EN： The Present Perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'ever' to ask about life experiences at an unspecified time in the past.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处与 'ever'（曾经）连用，用来询问过去某个未特定时间点的个人生命经验。
Have you ever eaten raw fish?
你曾经吃过生鱼片吗？
EN： The adverb 'before' is often placed at the end of present perfect questions to emphasize whether the action has occurred at any time prior to the present moment.
中文： 副词 'before'（以前）经常放在现在完成时疑问句的句尾，用以强调在目前这个时间点之前，是否曾发生过该动作。
EN： The Simple Past Tense is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. In this sentence, 'made' is the past tense of 'make', and 'last summer' specifies the exact past time.
中文： 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）用于描述在过去特定时间完成的动作。在此句子中，「made」是「make」的过去式，而「last summer」（去年夏天）则指定了具体的过去时间。
I bought a new laptop last week.
我上周买了一台新笔记本电脑。
EN： The pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute word to avoid repeating a singular countable noun that has already been mentioned or is clear from the context. Here, 'one' refers to 'robot'.
中文： 代词「one」用作替代词，以避免重复前面已提及或在语境中明确的单数可数名词。在这里，「one」指的是「robot」（机器人）。
I don't have a pen. Can you lend me one?
我没有笔。你能借我一枝吗？
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present, or has relevance to the present moment. The auxiliary verb 'have' is paired with the past participle 'coded'.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在，或与现在有密切关联的动作。助动词“have”与过去分词“coded”搭配使用。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已经在这座城市住了五年了。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'so far' means 'up to this point' or 'until now'. It is commonly used with the present perfect tense to indicate that the situation may change in the future.
中文： 副词短语“so far”意为“到目前为止”或“迄今为止”。它常用于现在完成时，表示该情况在未来可能会有所改变。
We have received three applications so far.
到目前为止，我们已经收到三份申请。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'designed') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'in tenth grade' or 'yesterday'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如「designed」）用于描述在过去特定、明确的时间点已经完成的动作。通常会搭配过去的时间副词或短语，如「in tenth grade」（在十年级时）或「yesterday」（昨天）。
She started learning Python last year.
她去年开始学习Python。
EN： The preposition 'in' is used before school grades (e.g., 'in tenth grade') or years to indicate the time period during which an event occurred.
中文： 介词「in」用于学校年级（例如「in tenth grade」）或年份之前，用来表示某事件发生的时间区间。
He joined the science club in ninth grade.
他在九年级时加入了科学社团。
EN： In the US education system, 'tenth grade' (around age 15-16) corresponds to the sophomore year of high school. It is common for American high school students to explore elective courses in computer science or web design during these years.
中文： 在美國教育體制中，「tenth grade」（十年級，約 15-16 歲）相當於高中的第二年（高一或高二，視學制而定）。美國高中生在此階段選修電腦科學或網頁設計等探索性課程是非常常見的。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to ask about an action that may or may not have occurred up to the present moment. The adverb 'yet' is commonly used in questions and negative sentences to mean 'up to this time'.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于询问某个动作在到目前为止的时间点内是否已经发生。副词“yet”常用于疑问句和否定句中，表示“到目前为止”或“已经”。
Have you finished your homework yet?
你已经写完作业了吗？
EN： Noun adjuncts (noun-as-adjective) occur when a noun modifies another noun. In 'science fair project', 'science fair' (which itself is a compound noun) acts as an adjective to modify 'project', specifying what kind of project it is.
中文： 名词修饰语（名词作形容词用）是指一个名词用来修饰另一个名词。在“science fair project”中，“science fair”（科学展览，本身为复合名词）充当形容词来修饰“project”，说明这是哪一种项目。
We need to prepare for the history class presentation.
我们需要为历史课的演示做准备。
EN： In US schools, a 'science fair' is a very common and significant hands-on educational event where students design, conduct, and present their own scientific research or engineering projects. It encourages critical thinking and public speaking.
中文： 在美國學校中，「科學展覽」（science fair）是一個非常普遍且重要的實作教育活動。學生們在活動中設計、執行並展示自己的科學研究或工程專案，這有助於培養批判性思考與口語表達能力。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'completed') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last weekend'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如 'completed'）用于描述在过去特定时间已完成的动作。通常会搭配过去的时间副词，如 'last weekend'（上周末）。
I visited my grandparents last weekend.
我上周末去拜访了我的祖父母。
EN： The preposition 'after' can be followed by a noun phrase (e.g., 'many tries') to indicate that one event occurred subsequent to another.
中文： 介词 'after'（在...之后）后面可以接名词短语（例如 'many tries'，意为多次尝试），用来表示某个事件发生在另一个事件之后。
We went home after the long meeting.
漫长的会议结束后，我们就回家了。
EN： In Western maker and scientific culture, emphasizing 'many tries' or failure before success is highly valued. It reflects the 'growth mindset' which is commonly encouraged in schools and science fairs.
中文： 在西方的創客與科學文化中，強調成功前的「多次嘗試」或失敗是非常受到推崇的。這反映了學校和科學展覽中普遍鼓勵的「成長型思維」（growth mindset）。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) with 'never' is used to describe life experiences up to the present moment. 'Never' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have/has' and the past participle.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）搭配副词「never」（从未）可用于描述直到目前为止的人生经验。副词「never」须置于助动词「have/has」与过去分词之间。
I have never visited Europe, but I want to go next year.
我从未去过欧洲，但我明年想去。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) means to continue doing something without stopping, or to do something repeatedly.
中文： 动词「keep」后面接动名词（V-ing）表示持续、不间断地做某事，或重复进行某动作。
Even though the puzzle was difficult, she kept trying until she finished it.
虽然这个拼图很难，但她一直持续尝试直到完成为止。
EN： In Western education, especially in STEM and maker culture, failure is often celebrated as a necessary step toward learning and innovation. The phrase 'keep trying' reflects the highly valued cultural trait of 'grit' or perseverance.
中文： 在西方教育（特別是創客與 STEM 領域）中，失敗常被視為學習與創新過程中不可或缺的一步。句中的「keep trying」（持續嘗試）體現了西方文化中非常重視的「恆毅力」（grit）與堅持不懈的精神。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'presented') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last month', 'yesterday', or 'in 2023'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如「presented」）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。通常会与表示过去时间的副词短语连用，如「last month」（上个月）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「in 2023」（在2023年）。
We launched our new website last week.
我们上周推出了我们的新网站。
EN： Adverbials of place (e.g., 'at school') and time (e.g., 'last month') usually appear at the end of a sentence. When both are present, the adverbial of place typically precedes the adverbial of time (Place + Time).
中文： 地点状语（如「at school」）与时间状语（如「last month」）通常放在句尾。当两者同时出现时，通常遵循「先地点、后时间」的顺序（地点 + 时间）。
They played basketball in the park yesterday afternoon.
他们昨天下午在公园打篮球。
EN： In many English-speaking schools, especially in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, students are encouraged to present their projects, apps, or science experiments to their peers and teachers. This helps build public speaking skills and confidence from a young age.
中文： 在許多英語系國家的學校中，特別是在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育中，學校非常鼓勵學生向同學和老師發表自己的專案、應用程式或科學實驗。這有助於從小培養口語表達能力與自信心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在的动作。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已经在这个城市住了五年了。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time in the past (e.g., 'last year') to indicate when an action or state began.
中文： “since”作为介词，后接过去的特定时间点（例如“last year”），用来表示某个动作或状态开始的时间点。
She has been a teacher since 2018.
自从 2018 年以来，她一直是一位老师。
EN： Python has become one of the most popular programming languages taught to beginners and students worldwide due to its clean syntax. In modern education, learning to code is often viewed as a fundamental literacy skill, similar to learning a foreign language.
中文： 由於其簡潔的語法，Python 已成為全球最受初學者和學生歡迎的程式語言之一。在現代教育中，學習寫程式常被視為一種基本的素養能力，類似於學習一門外語。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by either a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. Here, 'learning' is a gerund functioning as the direct object of 'started'.
中文： 动词“start”（开始）后面可以接动名词（V-ing）或不定式（to + V），两者意思几乎相同。在此句中，“learning”是一个动名词，作为“started”的直接宾语。
She started playing the piano when she was five.
她五岁时开始弹钢琴。
EN： The preposition 'during' is used to state that something happened within a specific period of time (e.g., 'during the winter break'). It is followed by a noun phrase.
中文： 介词“during”（在……期间）用于表示某事发生在某个特定的时间段内（例如“在寒假期间”）。其后须接名词短语。
We stayed at home during the storm.
暴风雨期间我们待在家里。
EN： In many Western schools, 'winter break' (or winter holidays) refers to the school recess period around late December and early January, often associated with Christmas and New Year. It is a popular time for students to pursue personal hobbies or self-study projects.
中文： 在許多西方學校中，「winter break」（寒假）指的是十二月下旬至一月上旬左右的學校放假期間，通常與聖誕節和新年假期重疊。這是學生培養個人興趣或進行自主學習計畫的熱門時期。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and has a strong connection to the present, emphasizing the current result of improvement.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个始于过去且与现在有强烈关联的动作或状态，强调目前“已经进步”的结果。
I have finished my homework, so I can play now.
我已经写完作业了，所以现在可以玩了。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used to indicate the means, medium, or agent by which something is achieved or experienced.
中文： 介词“through”在此处用于表示达成某事或经历某过程的“途径、媒介或方式”，译为“通过”或“经由”。
She learned a lot of English through watching movies.
她通过看电影学到了很多英文。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an experience or a situation that has happened over a period of time leading up to the present, emphasizing the accumulated result of these projects.
中文： 现在完成时（has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述从过去持续到现在的经历或状态，强调这些项目累积下来的成果与影响。
Each book has given me a different perspective.
每本书都给了我不同的视角。
EN： The verb 'teach' is a ditransitive verb, which means it can take two objects: an indirect object (me) representing the recipient, and a direct object (something new) representing the thing being taught.
中文： 动词 'teach'（教）是双宾语动词（授与动词），后面可以接两个宾语：间接宾语（me，指接受者）和直接宾语（something new，指教的内容）。
She taught us a valuable lesson.
她教会了我们宝贵的一课。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment, emphasizing the ongoing experience of 'this year'.
中文： 现在完成时（has been）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态，强调「今年」这段时间以来持续累积的体验。
This month has been very busy for our team.
这个月对我们团队来说一直非常忙碌。
EN： The adjective phrase 'full of' is used to describe a noun that contains a large amount of something. It is typically positioned after the linking verb 'be'.
中文： 形容词短语「full of」（充满了...）用来描述某人或某物含有大量的某物，通常置于系动词（如be动词）之后。
The book is full of useful information.
这本书充满了实用的信息。
EN： The term 'maker' refers to the 'Maker Movement', a contemporary culture that represents a technology-based extension of DIY (Do-It-Yourself) culture. It emphasizes learning-through-doing in a social, merry environment, often involving robotics, 3D printing, and programming.
中文： 「maker」（創客/自造者）源自「創客運動」（Maker Movement），這是當代 DIY（自己動手做）文化結合科技的延伸。它強調在社群與趣味環境中「從做中學」，通常涉及機器人、3D 列印和程式設計等領域。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the experience or the result of the action up to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述过去某个未明确说明的时间所发生的动作，强调截至目前为止的经历或动作结果。
I have visited that museum twice.
我去过那家博物馆两次。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'in one's free time' is a common collocation used to describe activities done during leisure time when one is not working or studying.
中文： 介词短语“in one's free time”（在某人的空闲时间）是一个常见的搭配，用来描述在没有工作或课业时的休闲时间所做的活动。
EN： The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past (e.g., 'Last spring', 'yesterday'). The verb 'make' is irregular, and its past form is 'made'.
中文： 一般过去时（Past Simple）用于描述在过去特定时间（例如“去年春天”、“昨天”）已经完成的动作。动词“make”是不规则动词，其过去式为“made”。
Last winter, I made a warm scarf for my mother.
去年冬天，我帮妈妈织了一条温暖的围巾。
EN： A defining relative clause (adjective clause) starts with a relative pronoun like 'that' or 'which' to describe a noun. Here, 'that turns on by clapping' describes the noun 'light'. Since 'light' is singular, the verb 'turn' in the relative clause takes the singular 's' (turns).
中文： 限定性定语从句（形容词从句）以关系代词（如 'that' 或 'which'）开头，用来修饰名词。在此句中，“that turns on by clapping”修饰名词“light”（灯）。因为“light”是单数，所以定语从句中的动词“turn”要加上单数动词词尾“s”变成“turns”。
I bought a phone that has a very good camera.
我买了一部相机功能很好的手机。
EN： In American schools and maker communities, 'clapping lights' (often famously known by the brand name 'The Clapper' introduced in the 1980s) are classic, nostalgic examples of simple sound-activated technology. They are popular beginner projects for students learning basic electronics and coding.
中文： 在美國學校與創客（maker）社群中，「拍手感應燈」（最著名的代表是1980年代推出的品牌「The Clapper」）是經典且帶有懷舊色彩的聲控科技範例。對於學習基礎電子電路與程式設計的學生來說，這是非常受歡迎的入門專案。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past, emphasizing the experience or the current result of the action.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个未明确说明的时间点所发生的动作，强调该经历或该动作对现在造成的结果。
I have completed my homework already.
我已经完成了我的家庭作业。
EN： The preposition 'for' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the purpose or function of an object (in this case, 'a simple app').
中文： 介词“for”后面接动名词（V-ing），用来表示某个物品（在此指“一个简单的应用程序”）的用途或功能。
This is a tool for measuring temperature.
这是一个用来测量温度的工具。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'entered') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific, definite time in the past (such as 'In March').
中文： 一般过去时（例如“entered”）用于描述在过去特定、明确的时间（如“在三月”）已经完成的动作。
In March, she joined the school art club.
在三月，她加入了学校的艺术社团。
EN： Prepositional phrases indicating time (like 'In March') can be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, usually followed by a comma.
中文： 表示时间的介词短语（如“In March”）可以放在句首以示强调，通常后面会加上逗号。
In winter, we often drink hot chocolate.
在冬天，我们经常喝热巧克力。
EN： A 'science fair' is a very common and important competitive event in American schools (especially middle and high schools). Students design, conduct, and present their own scientific experiments or projects, fostering hands-on learning and public speaking skills.
中文： 「science fair」（科學展覽會）是美國學校（尤其是國中和高中）非常普遍且重要的競爭性活動。學生們需要自己設計、動手做實驗並展示科學專案，這有助於培養動手實作與公開演說的能力。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause ('that cleans water using sunlight') to describe and modify the noun 'model'. Since 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause, it cannot be omitted.
中文： 定语从句（形容词从句）：关系代词「that」引导一个限定性定语从句（that cleans water using sunlight），用来修饰先行词「model」（模型）。在此从句中，「that」担任主语角色，因此不可省略。
She designed a system that filters air in the classroom.
她设计了一个能过滤教室空气的系统。
EN： Participle Construction (Using): The present participle 'using' is used here as a participle phrase to express the means or method ('by means of') by which the action of cleaning is performed.
中文： 分词结构（using的用法）：这里的现在分词「using」引导一个分词短语，用来表示达到某种目的或执行某动作（净化水源）所使用的「手段」或「方法」（利用阳光）。
He solved the math puzzle using a new formula.
他利用一个新公式解开了这道数学谜题。
EN： In American middle and high schools, Science Fairs are highly popular and prestigious events. Students are encouraged to design hands-on, practical solutions to real-world problems, such as clean energy or water purification, and present their working models to judges.
中文： 在美國的國中與高中，科學展覽會（Science Fair）是非常受歡迎且具有指標性的活動。學校鼓勵學生針對現實世界的問題（如乾淨能源或水質淨化）設計動手做的實用解決方案，並向評審展示他們的可行模型。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to express life experience or actions that started in the past and have relevance to the present, without specifying a exact time.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于表示过去的经历，或过去开始并与现在相关的动作，且不指定具体的时间点。
I have traveled to many countries in Asia.
我曾去过亚洲的许多国家旅行。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (nouns, adjectives, etc.), meaning 'not only the one but also the other'.
中文： 关联连词“both... and...”（两者都……）用于连接两个同等重要的语法成分（如名词、形容词等），表示“不仅是前者，后者也是”。
She likes both coffee and tea.
咖啡和茶她都喜欢。
EN： In Western educational and maker cultures, failure is often celebrated as a necessary stepping stone to success rather than something to be ashamed of. The phrase 'learn from failure' reflects this growth mindset.
中文： 在西方教育與創客（maker）文化中，失敗通常被視為通往成功的必要基石，而非令人羞恥的事。「從失敗中學習」這句話正反映了這種「成長型思維」（growth mindset）。
EN： Simple Past Tense (won): Used to describe actions that were completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions like 'last month'.
中文： 一般过去时（won）：用于描述在过去特定、明确的时间点已经完成的动作。通常会与过去的时间副词（如“last month”上个月）连用。
They visited the museum last week.
他们上周参观了博物馆。
EN： Adverb Placement (finally): Adverbs of manner or time sequence like 'finally' often appear between the subject and the main verb to emphasize the culmination of an effort.
中文： 副词位置（finally）：像“finally”（终于）这类表示顺序或态度的副词，通常放在主语与主要动词之间，用以强调努力过后的最终结果。
She finally passed the driving test.
她终于通过了路考。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) with 'never' is used to describe an experience that has not happened up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have never felt' indicates that the feeling of pride has never reached this level in the speaker's entire life until now.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）搭配 'never'（从未）用来描述直到目前为止从未发生过的经历。在本句中，'have never felt' 表示在说话者至今的人生中，从未有过像现在这样强烈的自豪感。
I have never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
我以前从未看过如此美丽的日落。
EN： The comparative adjective 'prouder' (the comparative form of 'proud') is used here with 'never' to express a superlative meaning. Saying 'I have never felt prouder' means 'I feel the proudest now' (this is the proudest I have ever been).
中文： 比较级形容词 'prouder'（'proud' 的比较级）在此与 'never'（从未）连用，用以表达最高级的含义。说“我从未感到更自豪”意味着“我现在感到最自豪”（这是我有生以来最自豪的一次）。
She has never been happier than she is now.
她现在比以往任何时候都还要幸福。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, particularly in educational and professional settings, expressing pride in one's own 'hard work' is highly encouraged. It reflects self-reliance, personal growth, and a healthy sense of self-esteem, rather than being seen as boastful.
中文： 在英語系國家（特別是在教育和職場環境中），公開對「自己的努力」表達自豪是被高度鼓勵的。這反映了獨立自主、個人成長以及健康的自尊心，而不會被視為自大或吹噓。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an experience or action that started in the past and has a continuing effect or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始，并对现在产生持续影响或关联的经历或动作。
This experience has shaped my career path.
这次经历塑造了我的职业生涯。
EN： The verb pattern 'push + object + to-infinitive' (push someone to do something) is used to express encouraging, forcing, or motivating someone to perform an action.
中文： 动词句型“push + 宾语 + 不定式”（促使/推动某人做某事）用于表示鼓励、强迫或激励某人去执行某个动作。
My teacher pushed me to study harder.
我的老师督促我更加努力学习。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('started') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past, while the Present Perfect Tense ('have grown') is used to describe an action that started in the past and has a strong connection or result in the present.
中文： 一般过去时（如 'started'）用于描述在过去特定时间已完成的动作，而现在完成时（如 'have grown'）则用于描述始于过去且与现在有紧密联系或对现在产生影响的动作。
I lived in Boston for two years, and now I have moved to New York.
我曾在波士顿住过两年，而现在我已经搬到纽约了。
EN： The preposition 'as' is used here to describe the role, capacity, or status of someone at a particular time (e.g., starting a journey or career in a certain role).
中文： 介词 'as' 在此处用于描述某人在特定时期的角色、身份或状态（例如：以某种角色开始一段旅程或职业生涯）。
She began her career as a software engineer.
她以软件工程师的身份开始了她的职业生涯。
EN： The phrase 'cannot wait to + verb' is a common idiomatic expression used to express strong excitement or impatience about doing something in the near future.
中文： 短语“cannot wait to + 动词原形”是一个常见的惯用语，用来表达对即将发生的事情感到非常兴奋、迫不及待。
I cannot wait to visit my grandparents next week.
我迫不及待下周要去拜访我的祖父母。
EN： The clause 'what I will create next' is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'see'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 从句“what I will create next”是一个名词性从句，作为动词“see”的直接宾语。请注意，此处使用的是陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
She wants to know what we will do tomorrow.
她想知道我们明天要做什么。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) combined with 'ever' is used to ask about life experiences up to the present moment. 'Ever' means 'at any time in your life'.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）搭配“ever”（曾经）用于询问截至目前为止的人生经历。“ever”表示“在人生中的任何时候”。
Have you ever traveled to Japan?
你曾经去日本旅游过吗？
EN： Direct address (vocative case) is used when speaking directly to someone. In English, the person's name (Emma) is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma, typically placed at the end of the question for a natural flow.
中文： 直接称呼（呼格）用于直接对某人说话。在英文中，人名（艾玛）与句子的其他部分会用逗号隔开，通常放在问句的句尾以使语气显得自然。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'built') is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last year', 'yesterday', or 'in 2020'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如「built」）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作。通常会与过去的时间副词连用，例如「last year」（去年）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「in 2020」（在2020年）。
I bought a new laptop last week.
我上周买了一台新笔记本电脑。
EN： Noun adjuncts (or noun modifiers) occur when a noun (like 'quiz') is used to modify another noun (like 'app'), functioning like an adjective to specify the type of the noun.
中文： 名词修饰语是指当一个名词（如「quiz」测验）用来修饰另一个名词（如「app」应用程序）时，其功能类似形容词，用来具体说明该名词的类型或用途。
She attends a history class every Tuesday.
她每周二上历史课。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with the adverb 'just' to describe an action that was completed in the very recent past. 'Just' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle 'finished'.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此与副词“just（刚刚）”结合，用来描述在极近期内刚完成的动作。“just”通常置于助动词“have”与过去分词“finished”之间。
I have just received your email.
我刚刚收到你的电子邮件。
EN： The possessive determiner 'my' is used before a noun ('robot model') to show ownership or association, indicating that the model belongs to the speaker.
中文： 所有格限定词“my（我的）”置于名词（robot model）之前以表示所有权或关联性，指出该模型属于说话者所有。
She is painting my room.
她正在粉刷我的房间。
EN： In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education contexts, 'robot model' or 'maker projects' are very common hands-on activities in American schools, encouraging students to apply coding and engineering skills early on.
中文： 在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育背景下，「機器人模型」或「創客專案」是美國學校非常常見的手作活動，旨在鼓勵學生儘早應用編程和工程技能。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (regular verbs ending in '-ed') is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific time in the past, often accompanied by past time expressions like 'yesterday'.
中文： 一般过去时（规则动词以“-ed”结尾）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作，通常会与“yesterday（昨天）”等过去时间副词连用。
She painted a beautiful picture yesterday.
她昨天画了一幅美丽的画。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate purpose or destination, showing what the poster was created to be used for (the fair).
中文： 介词“for”在此处用于表示目的或用途，说明制作这张海报是为了什么活动（科学展览）而使用的。
I bought some flowers for the party.
我为派对买了一些花。
EN： In American schools, a 'science fair' is a very common and important academic event where students design, conduct, and present their own science experiments or projects. Creating visually appealing posters to explain their work is a key skill students develop for these events.
中文： 在美國學校中，「science fair（科學展覽）」是一個非常普遍且重要的學術活動，學生們在此活動中設計、進行並展示自己的科學實驗或專案。製作精美且具視覺吸引力的海報來解釋他們的研究成果，是學生們在這些活動中需要培養的關鍵技能。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment, or has relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述从过去开始一直持续到现在，或与现在相关的动作。
I have written three emails this morning.
今天早上我已经写了两封电子邮件。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'so far' means 'up to this point' and is commonly used with the present perfect tense to indicate that the situation may change in the future.
中文： 副词短语「so far」意思是「到目前为止」，常用于现在完成时，表示该情况在未来可能会有所改变。
She has saved one thousand dollars so far.
到目前为止，她已经存了一千美元。
EN： The Simple Past Tense (e.g., 'presented') is used to describe an action that was completed at a specific, definite time in the past. It is often accompanied by past time expressions such as 'last Friday', 'yesterday', or 'two years ago'.
中文： 一般过去时（例如「presented」）用于描述在过去特定、明确的时间点已经完成的动作。通常会与过去的时间副词连用，例如「last Friday」（上周五）、「yesterday」（昨天）或「two years ago」（两年前）。
They visited the museum last Sunday.
他们上周日参观了博物馆。
EN： Possessive Adjectives (e.g., 'our') are used before nouns to show ownership or association. 'Our' indicates that the noun belongs to or is associated with the speaker and one or more other people.
中文： 形容词性物主代词（例如「our」）置于名词前面，用来表示所有权或关联性。「Our」（我们的）表示该名词属于说话者及其他一人以上的人，或与其相关。
We love our new classroom.
我们喜欢我们的新教室。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'not... yet' to describe an action that has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处与 'not... yet'（尚未）连用，用来描述一个直到目前为止还没发生，但预期在未来会发生的动作。
I have not finished my homework yet.
我还没有写完我的作业。
EN： The word 'yet' is an adverb commonly used in negative sentences and questions. In negative sentences, it usually goes at the end of the sentence to mean 'up to this time'.
中文： 单词 'yet' 是一个常用于否定句和疑问句的副词。在否定句中，它通常放在句尾，表示「到目前为止（尚未）」。
They have not arrived yet.
他们还没有抵达。
EN： The verb 'learn' can be followed by a to-infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express acquiring the ability to perform a specific action.
中文： 动词“learn”（学习）后面可以接不定式（to + 动词原形），用来表示学会做某个特定的动作。
She learned to swim when she was five.
她五岁时学会了游泳。
EN： The preposition 'during' is used to state that an action happened within a specific period of time (in this case, 'the summer').
中文： 介词“during”（在……期间）用于说明某个动作发生在特定的时间段之内（在此处指“夏天”）。
We visited many museums during the vacation.
我们在假期期间参观了许多博物馆。
EN： In many Western countries, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education and maker culture, hands-on skills like soldering are introduced early in middle or high school science clubs and summer camps.
中文： 在許多西方國家，特別是在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育和創客文化中，像焊接這樣的動手實作技能，很早就已經在國中或高中的科學社團及夏令營中被推廣學習。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe a change or growth that has occurred over a period of time leading up to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）：在此处用于描述从过去到现在这段时间内所发生的变化或成长。
I have grown more patient since I started gardening.
自从我开始园艺以来，我变得更有耐心了。
EN： Linking Verb 'grow' + Adjective: The verb 'grow' can act as a linking verb meaning 'to become'. It is followed by an adjective (or comparative adjective like 'more confident') to describe a change in state.
中文： 系动词 'grow' + 形容词：动词 'grow' 可以作为系动词，意思是“变得”。后面接形容词（或像 'more confident' 这样的比较级形容词）来描述状态的改变。
The weather grew colder as night fell.
随着夜幕降临，天气变得更冷了。
EN： In English-speaking maker and growth-mindset cultures, 'failure' is not seen as a negative end, but rather as a necessary step toward success. The phrase 'with each try' reflects this positive attitude, emphasizing learning and personal growth through iterative processes.
中文： 在英語系的創客（maker）與成長型思維文化中，「失敗」不被視為負面的終點，而是通往成功的必要步驟。'with each try'（隨著每一次的嘗試）這個片語反映了這種積極的態度，強調透過反覆嘗試的過程來學習與自我成長。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It connects the experiences of the entire year so far to the speaker's current feeling.
中文： 现在完成时（has been）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。它将今年以来的所有经历与说话者当下的感受联系起来。
This week has been very busy for me.
这星期对我来说一直非常忙碌。
EN： The word 'yet' is used after a superlative adjective (like 'most creative') to mean 'up to the present time' or 'so far'. The pronoun 'one' is used to avoid repeating the noun 'year'.
中文： 副词“yet”接在最高级形容词（如 most creative）之后，表示“迄今为止”或“到目前为止”。代词“one”则用来避免重复名词“year”。
This is his best book yet.
这是他迄今为止最好的一本书。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 编写计算机代码
在本文中： 设计、构思并绘制蓝图或规划
在本文中： 完成、做好
在本文中： 报告、展示、呈现（研究成果或作品）
在本文中： 进步、改善、提升
在本文中： 小器具、小玩意儿（通常指新奇有趣的电子或机械装置）
在本文中： 习惯
在本文中： 失败
在本文中： 有信心的、自信的
在本文中： 焊接（用低熔点合金连接金属零件，常指电子电路板的焊接）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
An event where students present science projects they have done.
科学展览会（科展）
Up to this point; until now.
到目前为止
Time when you do not have to work or study and can do what you want.
空闲时间、课余时间
A hands-on DIY project focused on creating, building, or inventing something, often involving technology.
创客项目、动手做专题