EN： The relative clause 'who have been profoundly affected by extreme weather events' uses the present perfect passive voice ('have been + past participle') to describe an ongoing state or a past action with current relevance. The adverb 'profoundly' modifies the past participle 'affected' to emphasize the depth of the impact.
中文： 关系从句「who have been profoundly affected by extreme weather events」使用了现在完成时被动语态（have been + 过去分词），用以描述一个持续的状态或对现在产生影响的过去行为。副词「profoundly」（深切地）修饰过去分词「affected」，以强调受影响的程度。
Many coastal communities that have been severely impacted by rising sea levels are seeking government assistance.
许多受到海平面上升严重影响的沿海社区正寻求政府协助。
EN： The present continuous verb phrase 'are now pursuing' indicates an action currently in progress. The verb 'pursue' in a legal context means to initiate or carry out a legal claim or action.
中文： 现在进行时动词短语「are now pursuing」表示目前正在进行的动作。动词「pursue」在法律语境中意为「提起」或「进行」法律诉讼或主张。
The environmental group is now pursuing legal action against the chemical factory.
该环保团体目前正对该化工厂提起法律诉讼。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'before the United Nations' uses 'before' in a formal, legal sense meaning 'in the presence of' or 'to be judged by' an official body or authority.
中文： 介词短语「before the United Nations」中的「before」具有正式且法律上的含义，表示在官方机构或权威面前「进行审理」或「提交给...裁决」。
The landmark human rights case was argued before the Supreme Court last week.
这起具有里程碑意义的人权案件上周在最高法院进行了辩论。
EN： This sentence reflects a growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the United Nations) to hold their national governments accountable for climate inaction. Australia, being a major fossil fuel exporter, is a key battleground for these pioneering legal challenges.
中文： 這句話反映了全球日益增長的「氣候訴訟」趨勢，即公民利用國際人權框架（如聯合國）來追究其國家政府對氣候變化不作為的責任。澳洲作為主要的化石燃料出口國，是這些開創性法律挑戰的重要戰場。
EN： The adverb 'thereby' is used to introduce a logical consequence or result of the action just mentioned. It is typically followed by a present participle (-ing form) acting as an adverbial modifier of result.
中文： 副词「thereby」（从而、借此）用于引出前述动作的逻辑结果。其后通常接现在分词（-ing 形式），用作表示结果的状语修饰语。
The company reduced its carbon emissions, thereby avoiding heavy government fines.
该公司减少了碳排放，从而避免了政府的巨额罚款。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'argues'. Inside this clause, the subject is 'the Australian government's persistent endorsement of fossil fuel exports' and the verb is in the present perfect tense ('has directly exacerbated').
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句作为述说动词「argues」的直接宾语。在此从句中，主语为「the Australian government's persistent endorsement of fossil fuel exports」，动词则采用现在完成时（「has directly exacerbated」）。
The scientist argues that immediate action is required to prevent further biodiversity loss.
科学家主张，需要立即采取行动以防止生物多样性的进一步流失。
EN： The relative clause 'they have personally endured' is an adjective clause modifying the noun 'devastation'. The relative pronoun 'which' or 'that' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'endured' within the relative clause.
中文： 关系从句「they have personally endured」是用于修饰名词「devastation」的形容词从句。关系代词「which」或「that」被省略，因为它在关系从句中担任动词「endured」的直接宾语。
The challenges they have successfully overcome made them much stronger.
他们成功克服的挑战让他们变得更加坚强。
EN： This sentence reflects the growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use human rights frameworks (such as those of the United Nations) to hold governments legally accountable for climate inaction. Australia, being one of the world's largest exporters of coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG), is a major focal point for these unprecedented legal challenges.
中文： 這句話反映了全球日益增長的「氣候訴訟」趨勢，即公民利用人權框架（例如聯合國的框架）來追究政府在氣候應對上無所作為的法律責任。澳洲作為全球最大的煤炭和液化天然氣（LNG）出口國之一，是這類前所未有的法律挑戰的主要焦點。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (introduced by 'which') provide non-essential, extra information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. In formal writing, they allow the writer to insert commentary or background details without disrupting the main narrative flow.
中文： 非限制性关系从句（由「which」引导）提供关于名词的非必要、额外的补充信息，并以逗号与句子的其余部分隔开。在正式写作中，这使作者能够在不中断主线叙述的情况下，插入评论或背景细节。
The report, which was published last Tuesday, highlights the urgent need for renewable energy investment.
该报告（于上周二发表）强调了对可再生能源投资的迫切需求。
EN： The verb 'contend' is a high-register reporting verb used in formal, academic, or legal contexts to mean 'to assert or maintain an argument'. It is typically followed by a 'that'-clause containing the proposition being argued.
中文： 动词「contend」是一个高阶的转述动词，用于正式、学术或法律语境中，意思是「主张或坚持某种论点」。它后面通常接「that」引导的从句，说明所主张的命题。
Defense counsel contended that the evidence was circumstantial and insufficient for a conviction.
辩护律师主张该证据是间接的，不足以定罪。
EN： The structure 'protect [someone] from [something]' is a standard transitive verb pattern where 'from' introduces the source of danger, harm, or unwanted influence. The object of 'from' is often a noun phrase representing a risk.
中文： 结构「protect [someone] from [something]」（保护某人免受某事伤害）是一个标准的及物动词句型，其中「from」引导危险、伤害或不良影响的来源。「from」的宾语通常是代表风险的名词短语。
The new regulations are designed to protect consumers from fraudulent financial schemes.
新法规旨在保护消费者免受欺诈性金融计划的侵害。
EN： This sentence reflects the growing global phenomenon of 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the United Nations) to hold governments legally accountable for climate inaction. The term 'groundbreaking' highlights how legal scholars view this as a potential paradigm shift in environmental law.
中文： 這句話反映了全球日益增長的「氣候訴訟」現象，即公民利用國際人權框架（如聯合國）來追究政府對氣候問題不作為的法律責任。句中「groundbreaking」（開創性的）一詞突顯了法律學者如何將此視為環境法領域潛在的典範轉移。
EN： Inversion with prepositional phrases of place/direction. When a prepositional phrase (e.g., 'Among the claimants') is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis or cohesion, the subject ('Brendon Donohue...') and the verb ('is') are inverted. This is common in formal and literary styles to introduce new information.
中文： 介词短语（表示地点或范围）置于句首的倒装结构。当介词短语（如 'Among the claimants'）为了强调或语义衔接而置于句首时，主语（'Brendon Donohue...'）与动词（'is'）的位置会进行倒装。这在正式与文学文体中非常常见，用于引入新信息。
Among the ruins was a beautifully preserved Roman mosaic.
在废墟之中有一幅保存完好的罗马马赛克镶嵌画。
EN： Double relative clauses modifying a single noun. The noun phrase 'a thirty-three-year-old Brisbane resident' is modified by two successive relative clauses: a subject relative clause ('who is legally blind') and a possessive relative clause ('whose mobility is severely restricted...'), joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 双重关系从句修饰单一限定名词。名词短语 'a thirty-three-year-old Brisbane resident' 同时受到两个连续的关系从句修饰：一个是主格关系从句（'who is legally blind'），另一个是所有格关系从句（'whose mobility is severely restricted...'），两者由并列连词 'and' 连接。
She is a dedicated researcher who has published numerous papers and whose work is highly respected in the scientific community.
她是一位致力于研究的学者，发表过无数论文，且其研究成果在科学界备受推崇。
EN： The use of 'legally blind' as an adverb-adjective collocation. 'Legally' functions as a submodifier restricting the domain of the adjective 'blind', indicating that the blindness meets the official, statutory definition rather than necessarily meaning total darkness.
中文： 「副词 + 形容词」的搭配用法。'Legally'（法律上地）作为修饰语，限制了形容词 'blind'（失明）的范畴，表示该失明状态符合官方、法律规定的定义，而不一定代表完全处于黑暗中。
Although he can see light and shapes, he is considered legally blind.
虽然他能看见光线和形状，但他被判定为法律上的失明。
EN： The mention of 'legally blind' and 'Peters plus syndrome' highlights the vulnerability of disabled individuals during extreme weather events. In international human rights and climate litigation, emphasizing the specific physical challenges of claimants is a strategic legal approach to demonstrate that climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, thereby violating their basic human rights to life and security.
中文： 句中提到「法律上失明」與「彼得斯-普拉斯症候群」，突顯了身心障礙人士在極端天氣事件中的脆弱性。在國際人權與氣候訴訟中，強調原告具體的身體挑戰是一種關鍵的法律策略，用以證明氣候變遷對弱勢群體造成了不成比例的嚴重影響，進而侵犯了他們生存與安全的基本人權。
EN： The structure 'find oneself + past participle/adjective/prepositional phrase' is used to describe a situation where someone suddenly realizes they are in a particular state or place, often unexpectedly or without intending to be.
中文： 「find oneself + 过去分词/形容词/介词短语」结构用于描述某人突然意识到自己处于某种特定状态或处境中，通常是出乎意料或非其本意所造成的。
After walking blindly through the fog, she found herself lost in an unfamiliar neighborhood.
在迷雾中盲目步行后，她发现自己迷失在一个陌生的社区里。
EN： The past participle 'trapped' functions as an object complement modifying 'himself', indicating a passive state resulting from an external event (the flood).
中文： 过去分词「trapped」在此作为宾语补足语修饰「himself」，表示因外部事件（洪水）而导致的被动受困状态。
The hikers were trapped in the canyon by the sudden rockslide.
徒步旅行者因突如其来的山崩而被困在峡谷中。
EN： The temporal adverbial clause introduced by 'When' establishes the historical and situational background for the main clause, using the simple past tense to denote completed actions in past time.
中文： 由「When」引导的时间状语从句为主句奠定了历史与情境背景，并使用一般过去时来表示过去已完成的动作。
When the earthquake struck the city in 2011, many historical buildings collapsed.
当地震于 2011 年袭击该城市时，许多历史建筑倒塌了。
EN： Brisbane's West End is an inner-city suburb known for its vibrant, bohemian culture and proximity to the Brisbane River. In February 2022, Queensland experienced catastrophic rainfall and flooding, which devastated low-lying areas like West End, highlighting the vulnerability of urban infrastructure to extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change.
中文： 布里斯本的西區（West End）是一個以充滿活力、波希米亞文化著稱的市中心近郊社區，鄰近布里斯本河。2022 年 2 月，昆士蘭州遭遇了毀滅性的暴雨和洪水，重創了西區等低窪地區，這也突顯出在氣候變遷加劇下，城市基礎設施面對極端天氣事件時的脆弱性。
EN： The past perfect passive ('had been dispatched') is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action or state, emphasizing the passive nature of the action (the alerts were sent by an external system).
中文： 过去完成时被动语态（had been dispatched）用于描述在过去某个时间点或动作之前已经完成的动作，并强调该动作的被动性质（警报是由外部系统发送的）。
By the time the rescue team arrived, the emergency supplies had been dispatched to the affected area.
在救援队抵达之前，应急物资已经被发送到受灾地区。
EN： The conjunction 'although' introduces a concession clause. In formal English, 'although' is not paired with 'but' in the main clause, unlike in Chinese structure where '雖然...但是...' is common.
中文： 连词「although」引导让步从句。在正式英文中，「although」不能与主句中的「but」连用，这与中文结构中常见的「虽然……但是……」不同。
Although the storm has passed, the local authorities remain on high alert.
虽然风暴已经过去，地方当局仍保持高度警惕。
EN： The verb 'cease' followed by an infinitive ('ceased to function') is a formal way to express that an action or state has stopped. It carries a more literary or official register than 'stopped functioning'.
中文： 动词「cease」后接不定式（ceased to function）是表达某个动作或状态停止的正式用法。与「stopped functioning」相比，它具有更具文学性或官方的语体色彩。
The machinery ceased to operate after the power grid failed.
电网故障后，机器便停止了运作。
EN： In modern apartment buildings, critical infrastructure such as lifts (elevators) and intercoms rely heavily on the electrical grid. During extreme weather events like the 2022 Brisbane floods, power outages can instantly isolate vulnerable residents, especially those with disabilities, highlighting a critical gap in emergency evacuation planning and infrastructure resilience.
中文： 在現代公寓大樓中，電梯和對講機等關鍵基礎設施高度依賴電網。在 2022 年布里斯本大洪水等極端天氣事件中，停電會瞬間孤立弱勢居民（特別是身障人士），這突顯了應急疏散規劃和基礎設施韌性方面的關鍵漏洞。
EN： The verb 'render' is used as a causative verb meaning 'to cause someone or something to be in a particular state'. It is typically followed by an object and an adjective (render + object + adjective), often describing a negative or helpless state.
中文： 动词「render」用作使役动词，意思是「使某人或某物处于某种特定状态」。其后通常接宾语和形容词（render + 宾语 + 形容词），常用于描述否定或无助的状态。
The sudden heavy snowstorm rendered the mountain roads impassable.
突然的暴风雪使山路无法通行。
EN： The reporting verb 'recall' can take multiple parallel noun clauses starting with 'that' as its direct objects. In this sentence, 'recalled that [clause 1], and that [clause 2]' structurally connects two distinct recollections under the same main verb.
中文： 转述动词「recall」可以接多个以「that」引导的平行名词从句作为其直接宾语。在本句中，「recalled that [从句 1], and that [从句 2]」在结构上将两个不同的回忆连接在同一个主动词之下。
She recalled that she had locked the front door, and that she had turned off the stove.
她回忆起她锁了前门，并且关了煤气灶。
EN： The phrasal verb 'run out of' means to use up the supply of something so that none is left. It is an active construction where the subject is the person using the resource, whereas 'something runs out' uses the resource as the subject.
中文： 短语动词「run out of」意为用尽某物的供应，使其毫无剩余。这是一个主动结构，主语是使用该资源的人；而「something runs out」则以该资源为主语。
During the long trek, the hikers ran out of water much faster than expected.
在漫长的徒步旅行中，徒步旅行者耗尽水源的速度比预期的要快得多。
EN： Apposition (Appositive Noun Phrase): 'Jack Egan' is placed immediately after 'Another claimant' to identify or explain who the claimant is. In English, non-restrictive appositives (which provide extra, non-essential information) are set off by commas.
中文： 同位语（同位名词短语）：将「杰克·伊根」紧跟在「另一位索赔人」之后，用以识别或解释该索赔人的身份。在英文中，非限制性同位语（提供额外、非必要信息）通常会用逗号隔开。
My biology teacher, Mr. Harrison, explained the process of photosynthesis.
我的生物老师哈里森先生解释了光合作用的过程。
EN： Prepositional Phrases of Place (Nested Locations): When describing a location in English, the order typically goes from the specific to the general: 'in Batemans Bay' (specific town) followed by 'on the New South Wales south coast' (broader region).
中文： 表示地点的介词短语（嵌套位置）：在英文中描述地点时，顺序通常是「由小到大」（由具体到范围较广）：先是「在贝特曼斯湾」（具体城镇），接着是「在新南威尔士南海岸」（较广的区域）。
She lives in a small cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District.
她住在湖区格拉斯米尔的一间小木屋里。
EN： Prepositional Phrases of Time with 'during': The preposition 'during' is used to indicate that an event took place within the duration of a specific period or event ('the devastating bushfires of New Year's Eve 2019').
中文： 使用「during」的时间介词短语：介词「during」（在……期间）用于指出某事件发生在特定时期或事件的持续时间之内（「2019年除夕夜那场具毁灭性的森林大火期间」）。
Many businesses were forced to close during the economic recession.
在经济衰退期间，许多企业被迫关闭。
EN： The 'New Year's Eve 2019' bushfires refer to the catastrophic 'Black Summer' bushfire season (2019–2020) in Australia. It was one of the most devastating wildfire seasons in the country's history, burning millions of hectares, destroying thousands of homes, and killing dozens of people, as well as billions of animals. Batemans Bay, a popular coastal town in New South Wales, was heavily impacted, forcing residents and tourists to flee to beaches to escape the flames.
中文： 「2019年除夕夜」的森林大火指的是澳洲災難性的「黑色夏日」（Black Summer）森林大火季（2019-2020年）。這是該國歷史上最具毀滅性的野火季節之一，燒毀了數百萬公頃的土地，摧毀了數千棟房屋，造成數十人死亡以及數十億隻動物喪生。位於新南威爾斯的熱門沿海城鎮貝特曼斯灣受災嚴重，迫使居民和遊客逃往海灘以躲避烈火。
EN： The verb 'describe' is a transitive verb that is typically followed by a gerund (V-ing) or a noun phrase, rather than an infinitive. It is used to depict an action or state that someone experienced.
中文： 动词「describe」（描述）为及物动词，其后通常接动名词（V-ing）或名词短语，而非不定式（to V），用以描绘某人所经历的动作或状态。
She described walking through the ancient ruins at sunrise.
她描述了自己在日出时分穿过古老遗迹的情景。
EN： The verb 'watch' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (for a completed action) or a present participle (V-ing, for an ongoing action). In this sentence, 'watching... as...' functions similarly to show an ongoing, dramatic process unfolding.
中文： 感官动词「watch」（看着）后面可接宾语和动词原形（表示完整过程）或现在分词（V-ing，表示正在进行的动作）。在本句中，「watching... as...」用以展现一个正在发生且具戏剧性的过程。
We watched helplessly as the floodwaters rose higher and higher.
我们无助地看着洪水越涨越高。
EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to mean 'while' or 'at the same time that', introducing a background action that happens simultaneously with the main action of watching.
中文： 连词「as」在此处意为「当……之时」或「与此同时」，用以引导一个与主句动作（看着）同时发生的背景事件。
The lights went out as we were about to leave the building.
正当我们准备离开大楼时，灯熄灭了。
EN： This sentence vividly depicts the trauma of the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as 'Black Summer'. The description of watching one's home burn helplessly highlights the severe psychological impact of climate-induced disasters on individuals, which is a central theme in modern climate litigation seeking human rights protections.
中文： 此句生動地描繪了 2019 至 2020 年澳洲森林大火（俗稱「黑色夏季」）所帶來的創傷。眼睜睜看著家園被毀卻無能為力的描述，突顯了氣候變遷引發的災難對個人造成的嚴重心理衝擊，這也是現代氣候訴訟中爭取人權保障的核心議題。
EN： The perfect participle ('Having abandoned...') is used to express an action that was completed before the action in the main clause ('Egan fled...'). It emphasizes the chronological sequence of events and a cause-and-effect relationship.
中文： 完成分词（如「Having abandoned...」）用于表示在主句动作（「Egan fled...」）之前已经完成的动作。它强调了事件的时间先后顺序以及因果关系。
Having finished her presentation, Sarah answered questions from the audience.
在完成了她的简报后，莎拉回答了听众的提问。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'through a torrent of' uses the noun 'torrent' metaphorically to describe a large, overwhelming, and violent flow of something (in this case, burning embers), heightening the dramatic intensity of the scene.
中文： 介词短语「through a torrent of」隐喻地使用名词「torrent」（洪流）来描述某种事物（在此指燃烧的余烬）巨大、压倒性且猛烈的流动，从而增强了场景的戏剧性张力。
The politician had to navigate through a torrent of criticism from the media.
这位政治家必须应对来自媒体如洪流般的批评。
EN： The to-infinitive 'to reach safety' functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the subject performed the action of fleeing.
中文： 不定式「to reach safety」充当目的状语，解释了主语为何做出「逃跑」这一动作。
They climbed to the top of the hill to get a better view of the valley.
他们爬到山顶，以便更好地欣赏山谷的景色。
EN： This sentence vividly depicts the harrowing experience of surviving the 'Black Summer' bushfires in Australia (2019–2020). The term 'burning embers' refers to a major hazard of bushfires, where strong winds carry glowing coals kilometers ahead of the main fire front, starting new fires and trapping residents. The narrative highlights the intense personal trauma that has driven citizens to take the unprecedented step of suing their government at the UN.
中文： 這句話生動地描繪了在澳洲「黑色夏季」森林大火（2019-2020年）中倖存的悲慘經歷。 「burning embers」（燃燒的餘燼）指的是森林大火的主要危害之一，強風會將燃燒的煤炭吹到主火線前方數公里處，引發新的火災並困住居民。這段敘事突顯了強烈的個人創傷，正是這種創傷促使公民採取了前所未有的步驟，在聯合國起訴他們的政府。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had perished') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past (his fearing and searching). This establishes a clear chronological order of events in past-tense narratives.
中文： 过去完成时（had perished）用于描述在过去某个时间点或动作（他的担忧与寻找）之前就已经完成的动作。这在过去时态的叙事中建立了清晰的时间先后顺序。
By the time the rescue team arrived, the fire had already consumed the entire building.
在救援队抵达之前，大火已经吞噬了整栋建筑。
EN： The preposition 'alongside' means 'together with' or 'next to'. In formal or literary contexts, it is often used to express that someone experienced the same fate or situation as others.
中文： 介词「alongside」意为「与……一起」或「在……旁边」。在正式或文学语境中，它常用于表示某人与他人经历了相同的命运或处境。
She worked alongside world-renowned scientists to develop the vaccine.
她与世界著名的科学家们一同工作以研发该疫苗。
EN： The relative clause 'who lost their lives that fire season' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the antecedent noun phrase 'the thirty-three people'. This provides essential identifying information about the victims.
中文： 关系从句「who lost their lives that fire season」使用关系代词「who」来修饰先行词名词短语「the thirty-three people」（那三十三人），提供了关于受害者的关键识别信息。
The volunteers who helped during the flood were praised for their bravery.
在洪水期间提供帮助的志愿者们因其勇敢而受到赞扬。
EN： The phrase 'that fire season' refers to the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian bushfire season, colloquially known as 'Black Summer'. It was a period of unusually intense bushfires that devastated parts of Australia, particularly New South Wales, leading to significant loss of human life, wildlife, and property, and sparking intense global discussions on climate change.
中文： 片語「that fire season」（那場火災季節）指的是 2019 年至 2020 年澳洲爆發的毀滅性森林大火，俗稱「黑色夏日」（Black Summer）。這是一段異常劇烈的森林大火時期，重創了澳洲部分地區（特別是新南威爾斯），造成嚴重的人員傷亡、野生動物滅絕及財產損失，並引發了全球對氣候變遷的強烈討論。
EN： The use of 'couple' as a collective noun can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the variety of English. In British and Australian English, collective nouns like 'couple' often take a plural verb ('were') to emphasize the individual members of the group. In American English, a singular verb ('was') is more common.
中文： 集合名词「couple」（夫妻、情侣）后面接单数或复数动词，取决于英语的地域变体。在英式与澳式英语中，像「couple」这样的集合名词常接复数动词（were），以强调群体中的各个成员；而在美式英语中，则较常接单数动词（was）。
The couple are deciding on their wedding venue.
这对新人正在决定他们的婚礼场地。
EN： The passive construction 'be reunited' indicates that the subjects (the couple) were brought back together, often after a period of separation or a traumatic event. The agent of the action is not specified, focusing the attention on the state of being together again.
中文： 被动结构「be reunited」（重逢、团聚）表示主语（这对夫妇）在经历一段时间的分离或灾难事件后重新聚集在一起。此处未标明施动者，从而将焦点放在「重新团聚」的状态上。
After years of separation by war, the family were finally reunited.
在因战争分离多年后，这家人终于团聚了。
EN： The adverb 'ultimately' is used to describe an event that happens after a long time or a series of other events, emphasizing the final result or resolution of a complex situation.
中文： 副词「ultimately」（最终、终究）用于描述在经历了很长时间或一连串事件后发生的事情，强调复杂情况下的最终结果或结局。
Though they faced many setbacks, they ultimately achieved their goal.
尽管面临许多挫折，他们最终还是达成了目标。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence remains grammatically complete and retains its core meaning.
中文： 非限制性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词提供额外的、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后须使用逗号与主句隔开。若将其省略，主句的语义依然完整且通顺。
The new policy, which was announced yesterday, aims to reduce carbon emissions.
这项于昨天公布的新政策，旨在减少碳排放。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has/have been' + past participle) is used to describe an action that has been completed at an unspecified time before now, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has/have been + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个未明确说明的时间点已完成的动作，其重点在于承受该动作的人或物，而非执行者本身。
The final report has been successfully submitted to the committee.
最终报告已成功提交给委员会。
EN： The sentence highlights a growing global trend of 'climate litigation,' where individuals or groups use international bodies like the United Nations to hold governments accountable for climate inaction. This represents a shift from traditional domestic legal battles to international human rights frameworks.
中文： 此句子凸顯了全球日益興起的「氣候訴訟」趨勢。個人或團體開始利用聯合國等國際組織，來追究政府對氣候變遷不作為的責任。這代表著訴訟策略從傳統的國內法律訴訟，轉向了國際人權框架。
EN： The structure 'Rather than + -ing' is used to express preference or to contrast two actions, meaning 'instead of doing something'. When placed at the beginning of a sentence, it introduces an alternative that is being rejected or avoided in favor of the action in the main clause.
中文： 「Rather than + -ing（动名词）」结构用于表达偏好或对比两种行为，意思是「而不是做某事」。当置于句首时，它引入了一个被拒绝或避免的替代方案，以突出主句中所采取的行动。
Rather than investing in temporary fixes, the company decided to overhaul its entire security system.
该公司决定彻底检修其整个安全系统，而不是投资于临时解决方案。
EN： The verb 'demand' triggers a subjunctive clause (mandative subjunctive) when followed by a 'that'-clause. In this structure, the verb in the 'that'-clause must be in its base form (bare infinitive), regardless of the subject's person or number. In passive voice, this appears as 'be + past participle' (e.g., 'be held' instead of 'is held' or 'was held').
中文： 动词「demand」（要求）后接「that」引导的从句时，须使用虚拟语气（命令性虚拟语气）。在此结构中，无论主语的人称或单复数为何，「that」从句中的动词都必须使用动词原形。在被动语态中，这表现为「be + 过去分词」（例如使用「be held」而非「is held」或「was held」）。
The committee demanded that the controversial policy be suspended immediately.
委员会要求立即暂停这项具争议性的政策。
EN： The collocation 'hold someone accountable for something' means to consider someone responsible for a situation or action and expect them to explain it or face consequences. In the passive voice, 'someone is held accountable for something' shifts the focus to the person or entity bearing the responsibility.
中文： 搭配词「hold someone accountable for something」意为「要求某人对某事负责」，即认为某人应对某种状况或行为承担责任，并期望其做出解释或承担后果。在被动语态中，「someone is held accountable for something」将焦点转移到承担责任的人或实体上。
Public officials must be held accountable for their spending decisions.
公职人员必须为其开支决策承担责任。
EN： This sentence reflects a growing global trend in 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like the UN) to hold governments legally responsible for climate change. Unlike traditional lawsuits, these actions often seek systemic policy reform (such as halting fossil fuel projects) rather than monetary damages, highlighting a shift from economic restitution to environmental accountability.
中文： 這句話反映了全球「氣候訴訟」日益增長的趨勢，即公民利用國際人權框架（如聯合國）來追究政府對氣候變遷的法律責任。與傳統訴訟不同，這些行動通常尋求系統性的政策改革（例如停止化石燃料項目），而非金錢賠償，這突顯了從經濟賠償向環境責任追究的轉變。
EN： The clause 'should the UN intervention prove successful' is an inverted conditional clause (first conditional / future possibility) where 'should' replaces 'if' and the subject-verb order is inverted ('should the UN intervention prove' instead of 'if the UN intervention should prove'). This structure is highly formal and common in legal, academic, and journalistic registers.
中文： 从句「should the UN intervention prove successful」是一个倒装条件从句（第一类条件句 / 未来可能性），其中「should」取代了「if」，且主语与动词顺序倒装（以「should the UN intervention prove」代替「if the UN intervention should prove」）。这种结构非常正式，常见于法律、学术和新闻语体中。
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our legal department.
倘若您需要进一步的协助，请毫不犹豫地联系我们的法律部门。
EN： The verb 'prove' is used here as a copular (linking) verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be'. It is directly followed by the adjective 'successful' rather than an adverb, describing the state of the subject 'the UN intervention'.
中文： 动词「prove」在此处用作系动词，意思是「结果证明是」或「被发现是」。它后面直接接形容词「successful」而非副词，用以修饰主语「the UN intervention」的状态。
The new strategy proved highly effective during the trial period.
这项新策略在试行期间被证明是非常有效的。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used to express a tentative or conditional possibility in the future, dependent on the condition introduced by the inverted 'should' clause. It conveys a professional, cautious tone typical of legal analysis.
中文： 情态动词「could」用于表示未来暂定或有条件的可能性，这取决于倒装从句「should」所引入的条件。它传达出法律分析中常见的专业且谨慎的语气。
A successful appeal could pave the way for systemic reforms in the justice system.
上诉成功可能会为司法系统的系统性改革铺平道路。
EN： This sentence reflects a growing global trend in 'climate litigation,' where citizens use international human rights frameworks (like those of the United Nations) to hold national governments accountable for climate inaction. This represents a shift from traditional environmental law to a human-rights-based approach to climate change.
中文： 這句話反映了全球日益增長的「氣候訴訟」趨勢，即公民利用國際人權框架（如聯合國的框架）來追究國家政府對氣候變化不作為的責任。這代表了從傳統環境法向基於人權的氣候變化應對方法的轉變。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'whether' acts as a subject complement following the linking verb 'remains'. It is used to express uncertainty or a choice between alternatives, often translated as 'whether or not'.
中文： 由「whether」引导的名词从句在此担任系动词「remains」的主语补足语。它用于表示不确定性或在不同选择之间做抉择，通常翻译为「是否」。
The issue remains whether the local community will accept the new waste management facility.
问题依然在于当地社区是否会接受新的垃圾处理设施。
EN： The verb 'compel' is a transitive verb that typically takes the pattern 'compel someone/something to do something' or 'compel + noun phrase'. It expresses the act of forcing or driving someone to a course of action.
中文： 动词「compel」是一个及物动词，通常采用「compel someone/something to do something」或「compel + 名词短语」的结构。它表示强迫或驱使某人采取某种行动。
Extreme circumstances may compel the government to take emergency measures.
极端情况可能会迫使政府采取紧急措施。
EN： The relative clause 'that ranks among the world's largest fossil fuel exporters' uses the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the noun 'nation'. The phrase 'rank among' is used to position someone or something within a specific class or category.
中文： 关系从句「that ranks among the world's largest fossil fuel exporters」使用关系代词「that」来修饰名词「nation」。「rank among」这个短语用于将某人或某物归类于特定的级别或类别中。
She ranks among the most influential scientists of her generation.
她名列她那一代最具影响力的科学家之一。
EN： This sentence highlights the ongoing global tension between economic interests (specifically fossil fuel exports) and climate action. Australia, as one of the world's largest coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters, often finds itself at the center of international climate litigation and policy debates, balancing domestic economic reliance on resources against global environmental responsibilities.
中文： 這句話凸顯了經濟利益（特別是化石燃料出口）與氣候行動之間持續存在的全球性緊張關係。澳洲作為全球最大的煤炭和液化天然氣（LNG）出口國之一，經常處於國際氣候訴訟和政策辯論的中心，在國內對資源的經濟依賴與全球環保責任之間尋求平衡。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 史无前例的、空前的
在本文中： 支持、认可、背书
在本文中： 使恶化、加剧
在本文中： 毁灭性破坏、灾难
在本文中： 可预见的
在本文中： 令人心碎的、悲惨的、折磨人的
在本文中： （尤指因意外或恶劣环境）丧生、死亡
在本文中： 诉讼、打官司
在本文中： 使持续、使永久存在
在本文中： 强迫、迫使
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
化石燃料
To be forced to accept responsibility for one's actions or decisions.
被追究责任、要求负责
To decide or do something that will be used as an example or rule to be followed in the future for similar cases.
确立重要先例
To use up the available supply of something.
用尽、耗尽