the main subject and its predicate without needing full relative clauses (e.g., 'which is situated...').
中文： 使用过去分词短语（如 situated...、designated...）作为非限定性形容词修饰语，可在主语和谓语之间插入补充说明，省去完整的定语从句（如 which is situated...），使句子结构更紧凑流畅。
The castle, built in the fourteenth century and restored recently, attracts thousands of tourists.
这座城堡建于十四世纪且最近刚经过修复，吸引了数以千计的游客。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has contributed') combined with a duration expression ('for nearly seven decades') indicates an action that began in the past and has continued uninterrupted up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（has contributed）搭配时间长度介词短语（for nearly seven decades），用以表述从过去某个时间点开始持续进行、直到现在仍具影响力或仍在继续的动作或状态。
The organization has supported renewable energy initiatives for over twenty years.
该组织二十多年来一直支持可再生能源倡议。
EN： The Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2019 due to its pioneering role in radio astronomy and technological innovation since the mid-20th century.
中文： 位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台於 2019 年被列為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產，以表彰其自 20 世紀中葉以來在射電天文學及技術創新領域的先驅地位。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' provides extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun 'the scientific community'. It is set off by a comma.
中文： 由“which”引导的非限定性定语从句，用于对前面的名词“the scientific community（科学界）”补充说明额外信息。非限定性从句前通常加逗号与主句隔开。
The proposal, which attracted severe criticism from environmentalists, was ultimately rejected by the board.
该提议招致了环保人士的严厉批评，最终被董事会否决。
EN： The structure 'regard [object] as [adjective/noun]' means to consider or view something in a particular way. Here, 'potentially irreversible' functions as an adjectival complement.
中文： 动词短语“regard [宾语] as [形容词/名词]”表示“将……视为……”或“认为……具有某种性质”。在本句中，“potentially irreversible”作为形容词补语补充说明该决定。
Many experts regard the new policy as highly beneficial for small businesses.
许多专家认为这项新政策对小型企业极为有利。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has prompted') is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has significant relevance to the current situation.
中文： 现在完成时（has prompted）用于表示过去发生但对现在仍具有重大影响或相关性的动作或事件。
The sudden change in interest rates has caused widespread concern among homeowners.
利率的突然变动引发了房主的广泛担忧。
EN： Apposition: A noun phrase ('the national funding body') is placed immediately after another noun phrase ('United Kingdom Research and Innovation') to rename or provide essential background information about it, set off by commas.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）：将名词短语（如“the national funding body”）紧跟在另一个名词短语（如“英国研究与创新署”）之后，用于说明、补充或定义该专有名词，前后通常以逗号隔开。
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, announced a major discovery.
欧洲核子研究中心（CERN）宣布了一项重大发现。
EN： Backshifting in Reported Speech: When the main reporting verb is in the past tense ('confirmed'), the verb in the dependent nominal 'that' clause is shifted back to a past form. Here, 'will' becomes 'would' to express future-in-the-past.
中文： 转述语气中的时态后移（Backshifting）：当主句的转述动词为过去时（如“confirmed”）时，名词性从句（that 从句）中的动词时态需相应后移。在此处，表示过去将来时的“will”转化为“would”。
The spokesperson confirmed yesterday that the company would shut down its local branch.
发言人昨天确认该公司将关闭其当地分公司。
EN： Negative Correlative Construction 'no longer... or...': The negative expression 'no longer' applies to both connected elements. When joining two objects under a negative scope, 'or' is used instead of 'and' to indicate that neither action/entity receives funding.
中文： 否定连词结构“no longer... or...”：当否定词（no longer，不再）作用于多个宾语时，需使用“or”而非“and”来连接，表示两者皆非（既不资助望远镜，也不资助其网络）。
The municipality will no longer finance the sports complex or its surrounding parks.
市政当局将不再资助该体育中心或其周边公园。
EN： United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) is the non-departmental public body that directs research and innovation funding in the UK, funded via the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. The Lovell Telescope, located at Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, is one of the world's largest steerable radio telescopes and a historic landmark of British scientific achievement.
中文： 英國研究與創新署（UKRI）是英國非部門公營機構，透過科學、創新與科技部營運，統一管理全英科研與創新預算。位於柴郡喬德雷爾班克天文台的洛威爾望遠鏡是全球最大的可定向射電望遠鏡之一，不僅在冷戰時期曾追蹤人造衛星（如 Sputnik），也是英國科學成就的重要歷史地標。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'whose' provide extra, non-essential information about a noun's possessions or properties. Commas are used to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence.
中文： 由“whose”引导的非限定性定语从句，用于对名词的所属或特征进行补充说明。此从句前后需使用逗号与主句隔开，若省略不影响主句语义的完整性。
The ancient cathedral, whose spire reaches a height of one hundred metres, attracts thousands of tourists every year.
这座古老的大教堂，其尖塔高度达一百米，每年吸引数千名游客。
EN： The phrasal verb 'serve as' means to function as, act as, or play the role of something, often highlighting the function or status of a person or object in a specific context.
中文： 动词短语“serve as”意为“充当”、“作为”或“发挥……的作用”，常用于说明某物或某人在特定情境下的功能或身份地位。
The converted warehouse will serve as a temporary community centre during the renovations.
这座翻修后的仓库将在整修期间用作临时社区中心。
EN： The expression 'in diameter' is a prepositional phrase used to specify measurement along a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or sphere.
中文： 介词短语“in diameter”意为“在直径上”或“直径为……”，常用于度量单位（如 metres, feet）之后，精确说明圆形或球形物体的大小。
The giant sequoia tree trunk measures over eight metres in diameter at its base.
这棵巨杉树干基部的直径超过八米。
EN： The Lovell Telescope, located at Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, England, was completed in 1957. At the time, it was the largest steerable radio telescope in the world. It played a significant iconic role during the Space Race by tracking space probes from both the Soviet Union and the United States. Its distinctive white dish structure has made it a landmark in the rural English landscape and a symbol of British scientific history.
中文： 洛威爾望遠鏡位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台，於 1957 年完工。當時它是全球最大的可定向射電望遠鏡。在冷戰時期的太空競賽中，它曾協助追蹤蘇聯與美國的太空探測器，發揮了舉足輕重的歷史作用。其巨大的白色碟型天線建築已成為英格蘭鄉村景觀中的著名地標，也是英國現代科學成就的象徵之一。
EN： An appositive noun phrase (here, 'a sophisticated array...') directly follows another noun ('e-Merlin') to rename or elaborate on it without using a relative clause.
中文： 同位语名词短语（此处为“a sophisticated array...”）紧跟在另一个名词（“e-Merlin”）之后，用以对其进行补充说明或重新定义，无需使用定语从句。
We visited Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, during the cherry blossom season.
我们在樱花季期间访问了日本古都京都。
EN： Past participial phrases ('distributed across England' and 'linked to...') act as reduced relative clauses, modifying the preceding noun phrase 'seven radio telescopes'.
中文： 过去分词短语（如“distributed across England”和“linked to...”）充当简化的定语从句，用来修饰前面的名词短语“seven radio telescopes”。
The documents sent to the headquarters contained confidential data.
发送到总部的文件包含机密资料。
EN： The post-positive directional/spatial modifier 'south of Manchester' follows the proper noun to specify its precise geographical orientation.
中文： 方位介词短语（如“south of Manchester”）置于专有名词之后，作为后置修饰语，用以明确其具体地理位置。
The castle is located on a cliff north of Edinburgh.
这座城堡位于爱丁堡以北的悬崖上。
EN： Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, is one of the world's leading radio astronomy observatories. Its flagship instrument, the Lovell Telescope, played a pivotal role in the Space Race and early satellite tracking. The e-MERLIN array connects multiple telescopes across Great Britain via a high-speed fiber-optic network to create a virtual telescope with extraordinary resolution.
中文： 喬德雷爾班克天文台位於英格蘭柴郡，是全球頂尖的電波天文學研究中心之一。其核心設施洛威爾望遠鏡曾在冷戰時期的太空競賽及早期衛星追蹤中發揮關鍵作用。e-MERLIN 網絡則透過高速光纖將大不列顛各地多座望遠鏡串聯，形成一個解析力極高的虛擬電波望遠鏡陣列。
EN： The structure 'justify + [noun/gerund] + by + [gerund]' is used to explain the reason or rationale behind an action or decision.
中文： 动词结构“justify + [名词/动名词] + by + [动名词]”常用于说明某项行动或决定背后的理由或合理依据。
The company justified the workforce reduction by citing a severe decline in global demand.
该公司通过引述全球需求大幅下降，为其裁员决定辩护。
EN： The past participle phrase 'designed to...' functions as a reduced relative clause (which was designed to...), modifying the preceding noun 'process'.
中文： 过去分词短语“designed to...”在此作为简化定语从句（原为 which was designed to...），用以修饰前面的名词“process”（程序）。
The government launched a new policy designed to stimulate economic growth in rural areas.
政府推出了一项旨在刺激农村地区经济增长的新政策。
EN： The present participle phrase 'promising...' acts as an active reduced relative clause (which promise...), directly modifying the noun 'endeavours'.
中文： 现在分词短语“promising...”作主动语态的简化定语从句（原为 which promise...），直接后置修饰名词“endeavours”（事业/计划）。
Investors are keen to support start-ups promising innovative solutions to climate change.
投资者热衷于支持那些承诺为气候变化提供创新解决方案的初创公司。
EN： In British public policy and academic funding, 'prioritisation processes' are frequently used by research councils like UKRI (United Kingdom Research and Innovation) when facing budget constraints. Decisions to defund heritage science facilities often trigger debate between pure scientific value, historical legacy, and government economic strategy.
中文： 在英國的公共政策與學術資助體系中，當英國研究與創新署（UKRI）等研究委員會面臨預算緊縮時，常實施「優先順序審查程序」（prioritisation processes）。撤資歷史悠久的科學設施往往會引發廣泛爭議，焦點在於純科學價值、歷史遺產與政府經濟策略之間的衡平。
EN： The structure 'be set to + infinitive' is used to express that something is scheduled, arranged, or highly likely to happen in the near future or at a specified time.
中文： “be set to + 动词原形”结构用于表示某事已被预先安排、排定或极可能在不久的将来（或指定时间）发生。
The new renewable energy policy is set to take effect next January.
新的可再生能源政策预计将于明年一月生效。
EN： The intransitive verb 'cease' means to come to an end or stop happening. It is often preferred over 'stop' in formal, technical, or journalistic registers.
中文： 不及物动词“cease”意为“停止”或“终止”。在正式、技术或新闻报道的语体中，常比“stop”更优先使用。
All hostilities between the two nations ceased following the signing of the peace treaty.
签署和平条约后，两国之间的所有敌对行动均已停止。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' is used here meaning 'to take into consideration' or 'to explain the cause of'. It is commonly followed by a noun phrase or a gerund in formal arguments.
中文： 动词短语“account for”在此处意为“考虑到、考虑在内”或“解释……的原因”。在正式的论证和学术语境中，其后常接名词短语或动名词。
The budget projection fails to account for unexpected inflation.
预算预测未能考虑到未预期的通货膨胀。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, two noun phrases), emphasizing that two conditions or attributes apply equally.
中文： 关联连词“both... and...”（既……又……／……与……皆是）用于连接两个语法上对等的结构（在此为两个名词短语），强调两种情况或特质同时成立。
The project requires expertise in both computer science and marine biology.
该计划需要兼具计算机科学和海洋生物学的专业知识。
EN： The noun phrase 'such a + [singular countable noun]' is used for emphasis, referring back to a specific concept or reason previously mentioned in the context.
中文： 名词短语“such a + [单数可数名词]”用于加强语气，并指代前文已提及的特定概念、原因或理由。
It is difficult to justify such a drastic measure during a economic recovery.
在经济复苏期间采取如此严厉的措施，实难具备正当理由。
EN： The verb pattern 'describe something as adjective/noun' is used to express an opinion or characterization of something. Here, 'the cuts' is the object, followed by 'as' and the descriptive adjectives 'devastating and irreversible'.
中文： 动词句型“describe something as + 形容词/名词”用于表达对某事物的看法或特征描述。在此处，“the cuts”（预算削减）为宾语，后接“as”以及描述性形容词“devastating and irreversible”（毁灭性且不可逆转的）。
The committee described the new policy as essential for long-term growth.
委员会将这项新政策描述为对长期增长至关重要。
EN： The present participle clause 'underscoring...' acts as an adverbial clause of result or accompanying circumstance (participle construction), providing additional information about the effect of Brian Cox's description.
中文： 现在分词从句“underscoring...”作为结果或伴随状况的副词修饰语（分词构句），补充说明布赖恩·考克斯此番描述所带来的影响或强调的重点。
The CEO resigned unexpectedly, leaving the board in a state of turmoil.
首席执行官突然辞职，使董事会陷入一片混乱。
EN： The phrase 'what stands to be lost' uses the idiom 'stand to do/be something', meaning to be in a position where one is likely to experience or gain/lose something.
中文： 短语“what stands to be lost”使用了惯用语“stand to do/be something”，表示“很有可能面临、获得或失去某事物”的处境。
Investors need to carefully assess what they stand to gain from this merger.
投资者需要仔细评估他们能从这次合并中获得什么。
EN： Brian Cox is a prominent British particle physicist, professor at the University of Manchester, and a well-known science communicator who presents popular BBC science documentaries. His public statements carry significant weight in the UK regarding science funding and public policy.
中文： 布萊恩·柯克斯（Brian Cox）是英國著名的粒子物理學家、曼徹斯特大學教授，也是極具知名度的科普傳播者，曾主持多部熱門 BBC 科學紀錄片。他在英國科學預算與公共政策領域的公開發言具有相當大的影響力。
EN： The structure 'characterise something as something' is used to describe or depict the nature, quality, or character of something in a specific way.
中文： “characterise something as something”（将某事/物描述/特征化为……）此句型用于具体说明或定义某事物的性质、特征或影响。
The report characterised the economic downturn as a temporary setback.
该报告将经济衰退描述为暂时性的挫折。
EN： An appositive noun phrase (here, 'president of the Institute of Physics') is placed next to another noun ('Paul Howarth') to rename or specify it, typically set off by commas.
中文： 同位语名词短语（在此句中为“president of the Institute of Physics”）紧跟在另一个名词（保罗·豪沃斯）之后，用以说明或补充其身份，通常前后会加上逗号。
Dr. Sarah Evans, director of the medical center, announced the breakthrough.
医疗中心主任莎拉·埃文斯博士宣布了这项突破。
EN： The idiom 'a terrible blow to [someone/something]' uses a metaphor of a physical striking force to describe a devastating event, loss, or disappointment.
中文： 短语“a terrible blow to [某对象]”比喻性地使用“重击（blow）”来形容极大的打击、挫折或损失。
The sudden closure of the factory was a severe blow to the local economy.
工厂的突然关闭对当地经济是一个严重的打击。
EN： The Institute of Physics (IOP) is the professional body and learned society for physics in the UK and Ireland. Comments from its president carry significant weight in national science policy discussions and media coverage regarding research budget cuts.
中文： 物理學會（Institute of Physics, IOP）是英國與愛爾蘭地區物理學界最具權威的專業機構。該學會理事長對政府科研預算削減的公開評論，在英國國家科學政策討論與媒體報導中具有舉足輕重的影響力。
EN： The verb 'urge' follows the structure 'urge + object + to-infinitive', which means to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do something. This structure is common in formal and news contexts.
中文： 动词 urge 的句型为“urge + 宾语 + 不定式 (to V)”，表示强烈建议或促使某人采取某项行动。常见于正式书面语及新闻报道中。
Environmental groups urged the council to reject the development proposal.
环保团体敦促委员会否决该开发项目。
EN： The passive form 'is inflicted upon' uses 'inflict [something] upon/on [someone/something]', meaning to cause something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something.
中文： 被动语态“is inflicted upon”源自短语“inflict [伤害/痛苦] upon/on [对象]”，意为“将（痛苦、损害等）强加于……身上”。此处指损害被施加于国家的科学声誉。
Severe penalties will be inflicted upon anyone who violates the safety rules.
任何违反安全规定的人都将受到严厉的惩罚。
EN： The word 'newly' is an adverb modifying the past participle 'appointed', forming a compound adjective 'newly appointed' to describe a noun (Prime Minister).
中文： 副词 newly 用于修饰过去分词 appointed，构成复合形容词“newly appointed”（新任命的、新上任的），用来修饰后面的名词（首相）。
The newly elected mayor promised to reduce public transport fares.
新当选的市长承诺降低公共交通票价。
EN： The reported speech with past tense main verb ('emphasised') requires sequence of tenses in the subordinate clause, shifting 'will' to 'would'. This expresses future-in-the-past prospective action.
中文： 当主句动词为过去式（如“emphasised”）时，转述句（宾语从句）中的时态需遵循时态一致原则，将将来时“will”改为过去将来时“would”，用以表达从过去时间点来看将要发生的事。
The economists predicted that the new tax policy would stimulate business growth.
经济学家预测新税收政策将刺激商业增长。
EN： The idiom 'have far-reaching consequences for [something]' uses the compound adjective 'far-reaching' (having wide-ranging or significant effects) to modify the noun 'consequences', followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the affected domain.
中文： 动词短语“have far-reaching consequences for [something]”意为“对……产生深远的影响／后果”。复合形容词“far-reaching”表示影响广泛且深远，后接介词“for”来引出受影响的领域或对象。
The rise of automation will have far-reaching consequences for the global workforce.
自动化的兴起将对全球劳动力产生深远的影响。
EN： The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific charity and professional body for physics in the UK and Ireland. Statements from its president carry significant weight in British public policy debates regarding science funding and higher education infrastructure.
中文： 物理學會（Institute of Physics, IOP）是英國與愛爾蘭主要的物理專業機構與科學慈善組織。該學會理事長的公開發言在英國政府制定科學預算、科研補助及高等教育政策的討論中具有極高影響力。
EN： Inverted conditional structure for hypothetical future situations. 'Were + subject + to + verb' replaces 'If + subject + were + to + verb'. This structure is highly formal and frequently used in academic, news, or legal registers to emphasize a hypothetical or unlikely scenario.
中文： 用于假设未来状况的倒装条件句型。以“Were + 主语 + to + 动词原形”取代“If + 主语 + were + to + 动词原形”。此句型极为正式，常见于学术、新闻或法律语体中，用以强调假设性或发生概率较低的情境。
Were the board to approve the proposal, implementation would begin immediately.
倘若董事会批准该提案，实施工作将立即展开。
EN： Complex prepositional phrase structure 'as a [adjective] [noun] for [noun]', used to describe a subject's role, reputation, or identity in a specific domain. Here, 'as a leading destination for scientific inquiry' acts as an adjectival modifier specifying 'the United Kingdom's standing'.
中文： 复杂的介词短语结构“as a [形容词] [名词] for [名词]”，用于描述主语在特定领域的角色、声誉或身份。在此处，“as a leading destination for scientific inquiry”作为形容词修饰语，明确说明“英国的地位”。
The city has cemented its standing as a primary hub for technological innovation.
该城市已巩固其作为技术创新主要枢纽的地位。
EN： Modal passive voice with adverbial modification ('could be severely undermined'). The modal verb 'could' indicates theoretical possibility, 'be undermined' forms the passive voice, and the adverb 'severely' emphasizes the intensity of the damage.
中文： 带有副词修饰的情态动词被动语态（could be severely undermined）。情态动词“could”表示理论上的可能性，“be undermined”构成被动语态，而副词“severely”则强调损害的严重程度。
The company's market position could be heavily compromised by new regulatory laws.
新法规可能会使该公司的市场地位遭到严重削弱。
EN： This sentence addresses the potential impacts on the United Kingdom's long-standing status as a global scientific powerhouse (often referred to as part of the 'golden triangle' of research). Historically, British science funding relies heavily on publicly funded councils such as UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). Cuts to flagship astronomy and physics infrastructure, like the Jodrell Bank Observatory, often trigger intense debates in the UK media and Parliament regarding the nation's international competitiveness and 'soft power' in science.
中文： 這句話反映了政策對英國作為全球科學強國傳統地位（常被稱為研究「黃金三角」的一部分）的潛在衝擊。歷史上，英國的科學資助高度依賴如「英國研究與創新署」（UKRI）等公費補助機構。對旗艦級天文與物理基礎設施（如喬德雷爾班克天文台）的預算削減，經常在英國媒體與議會引發關於國家國際競爭力及科學「軟實力」的激烈辯論。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are set off by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限制性定语从句（使用 which）用于提供关于名词的额外补充信息，若省略不影响句子主要意思。从句前后须用逗号隔开，且在此类从句中不可用 that 代替 which。
The research team, which consists of five leading experts, published its findings yesterday.
由五位顶尖专家组成的研究团队于昨天发表了其研究成果。
EN： The verb 'indicate' is often followed by a 'that' noun clause serving as its direct object, commonly used in formal, academic, or news contexts to report statements or findings.
中文： 动词 indicate（表示、指出）常接由 that 引导的名词性从句作为宾语，常用于正式、学术或新闻语境中，以报道某种声明、态度或研究发现。
Preliminary reports indicate that the new policy will take effect next month.
初步报告显示新政策将于下个月生效。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to safeguard...') explains the reason or goal behind an action. It functions as an adverbial modifier answering 'why?'.
中文： 不定式表目的（如 to safeguard...）用来说明某个动作的原因或目标，在句中充当状语，用以回答“为了什么？”的问题。
The city implemented new regulations to protect historical monuments.
该城市实施新法规以保护历史纪念物。
EN： The e-Merlin array and Jodrell Bank Observatory are crucial parts of the UK's scientific heritage, with the Lovell Telescope being a famous engineering landmark since the Cold War era. University-operated scientific infrastructure in the UK heavily relies on state research councils like UKRI, so funding cuts often force universities to seek private donations, international grants, or commercial partnerships.
中文： e-Merlin 望遠鏡陣列與喬德雷爾班克天文台是英國科學遺產的關鍵部分，其中的洛威爾望遠鏡自冷戰時期以來即為著名的工程地標。英國由大學運營的大型科學基礎設施極度依賴像「英國研究與創新署」（UKRI）這樣的國家資助機構，因此面臨撥款削減時，大學通常必須積極尋求私人捐款、國際合作基金或商業合作夥伴。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 终止、停止（资金提供）
在本文中： 谴责、严厉指责
在本文中： 不可逆转的、无法挽回的
在本文中： 按优先顺序处理、优先次序的评估
在本文中： 努力、事业、尝试
在本文中： 基本原理、理念、合理性说明
在本文中： 强调、凸显
在本文中： 施加（伤害、打击或痛苦）
在本文中： 可信度、声誉、公信力
在本文中： 保护、捍卫
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To consider, explain, or take into sentence when making a judgment or calculation.
考虑；解释；占……比例
Deep, extensive, and long-lasting effects.
深远的影响／后果
A specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources.
射电望远镜／无线电望远镜
The diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work.
科学探索／科学研究探讨
A sudden, severe shock or disappointment.
沉重打击