EN： The idiom 'go according to plan' means to happen or progress as planned or intended. It is frequently used in the negative form ('not going according to plan') in the present continuous tense to describe an ongoing situation or project encountering difficulties.
中文： 短语「go according to plan」意思是「按计划进行／顺利进行」。常以现在进行式的否定形式（is/are not going according to plan）出现，用来描述某个正在进行的事态或项目遇到了困难、不如预期。
Despite our best efforts, the launch is not going according to plan.
尽管我们尽了最大努力，发布会的进展依然不如预期。
EN： Compound noun modification: Multiple nouns and adjectives ('major', 'grid', 'upgrade') can precede a head noun ('programme') to specify its purpose, creating a concise technical subject phrase.
中文： 复合名词修饰：形容词（major）与名词（grid、upgrade）可以叠加置于核心名词（programme）之前，用来精准说明该项目的具体范畴与性质，形成紧凑的项目名称。
The city's rapid transit expansion project will take five years.
该市的大众捷运扩建工程将耗时五年。
EN： In British English, 'programme' is spelled with '-mme' when referring to public schemes, broadcasts, or schedules (reserving 'program' mainly for computer code). The UK's 'national grid' upgrade is a major political issue as the nation attempts to transition to renewable energy targets by 2030 while keeping household bills manageable.
中文： 在英式英语中表示公共方案、活动日程或广播节目时拼写通常为“programme”（“program”主要保留给电脑程式使用）。英国当前正力拼 2030 年达成净零清洁电力目标电网（national grid）升级因而牵涉庞大预算与一般家庭能源帐单负担是英国政坛与民生关注的焦点议题。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (set off by commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' refers back to 'The programme' and functions as the subject inside the relative clause.
中文： 非限定关系子句（前后用逗号隔开）用于为先行词提供补充说明即使删除也不影响主句的主要意思。这里关系代名词 'which' 代替前面的主词 'The programme'并在子句中作主词。
The hospital, which opened last year, provides free healthcare to local residents.
这家去年开业的医院为当地居民提供免费医疗服务。
EN： The passive pattern 'be expected to + base verb' is used to talk about anticipated events, costs, or schedules based on current forecasts or expectations.
中文： 被动语态结构 'be expected to + 原形动词' 用于表示根据预测、规划或社会预期某事“预计会……”或“被期望……”。
The new bridge is expected to reduce traffic congestion significantly.
新桥预计将大幅缓解交通拥塞。
EN： British English spelling uses '-ise' (modernise) and the British noun 'programme' (with -mme). In the UK, major state-level infrastructure projects often involve national grid updates to transition towards net-zero carbon energy, funded partially via household electricity bills.
中文： 本句采用标准英式拼写：'programme'（美式通常拼作 program）以及 'modernise'（美式为 modernize）。在英国，能源转型与电网现代化是近年朝向 2030 净零排放的核心国家级政策，其巨额预算往往直接影响居民的家庭能源帐单（energy bills）。
EN： The reporting verb 'reveal' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as a noun clause (direct object). Inside this clause, two independent clauses are coordinated by the conjunction 'and': 'costs are rising' and 'many projects are running behind schedule'. Both use the present continuous tense ('are rising', 'are running') to describe current, ongoing trends.
中文： 报道动词「reveal」（揭露）后接由「that」引导的名词子句作为受词。。在该子句中，由对等连接词「and」连接两个子句（costs are rising 与 many projects are running behind schedule），皆采用现在进行式（are rising, are running）来描述目前正在持续发生的趋势或现状。
A recent survey has shown that prices are increasing and sales are dropping.
最近的一项调查显示，物价正在上涨，而销售量正在下滑。。
EN： The idiom 'run behind schedule' means to be late or delayed past the planned completion time. The opposite is 'run ahead of schedule', while meeting the target time is 'be on schedule'.
中文： 惯用语「run behind schedule」意思是「进度落后」或「迟于预定时间」。其反义词为「run ahead of schedule」（进度超前），若按原定时间进行则为「be on schedule」（按时进行）。
The train is running twenty minutes behind schedule due to heavy snow.
由于大雪，火车延误了二十分钟。。
EN： In the UK and other Commonwealth systems, an 'audit report' from an independent public watchdog (like the UK's National Audit Office) plays a crucial constitutional role in scrutinising government spending, holding ministers accountable to Parliament and taxpayers.
中文： 在英国与英联邦体制中，由独立公共监督机构（例如英国的国家审计署）出具的「审计报告」（audit report）具有关键的宪政监督功能，负责严格审查政府开支，确保各部会首长向国会与纳税人负责。
EN： The phrasal verb 'call for' means to publicly demand or urge that an action be taken. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase as its object (e.g., 'call for transparency').
中文： 短语动词「call for」意为「呼吁」或「公开要求」采取某种行动，后面直接接名词或名词短语作为受词（例如：call for transparency，呼吁提高透明度）。
Environmental groups have called for stricter limits on industrial emissions.
环保团体已呼吁对工业排放实施更严格的限制。
EN： A contact clause (reduced relative clause) occurs when a relative pronoun such as 'that' or 'which' is omitted. In 'the risks [that] this programme poses to household energy bills', the clause modifies 'risks', and the verb 'pose' commonly collocates with 'risk' ('pose a risk to...').
中文： 此处省略了关系代词 that/which（形成关系子句）。在「the risks [that] this programme poses to household energy bills」中，该子句修饰先行词「risks」；动词「pose」常与「risk」搭配，构成「pose a risk to...」（对……构成风险）。
We must consider the challenges this new policy creates for small businesses.
我们必须考量这项新政策对小型企业带来的挑战。
EN： The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent UK parliamentary body responsible for scrutinising public spending. Its reports often hold significant political weight regarding government efficiency and accountability.
中文： 英国的国家审计署（National Audit Office, NAO）是独立于政府的国会机构，专门审查政府公共支出的成效与价值（value for money）。其发布的报告在英国政界与媒体中具有高度权威性与影响力。
EN： The passive pattern 'be considered + adjective/noun' means people regard the subject as having a certain quality. Here, 'is considered essential' expresses a widely held view without mentioning the specific agent.
中文： “be considered + 形容词/名词”为被动语态结构，表示“被认为……”或“被视为……”。此处省略了动作执行者（by experts/people），用以客观陈述普遍认知。
Regular exercise is considered vital for mental health.
规律运动被认为对心理健康至关重要。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why the main clause occurs. Inside this clause, 'want + to-infinitive' shows intention.
中文： 从属连词“because”引导原因状语从句，用来解释主句的原因。从句内部则使用了“want + 不定词 (to achieve)”结构来表达企图或目标。
She started early because she wanted to avoid the traffic.
她很早就出发，因为她想要避开尖峰车流。
EN： 'Clean power by 2030' is a flagship political target in the UK, aiming to decarbonise the electricity grid largely through offshore wind, solar, and nuclear power. Achieving this requires massive upgrades to transmission lines to move renewable electricity from coastal areas to major cities.
中文： 「2030年前实现清洁能源」是英国重大的能源转型政策目标，旨在通过离岸风电、太阳能和核能让电力系统去碳化。要达成此目标，必须大幅升级输电网络，将沿海产生的可再生能源有效输送至各大城市。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Out of [number/group]' is frequently used at the beginning of a sentence to specify a total quantity or pool from which a specific portion is selected or discussed.
中文： 介词短语「Out of + 数字或群体」常置于句首，用来表示「在……之中／从……之中」，从总数或群体中取出特定的一部分进行陈述或比较。
Out of thirty applicants, only three were invited for an interview.
在三十位申请者中，只有三位受邀参加面试。
EN： The main clause uses the present perfect passive voice ('have already been completed'). The structure 'have/has + been + past participle' describes an action that has been finished prior to the present moment, placing emphasis on the result rather than the actor.
中文： 主要子句使用了现在完成式的被动语态（have already been completed）。结构为「have/has + been + 过去分词」，强调动作在当前时刻之前已经完成，重点在于成果状态而非执行者。
Five new stations have already been built along the rail line.
沿线已经建成了五座新车站。
EN： In news and official reporting, placing the fraction or ratio upfront (e.g., 'Out of X, Y have...') is a standard rhetorical technique to highlight low completion rates or implementation gaps without directly expressing editorial opinion.
中文： 在新闻与官方稽核报道中，将母体比例置于句首（例如「Out of X, Y have...」）是常见的修辞手法，能客观呈现低完成率或执行进度的落后，无需直接参杂过多的主观情绪评论。。
EN： Present Perfect Passive ('have been' + past participle): Combines the present perfect tense with the passive voice. It shows that an action was completed prior to now by an unspecified agent and remains relevant to the current situation.
中文： 现在完成式被动语态（have/has been + 过去分词）：结合了现在完成式与被动语态，用来表示某动作在过去某个时间已被完成，且对当前状况仍有影响或关联，此处不强调是谁进行分类，而是强调「项目已被分类」这个事实。。
Several documents have been classified as confidential by the committee.
该委员会已将数份文件归类为机密。
EN： Collocation 'be classified as': Often used in formal or technical contexts to indicate the category, role, or status assigned to something or someone.
中文： 固定搭配「be classified as」（被归类为……）：常用于正式或客观报道语境，后接名词或形容词，表示某事物被赋予的类别、定位或属性。。
The species has been classified as endangered.
该物种已被列为濒危物种。
EN： In UK energy and climate policy, 'clean power' refers to generating electricity without burning unabated fossil fuels, primarily using wind, solar, and nuclear power. The UK government has set an ambitious target to decarbonise its electricity grid by 2030, making grid upgrades a frequent topic of debate regarding infrastructure readiness and consumer energy costs.
中文： 在英国能源与气候政策中，「clean power」（净零/清洁电力）指的是在不燃烧未经减排处理之化石燃料的前提下发电，主要依靠风力、太阳能与核能。英国政府设定了在 2030 年前实现电网脱碳的雄心目标，因此电网升级工程的进度与消费者电费负担，经常成为英国公共议题与政策审计的焦点。
EN： The preposition 'of' at the beginning of a clause is often used in a partitive construction ('Of [set], [subset]...'), highlighting a portion taken from a broader group.
中文： 介词 'of' 置于句首可用于部分词结构（'Of [母群体], [子群体]...'），用来强调从整体中取出特定的一部分，常出现在新闻或统计数据中。
Of the 100 applicants, only five were selected for the interview.
在 100 位申请者中，只有 5 位入选面试。
EN： The passive pattern 'be forecast to do something' is commonly used in news and formal reports to describe expected future trends or outcomes based on current data.
中文： 被动语态结构 'be forecast to do something'（预测/预计将做某事）常在新闻与正式报告中用于根据现有资料描述未来的预期发展或结果。
The economy is forecast to grow by 2% next year.
预计明年经济将增长 2%。
EN： In major public infrastructure governance in the UK, reports by audit bodies like the National Audit Office (NAO) frequently scrutinise whether projects meet statutory deadlines. The verb 'deliver' is standard public policy terminology for completing a public project or providing public infrastructure as planned.
中文： 在英国公共基础建设治理中，审计机构（如国家审计署 NAO）常发布审计报告监督重大工程是否按期推展。在公共政策与政府治理语境中，动词 'deliver' 专指「按计划完工并交付公共基础设施或达成目标」。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is commonly used in news and formal reports to express projections, forecasts, or anticipated outcomes based on current evidence.
中文： 被动语态结构「be expected to + 原形动词」常用于新闻与正式报告中，表示根据目前证据所作出的「预计、预期」或推测结果。
The new subway line is expected to open next autumn.
这条新地铁线预计将于明年秋季开通。
EN： The phrase 'less than' functions as a quantifier modifier meaning 'fewer than' or 'not as much as', followed here by a duration of time ('one year') modifying the adjective 'late' to indicate the extent of the delay.
中文： 「less than」为数量修饰语，表示「少于、不到」，此处后接时间长度（one year）修饰形容词「late」，用以具体说明延误的程度。
The flight was delayed by less than thirty minutes.
该航班延误了不到三十分钟。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of a reporting verb like 'said'. In this structure, 'that' connects the main clause ('The National Audit Office said') to the reported statement ('the government and its energy bodies must be more open about costs'). In spoken or informal English, 'that' is frequently omitted, but it is standard in formal journalism.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词子句常作为转述动词（如「said」）的受词。在此结构中，「that」将主要子句（「国家审计署表示」）与所转述的内容（「政府及其能源机构必须对成本更加公开透明」）连接起来。在口语中「that」常可省略，但在正式新闻报导中通常会保留。
The committee reported that the new policy would reduce inflation.
委员会报告指出，新政策将会降低通货膨胀。
EN： The adjective 'open' is paired with the preposition 'about' to describe being honest, frank, or communicative regarding a specific subject ('open about costs'). The modal verb 'must' indicates a strong requirement or necessity, followed by the base form of the copular verb 'be'.
中文： 形容词「open」常与介系词「about」搭配，表示对某特定主题保持坦率、透明或公开（如「open about costs」）情态助动词「must」表示强烈要求或必要性，后方接连缀动词的原形「be」
Companies need to be open about their environmental impact.
企业需要对其造成的环境影响保持公开透明。
EN： The National Audit Office (NAO) is an independent UK parliamentary body responsible for scrutinising public spending. Unlike government departments, it operates independently of ministers to hold the government accountable to taxpayers.
中文： 英国国家审计署（National Audit Office, NAO）是独立于内阁部门之外的议会机构，专门负责审计公部门支出与评估公共价值，以确保纳税人的资金受到妥善监督。
EN： The verb 'deserve' is followed by a to-infinitive ('to know') to express what someone ought to receive or experience because of their qualities or actions.
中文： 动词「deserve」（值得、应得）后方常接不定词「to + 原形动词」，表示某人因其身份或行为而理应获得或享有某种权利或待遇。
Students deserve to receive clear feedback on their work.
学生理应获得对其作业的明确回馈。
EN： Indirect questions (embedded wh-clauses) follow statement word order (wh-phrase + subject + verb) instead of question word order. Here, 'how much this infrastructure programme will really cost them' serves as the object of 'know'.
中文： 间接问句（嵌入式疑问子句）作为受词时，需使用陈述句语序（疑问词组 + 主词 + 动词），而非倒装的疑问句语序。在此句中，「how much...」子句作为动词「know」的受词。
I wonder how much this laptop will cost after tax.
我想知道这台笔记本电脑含税后究竟要花多少钱。
EN： In the UK, major energy infrastructure projects are frequently funded through network charges added directly to domestic household energy bills. Therefore, public scrutiny bodies like the National Audit Office often refer to the public as 'consumers' rather than just 'taxpayers', highlighting their direct financial stake in energy policy decisions.
中文： 在英国，重大能源基础设施升级的费用往往会直接分摊至一般家庭的电费与天然气帐单中。因此，像国家审计署这类的监督机构常使用「消费者」（consumers）而非仅用「纳税人」（taxpayers），强调民众在能源政策与基建延宕时所承担的直接金钱冲击。
EN： The reporting verb 'noted' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object (noun clause), which expresses the content or information reported.
中文： 动词「noted」（指出）后方接由「that」引导的名词子句，作为整句话的受词，用来具体陈述报告提及的内容。
The study noted that regular exercise improves mental health.
该研究指出规律运动有助于改善心理健康。
EN： The conditional clause 'if problems are not addressed soon' uses the first conditional pattern (passive voice in present tense) to describe a realistic future condition and its potential result ('could continue to grow').
中文： 条件子句「if problems are not addressed soon」使用第一条件句结构（以现在式被动语态表示），用来描述若未采取行动可能在未来引发的真实结果（以情态动词 could 表推测）。
If the leak is not fixed soon, the water damage will get worse.
如果漏水不尽快修复，水损情况将会更加严重。
EN： In British public policy discourse, expressions like 'the 2030s' and 'infrastructure budget' reflect long-term capital planning cycles and the scrutiny applied by independent watchdog bodies such as the National Audit Office.
中文： 在英国公共政策讨论中，「the 2030s」（2030 年代）与「budget」（预算）等用语反映了公共基础设施建设的长期规划周期，以及独立监管机构（如国家审计署）对政府支出的严格监督文化。
EN： The sentence uses the present perfect passive ('have been urged'). This tense combines the present perfect (have/has + past participle) with the passive voice (be + past participle) to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time before now, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the agent.
中文： 本句使用了「现在完成式被动语态」（have been + 过去分词）。结构为 have/has + been + V-ed，用于表示过去某个未明确指出的时间点发生、并对现在仍具影响力的被动行为，强调受词（部长们）而非施事者。
Local residents have been warned about the incoming storm.
当地居民已被警告即将来临的暴风雨。
EN： The pattern 'urge someone to do something' becomes 'be urged to do something' in the passive voice. The to-infinitive acts as an objective complement (or subject complement in passive) indicating the recommended action.
中文： 动词短语「urge someone to do something」（敦促某人做某事）在被动语态中转换为「be urged to do something」。后方接不定词（to + 原形动词）作为补语，说明被敦促执行的动作。
The company was urged to cut carbon emissions.
该公司被敦促减少碳排放。
EN： In the UK parliamentary system, 'Ministers' (members of the government appointed by the Prime Minister) are directly accountable to Parliament and the public for government spending and major infrastructure projects.
中文： 在英国议会制度中，「Ministers（部长／大臣）」由首相任命，需对议会与公众就政府支出及重大基础设施建设的成败直接承担政治责任。
EN： The verb 'warn' is often followed by a that-clause acting as a noun clause (direct object) to explain the content of the warning: 'warn (someone) that + clause'.
中文： 动词「warn」（警告）常后接由「that」引导的名词子句作为受词，用来说明警告的具体内容，句型为「warn (someone) that + 子句」。
Doctors have warned that lack of sleep can harm your immune system.
医生们警告，缺乏睡眠可能会损害你的免疫系统。
EN： The noun 'ability' is commonly followed by a to-infinitive ('ability to do something') to specify the action or capability being referred to.
中文： 名词「ability」（能力）后面常搭配不定词片语「to + 原形动词」，用来具体说明是什么样的能力（即「做某事的能力」）。
Regular practice will improve your ability to speak English fluently.
规律的练习将提高你流利说英语的能力。
EN： In the UK energy policy discourse, 'the grid' refers to the National Grid, which transmits high-voltage electricity across England, Scotland, and Wales. Upgrading the grid is critical for connecting offshore wind farms in the North Sea to major population centres in the south.
中文： 在英国能源政策语境中，「the grid」指的是英国国家电网（National Grid），负责英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士的高压输电。电网升级之所以至关重要，是因为必须将北海的大型离岸风力发电厂传输至人口密集的中南部城市。。
EN： This sentence uses the First Conditional (real conditional) pattern: 'If + Present Simple, Modal (cannot) + Base Verb'. It describes a very realistic condition and its direct future consequence or limitation.
中文： 本句采用第一类条件句（真实条件句）结构：「If + 现在简单式，情态助动词（cannot）+ 原形动词」，用来描述未来非常可能发生的假设情况及其直接后果或限制。
If the train does not arrive on schedule, we cannot catch our flight.
如果火车没有按表抵达，我们就赶不上飞机了。
EN： The main clause employs the modal passive voice structure: 'modal auxiliary (cannot) + be + past participle (delivered)'. This is used to focus on the action happening to the subject ('wind and solar power') rather than who performs it.
中文： 主要子句采用情态助动词的被动语态结构：「情态助动词（cannot）+ be + 过去分词（delivered）」，强调动作施加于主词（风能与太阳能）之上，而非强调具体的执行者。。
Fresh supplies cannot be delivered without proper road maintenance.
如果没有妥善的道路维护，新鲜物资就无法被送达到。
EN： In modern energy policy discussions, 'infrastructure' typically refers to the national power grid (transmission cables, substations, pylons). In Britain, achieving 'clean power' heavily depends on connecting offshore wind farms in the North Sea to inland populated centers.
中文： 在现代能源政策的讨论中，「基础设施（infrastructure）」通常具体指全国电网（如输电电缆、变电站、输电塔等）。在英国，实现「净零清洁能源」的目标极度依赖于将北海的离岸风电顺利连接并输送至内陆人口稠密的城市中心。
EN： The Present Perfect tense with 'not yet' ('has not yet + past participle') is used to express that an action has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 现在完成式结合「not yet」（has/have not yet + 过去分词），用来表示某个动作直到目前为止「尚未」发生，但预期未来会发生到。
The company has not yet announced its annual financial results.
该公司尚未公布其年度财务业绩。
EN： The prepositional collocation 'respond to [something]' means to reply or react to something. It is often followed by an adverbial phrase like 'in detail' (thoroughly, with all specifics).
中文： 动词短语「respond to + 宾语」表示「回应某事或对某事作出反应」；常搭配介词短语「in detail」（详细地），作为修饰动词的方式状语到。
She responded to the allegations in detail during the press conference.
她在记者会上对各项指控进行了详细回应到。
EN： In Westminster-style political reporting, when an official watchdog (such as the UK National Audit Office) publishes a critical report, the phrase 'has not yet responded in detail' typically signals that a formal parliamentary or ministerial response is expected soon, rather than outright refusal to comment.
中文： 在英国西敏制政体的新闻报道中，当官方监督机构（如国家审计署）发布具批评性的审计报告时，「尚未详细回应」（has not yet responded in detail）通常代表政府各部会预计会在近期发表正式的议会或官方声明，而非拒绝置评。
EN： The phrase 'remain committed to' uses the linking verb 'remain' followed by the adjective 'committed', where 'to' acts as a preposition (not an infinitive marker). Therefore, it must be followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund (-ing form).
中文： 片语「remain committed to」（依然致力于……）中，连系动词「remain」后接形容词「committed」，此处的「to」是介系词而非不定词标记，因此后面必须接名词、名词片语或动名词（V-ing）。
The company remains committed to reducing its carbon emissions.
该公司依然致力于减少其碳排放量。
EN： The structure 'keep + object + prepositional phrase' (keep costs under control) expresses maintaining a specific state or condition for the object.
中文： 「keep + 受词 + 介系词片语」（如 keep costs under control）结构，用来表示使某事物维持在某種特定状态或条件下。
We need to keep the project on schedule.
我们需要让专案维持按进度进行。
EN： In UK political and public discourse, 'clean power by 2030' refers to a flagship national initiative to decarbonize electricity generation, making it a frequent topic of debate concerning infrastructure spending versus household energy costs.
中文： 在英国的政治与公共议题中，「2030年实现清洁能源目标」（clean power by 2030）是一项具有指标性的去碳化国家政策，也因此常成为基础建设庞大预算与家庭能源开销之间权衡辩论的焦点。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 升級、改良
在本文中： 查帳、審計、稽核
在本文中： 揭露、顯示
在本文中： 透明度、公開透明
在本文中： 不可或缺的、至關重要的
在本文中： 預測、預報
在本文中： 基礎設施、公共建設
在本文中： 應得、值得
在本文中： 處理、應對（問題）
在本文中： 敦促、力勸
在本文中： 有效率地
在本文中： 致力於……的、堅定投入的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
happening as expected or intended
按照计划进行
to progress more slowly than originally planned; to be delayed
进度落后
to create or represent a potential danger or threat
构成风险、造成威胁
energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power
可再生能源
being well managed and prevented from becoming worse or excessive
在控制之中、受到控制