EN： The present participle phrase ('mandating...') acts as an adjective clause reduction (which mandates/mandated), modifying the noun 'law' to describe its ongoing or inherent function.
中文： 现在分词短语（如 'mandating...'）在此作为形容词从句的简化（原为 which mandates/mandated），修饰名词 'law'，用以描述该法律持续存在或固有的功能与规定。
The government passed a bill banning the sale of diesel cars by next year.
政府通过了一项法案，禁止在明年之前销售柴油车。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, two noun phrases: 'the chemicals industry' and 'environmental advocacy groups') to emphasize that both entities are equally involved.
中文： 关联连词 'both... and...' 用于连接两个平行的语法元素（在此为两个名词短语：'the chemicals industry' 与 'environmental advocacy groups'），以强调这两个实体都同样参与其中。
The decision was criticized by both the management and the labor union.
该决定受到了管理层和工会双方的批评。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has provoked') is used to describe an action that occurred in the past but has strong relevance and ongoing consequences in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（'has provoked'）用于描述发生在过去但持续对现在具有强烈关联性及持续影响的动作或事件。
The new policy has sparked intense debate among educators.
新政策在教育工作者中引发了激烈的辩论。
EN： The sentence highlights a common dynamic in US environmental policy, particularly in progressive states like California, which often acts as a national trendsetter ('pioneering') for environmental regulations. Such laws frequently face pushback from powerful business coalitions (the chemicals/plastics industry) as well as criticism from environmental groups who may feel the compromise does not go far enough.
中文： 此句子凸顯了美國環境政策中常見的動態，特別是在像加利福尼亞州這樣進步的州，該州經常充當環境法規的全國先驅（'pioneering'）。此類法律通常會面臨來自強大商業聯盟（化學/塑料工業）的反對，同時也會受到環保團體的批評，後者可能認為妥協方案做得還不夠。
EN： The past participle phrase ('signed by... but only enacted in...') acts as a non-restrictive post-modifier (adjective clause reduction) separated by commas, providing additional background information about the subject without restricting its identity.
中文： 过去分词短语（signed by... but only enacted in...）作为非限制性后置修饰语（由形容词从句简化而来），并用逗号隔开，用以提供关于主语的背景补充说明，而不限制其主体身份。
The new policy, approved by the board last month but only implemented today, aims to reduce operational costs.
这项上个月获得董事会批准但今天才实施的新政策，旨在降低运营成本。
EN： The verb 'require' is followed by the object + infinitive pattern ('require someone to do something') to express a mandate or obligation imposed on an agent.
中文： 动词「require」后面接「宾语 + 不定式」（require someone to do something）的结构，用以表示对某个主体施加的强制性命令或义务。
The regulation requires financial institutions to report suspicious transactions within twenty-four hours.
该条例要求金融机构在二十四小时内申报可疑交易。
EN： Parallel structure with 'and': The infinitive marker 'to' distributes over two parallel base verbs: 'to [reduce...] and [ensure...]', maintaining grammatical balance and clarity in complex sentences.
中文： 使用「and」的平行结构：不定式标记「to」同时支配两个平行的原形动词：「to [reduce...] and [ensure...]」（减少……并确保……），以维持复杂句子中的语法平衡与清晰度。
The campaign encourages citizens to conserve water and recycle electronic waste.
该活动鼓励市民节约用水并回收电子垃圾。
EN： The legislation mentioned is California's SB 54 (Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act), passed in 2022. California often acts as a pioneer in environmental policy in the United States, setting strict regulations that eventually influence national standards because manufacturers find it more economical to comply with California's large market requirements than to maintain separate production lines.
中文： 此處提及的立法為加利福尼亞州於 2022 年通過的 SB 54 法案（塑料污染預防與包裝生產者責任法案）。加利福尼亞州在美國環保政策上常扮演先驅角色，其制定的嚴格標準往往會影響全美，因為對製造商而言，直接遵守加利福尼亞州這個龐大市場的規定，比維持多條不同的生產線更具經濟效益。
EN： The preposition 'toward' (or 'towards') is used here to indicate contribution or effort directed at achieving a specific goal. When followed by a verb, it must take the gerund form (-ing), as 'toward' functions as a preposition, not part of an infinitive.
中文： 介词「toward」（或 towards）在此处用于表示将资金、努力或贡献投向某个特定目标。当后面接动词时，必须使用动名词（-ing）形式，因为「toward」在此处是介词，而非不定式的一部分。
The government allocated funds toward building new renewable energy plants.
政府拨款用于建造新的可再生能源发电厂。
EN： The past participle phrase 'caused by plastic pollution' acts as an adjective modifying the noun phrase 'the ecological damage'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is/was caused by...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「caused by plastic pollution」（由塑料污染所造成的）作为形容词，修饰名词短语「the ecological damage」（生态破坏）。这是一个简化关系从句，由「which is/was caused by...」简化而来。
The respiratory illnesses caused by air pollution have risen sharply this year.
今年由空气污染引起的呼吸道疾病急剧上升。
EN： The sentence-initial adverb 'Crucially' functions as a sentence modifier (or disjunct). It expresses the writer's attitude or evaluation of the entire proposition that follows, signaling that the upcoming information is of vital importance.
中文： 句首副词「Crucially」作为全句修饰语（或称为评注性副词）。它表达了作者对接下来整个陈述的态度或评估，示意即将出现的信息至关重要。
Crucially, the new software update patches the critical security vulnerability.
至关重要的是，这次新的软件更新修补了关键的安全漏洞。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in environmental policy known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Under EPR frameworks, the financial burden of managing product waste shifts from taxpayers and local governments to the manufacturers themselves. A five-billion-dollar remediation fund represents an exceptionally aggressive regulatory approach, highlighting California's role as a pioneer in strict environmental legislation within the United States.
中文： 這句話反映了環境政策中一項名為「生產者延伸責任」（Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR）的重大轉變。在 EPR 的框架下，處理產品廢棄物的財政負擔從納稅人和地方政府轉移到了製造商身上。高達五十億美元的補救基金代表了一種極其激進的監管手段，凸顯了加利福尼亞州在美國境內作為嚴格環境立法先驅的角色。
EN： The structure 'The underlying rationale behind... is to [verb]' is used in formal and academic registers to explain the fundamental reason or purpose of a policy, action, or belief. 'Is to' functions as a subject complement expressing purpose or intention.
中文： 结构「The underlying rationale behind... is to [动词]」用于正式与学术语体中，用以解释某项政策、行动或信念的根本原因或目的。其中的「is to」作为主补语，表示目的或意图。
The underlying rationale behind the tax reform is to stimulate long-term economic growth.
这项税制改革背后的根本逻辑，是为了刺激长期的经济增长。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' in this context means to be responsible for, explain, or take into consideration the financial or ecological cost of something over time.
中文： 短语动词「account for」在此语境中意为「对……负责」、「做出交代」或「将……纳入考量」，特别是指在时间推移中承担某事物的财务或生态成本。
Companies must account for their carbon emissions under the new environmental treaty.
在新的环保条约下，企业必须对其碳排放量负责。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in modern environmental policy known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). EPR is a policy approach under which producers are given a significant responsibility—financial and/or physical—for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products. This marks a transition from taxpayer-funded waste management to producer-funded circular economies.
中文： 這句話反映了現代環境政策中一項名為「生產者延伸責任」（Extended Producer Responsibility, EPR）的重大轉變。EPR 是一種政策方法，在這種方法下，生產者要對消費後產品的處理或處置承擔顯著的責任（包括財務和/或實體責任）。這標誌著從納稅人資助的廢棄物管理，向生產者資助的循環經濟的轉變。
EN： Inverted Conditional (Second Conditional): When 'if' is omitted in a hypothetical or unlikely conditional clause containing 'were', the subject and the auxiliary verb 'were' are inverted. This structure is highly formal and common in written English or formal speeches.
中文： 倒装条件句（第二类条件句）：在含有 'were' 的虚拟或假设条件从句中，若省略连接词 'if'，则主语与助动词 'were' 须进行倒装。此结构非常正式，常见于书面英语或正式演讲中。
Were he to accept the job offer, he would have to relocate to California.
如果他接受这份工作，他就必须搬到加利福尼亚州。
EN： Parenthetical Insertion (Reporting Clause): The phrase 'proponents argue' is inserted as a parenthetical element. In journalism and formal writing, reporting clauses are often placed in the middle or at the end of a sentence to shift the focus to the main argument while still attributing the source.
中文： 插入语（报道从句）：短语 'proponents argue'（支持者认为）作为插入语使用。在新闻报道和正式写作中，报道从句常被置于句中或句尾，以便将焦点转移到主要论点上，同时仍能交代消息来源。
The economy, experts predict, will recover by the end of the year.
专家预测，经济将在年底前复苏。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with + noun phrase + participle' is used to express attendant circumstances, reasons, or results. In this sentence, 'with only five to six percent of all plastic ever being successfully recycled' functions as an adverbial modifier explaining the current state of plastic recycling. The present participle 'being' is used in its passive form ('being recycled') to indicate that the action is performed on the subject (plastic).
中文： 「with + 名词短语 + 分词」的结构常用于表示伴随状况、原因或结果。在本句中，「with only five to six percent of all plastic ever being successfully recycled」作为副词修饰语，解释了塑料回收的现状。这里使用现在分词的被动式（being recycled），表示该动作是被施加在主体（塑料）上的。
The meeting ended, with several key issues remaining unresolved.
会议结束了，还有几个关键问题尚未解决。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by an adjective ('discouraging') acting as a subject complement. It describes a state that continues to exist. 'Discouraging' is a present participle used as an adjective, meaning 'causing someone to lose confidence or hope' (active in meaning), as opposed to 'discouraged' (feeling a loss of confidence).
中文： 系动词「remain」后面接形容词（discouraging）作为主语补足语，用来描述持续存在的状态。「Discouraging」是现在分词转化而来的形容词，意为「令人沮丧的」（具有主动意味），而「discouraged」则表示「感到沮丧的」（指人的主观感受）。
Despite the challenges, the overall economic outlook remains promising.
尽管面临挑战，整体的经济前景依然看好。
EN： The adverb 'ever' is used here in a non-assertive context (associated with 'only') to mean 'at any time in history' or 'up to now'. It emphasizes the historical scope of the statistic, highlighting the persistent inefficiency of plastic recycling over time.
中文： 副词「ever」在此处与限制性词汇「only」连用，表示「有史以来」或「迄今为止」。它强调了该统计数据的历史范围，突显了长期以来塑料回收效率低下的事实。
This is one of the most complex projects ever undertaken by our team.
这是我们团队有史以来承接过的项目中最复杂的项目之一。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to express contrast and must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (noun phrase), rather than a full clause. In this sentence, 'Despite' is followed by the noun phrase 'industry claims touting breakthrough technologies'.
中文： 介词「Despite」（尽管）用于表示对比，后面必须接名词、代词或动名词（名词短语），而不能接完整的从句。在本句中，「Despite」后面接的是名词短语「industry claims touting breakthrough technologies」（业界声称吹捧突破性技术）。
Despite facing severe financial difficulties, the research team refused to abandon the project.
尽管面临严重的财务困难，研究团队仍拒绝放弃该项目。
EN： The phrase 'given that' is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a fact or condition that explains the reason for something. It is synonymous with 'considering that' or 'since' and is followed by a full clause.
中文： 短语「given that」（鉴于/考虑到）是一个从属连词，用于引出解释某事原因的事实或条件。它与「considering that」或「since」同义，后面须接完整的从句。
Given that the market is highly volatile, investors are advised to proceed with caution.
鉴于市场波动剧烈，建议投资者谨慎行事。
EN： The construction 'be unlikely to + verb' is used to express a low probability of an event occurring. It is a formal and common way to make predictions or state expectations in academic and journalistic writing.
中文： 结构「be unlikely to + 动词」用于表示某事件发生的概率很低。这是在学术和新闻写作中做出预测或陈述预期时，非常正式且常用的表达方式。
Without additional funding, the non-profit organization is unlikely to survive the winter.
若没有额外资金，该非营利组织不太可能撑过这个冬天。
EN： The term 'virgin plastic' refers to newly manufactured plastic made from petrochemical feedstocks (crude oil or natural gas) that has never been recycled or used before. In environmental policy debates, the extremely low cost of producing virgin plastic is a major economic barrier to recycling initiatives, as recycled plastic is often more expensive to collect, sort, and process than simply manufacturing new plastic.
中文： 「virgin plastic」（原生塑料）是指直接從石油化學原料（原油或天然氣）新製造出來、從未經過回收或使用的塑料。在環境政策辯論中，生產原生塑料的極低成本是推動回收計劃的主要經濟障礙，因為回收塑料在收集、分類和加工上的成本，往往高於直接製造新塑料。
EN： The sentence-initial participle phrase 'Complicating matters further' functions as an adverbial modifier, describing the effect or context of the main clause. It is a reduced form of a coordinate clause (e.g., 'Which complicates matters further') used for stylistic cohesion and emphasis.
中文： 句首的分词短语「Complicating matters further」作为状语修饰语，描述了主句的影响或背景。这是并列从句（例如「Which complicates matters further」）的简化形式，用于增强文体连贯性与强调语气。
Adding fuel to the fire, the CEO resigned amidst the financial scandal.
使事态更加复杂的是，首席执行官在财务丑闻中辞职了。
EN： The present participle phrase 'seeking to block the legislation' acts as a post-modifier (adjectival phrase) modifying the noun 'lawsuit'. It is a reduction of the relative clause 'which seeks to block the legislation'.
中文： 现在分词短语「seeking to block the legislation」作为后置修饰语（形容词短语），修饰名词「lawsuit」（诉讼）。这是关系从句「which seeks to block the legislation」的简化形式。
The government passed a new bill aiming to reduce carbon emissions.
政府通过了一项旨在减少碳排放的新法案。
EN： In the United States, federalism allows individual states to enact their own laws, which can sometimes lead to legal conflicts with other states or the federal government. When a 'coalition of states' (usually led by state Attorneys General of a particular political party) files a lawsuit against another state's policy, it highlights the deep political and regulatory divisions across the country, especially regarding environmental standards set by progressive states like California.
中文： 在美國聯邦制下，各州有權制定自己的法律，這有時會引發與他州或聯邦政府的法律衝突。當「多州聯盟」（通常由特定政黨的州檢察總長領導）對另一州的政策提起訴訟時，這凸顯了全美各地深層的政治與監管分歧，特別是針對像加利福尼亞州等進步州所制定的環保標準。
EN： The use of 'that' as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'argue'. This structure is essential in formal and academic writing to report claims, beliefs, or findings.
中文： 使用「that」作为连接词来引导名词从句，作为报道动词「argue」（辩称/主张）的直接宾语。此结构在正式与学术写作中至关重要，用于陈述主张、信念或研究结果。
The researchers argued that the initial data had been misinterpreted.
研究人员辩称，最初的原始数据被误读了。
EN： The past participle phrase 'headquartered outside California' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'manufacturers'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who are headquartered outside California'.
中文： 过去分词短语「headquartered outside California」（总部设在加利福尼亚州以外）用作形容词，修饰名词「manufacturers」（制造商）。这是一个简化关系从句，由「who are headquartered outside California」缩减而来。
Companies headquartered in Europe must comply with strict data privacy regulations.
总部设在欧洲的公司必须遵守严格的隐私数据法规。
EN： The non-restrictive relative pronoun 'who' introduces a relative clause modifying 'manufacturers', with the adverb 'nonetheless' inserted to express contrast ('nevertheless' or 'in spite of that') within the clause.
中文： 非限定关系代词「who」引导一个修饰「manufacturers」的关系从句，并在从句中插入副词「nonetheless」（尽管如此），以表达对比或让步语气。
He hired a private tutor for his daughter, who nonetheless struggled with the advanced calculus curriculum.
他为女儿请了私人教师，但尽管如此，她学习高等微积分课程依然很吃力。
EN： This sentence reflects the complex legal and economic dynamics of US federalism. California, having the largest state economy in the US, often passes stringent environmental regulations. Because its consumer market is so vast, manufacturers nationwide are practically forced to comply with California's standards to remain competitive, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the 'California Effect'.
中文： 這句話反映了美國聯邦制下複雜的法律與經濟動態。加利福尼亞州作為美國最大的州級經濟體，經常通過極其嚴格的環保法規。由於其消費市場極為龐大，全國的製造商實際上被迫遵守加利福尼亞州的標準以保持競爭力，這種現象在經濟學和政治學中被稱為「加州效應」（California Effect）。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has also shifted') is used with 'since' to describe an action or state that began in the past (triggered by the past simple 'curtailed') and continues to have relevance or effect in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（'has also shifted'）与 'since' 连用，用于描述一个始于过去（由过去简单式 'curtailed' 所触发）并持续对现在产生影响或关联的动作或状态。
The tech industry has evolved rapidly since the government introduced the new data privacy regulations.
自从政府推出新的数据隐私法规以来，科技产业便迅速发展。
EN： The present participle clause ('leaving..., and undermining...') acts as an adverbial clause of result, indicating an automatic consequence of the main clause's action.
中文： 现在分词引导的从句（'leaving..., and undermining...'）在此作为结果状语从句，表示主句动作所带来的必然结果或后续影响。
The heavy rainstorm damaged the local power grid, leaving thousands of residents without electricity and forcing schools to close.
暴风雨破坏了当地的电网，导致数千名居民断电，并迫使学校停课。
EN： The verb 'leave' followed by an object and an adjective ('leaving domestic markets oversaturated') functions as a causative structure, meaning to cause someone or something to remain in a particular state.
中文： 动词 'leave' 后接受词和形容词（'leaving domestic markets oversaturated'）构成使役结构，表示使某人或某事保持在某种特定状态。
The sudden cancellation of the flight left many passengers stranded at the airport.
航班的突然取消使许多旅客滞留在机场。
EN： The sentence refers to a major turning point in global environmental policy: China's 'National Sword' policy implemented in 2018, which drastically banned the import of most plastic waste. This forced Western nations, particularly the United States, to confront their own waste management limitations, leading to domestic oversupply and a re-evaluation of recycling economics.
中文： 本句提及了全球環保政策的一個重大轉折點：中國於 2018 年實施的「國門利劍」政策，該政策嚴格禁止進口大多數塑膠廢料。這迫使西方國家（尤其是美國）不得不面對自身廢棄物處理能力的局限，進而導致國內垃圾過剩，並促使各界重新評估回收產業的經濟效益。
EN： The present participle clause ('contending that...') acts as an adverbial clause of accompaniment or manner, describing an action that happens at the same time as the main verb ('have expressed'). It is a common feature of formal written English to pack additional information or explanations into a single sentence.
中文： 现在分词引导的从句（如 'contending that...'）在此作伴随状语，用来描述与主句动词（'have expressed'）同时发生的动作或状态。这是正式书面英语中常见的句型，能在单一句子中融入更多补充说明或解释。
The government announced the new policy, hoping to stimulate economic growth.
政府公布了新政策，希望能刺激经济增长。
EN： The 'too + adjective + to-infinitive' structure is used to express that something is of such an excess degree that a certain result cannot happen (negative implication). Here, 'too timid to address' means the legislation is so timid that it cannot adequately address the crisis.
中文： 「too + 形容词 + 不定式（to-infinitive）」结构用于表示某事物的程度过于极端，以至于无法达成某种结果（具有否定含义）。在此处，「too timid to address」表示该法案过于温和，以至于无法妥善解决危机。
The problem is too complex for the committee to solve in one day.
这个问题太复杂了，委员会无法在一天之内解决。
EN： The idiom 'the opposite end of the spectrum' is used to describe a position, opinion, or status that is completely contrary to another one being discussed. In this context, it contrasts the environmentalists' view (that the law is too weak) with the industry's view (that the law is too burdensome).
中文： 习语「the opposite end of the spectrum」（光谱的另一端）用于描述与正在讨论的另一种立场、观点或状态完全相反的情况。在此语境中，它对比了环保人士的观点（认为法律太软弱）与工业界的观点（认为法律负担过重）。
While some experts predict a market crash, others at the opposite end of the spectrum foresee unprecedented growth.
虽然一些专家预测市场会崩盘，但持相反立场的其他专家则预见了前所未有的增长。
EN： In political and policy debates in the United States, the metaphor of the 'spectrum' (often referring to the political spectrum from left to right) is frequently used. Environmental groups typically occupy the progressive/left end, demanding stricter regulations, while industrial groups occupy the conservative/business-friendly end. This sentence highlights the classic policy challenge where a compromise law satisfies neither extreme.
中文： 在美國的政治與政策辯論中，「spectrum」（光譜，通常指從左翼到右翼的政治光譜）這一比喻經常被使用。環保團體通常佔據進步/左翼的一端，要求更嚴格的監管；而工業集團則佔據保守/親商的一端。本句突顯了經典的政策困境：一項折衷的法案往往無法滿足任何極端的立場。
EN： Negative Inversion with 'Not only... but also...': When 'not only' is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the auxiliary verb (or 'do/does/did') are inverted. The second clause typically contains 'but (also)' or 'but... as well' in its standard word order.
中文： 「Not only... but also...」（不仅……而且……）的否定倒装：当「not only」置于句首以示强调时，主语与助动词（或 do/does/did）须进行倒装。第二个从句则通常以正常语序呈现，并包含「but (also)」或「but... as well」。
Not only did she complete the project ahead of schedule, but she also stayed within the budget.
她不仅提前完成了项目，而且还控制在预算之内。
EN： The Emphatic Use of 'Very' as an Adjective: When 'very' is used as an adjective modifying a noun (e.g., 'the very groups'), it means 'actual', 'precise', or 'exact'. It is used to emphasize that the noun is exactly the one being referred to, often highlighting an ironic or surprising connection.
中文： 形容词「very」的强调用法：当「very」用作形容词修饰名词时（例如「the very groups」），意为「正是、恰好是、同一的」。它用于强调该名词正是所指的对象，通常用来突显某种讽刺或令人惊讶的关联。
He was betrayed by the very person he had tried to protect.
他竟然被他一直试图保护的那个人背叛了。
EN： Relative Clause with Omitted Relative Pronoun: In the phrase 'the very groups [that/whom] it was ostensibly designed to appease', the relative pronoun (acting as the object of the infinitive 'to appease') is omitted. This is common in formal and written English to make the sentence more concise.
中文： 省略关系代词的关系从句：在「the very groups [that/whom] it was ostensibly designed to appease」这一结构中，关系代词（作为不定式「to appease」的宾语）被省略了。这在正式和书面英语中很常见，能使句子更为精炼。
The strategy achieved the goals it was originally formulated to reach.
该策略达成了其最初制定时所旨在实现的目标。
EN： This sentence reflects the complex political landscape of environmental policy in the United States. In the US federal system, individual states (like California) often pass pioneering environmental laws. However, these laws frequently face 'legal challenges from conservative states' who argue such regulations interfere with interstate commerce. Simultaneously, the phrase 'groups it was ostensibly designed to appease' refers to environmental advocacy groups, highlighting the irony that even progressive policies are often criticized by environmentalists for not being radical or strict enough.
中文： 這句話反映了美國環境政策背後複雜的政治生態。在美國的聯邦體制下，個別州（如加利福尼亞州）經常通過先驅性的環保法律。然而，這些法律往往面臨「來自保守派州份的法律挑戰」，後者認為此類監管干涉了跨州貿易。同時，句中「表面上旨在安撫的群體」指的是環保倡議團體，這突顯了一種諷刺現象：即使是進步派的政策，也經常被環保主義者批評不夠激進或不夠嚴格。
EN： The sentence begins with a noun clause introduced by 'Whether', which functions as the complete subject of the main verb 'remains'. This structure is used to present an open possibility or alternative ('whether or not') as the topic of discussion.
中文： 本句以 'Whether' 引导的名词从句开头，该从句在句中担任主要动词 'remains' 的完整主语。这种结构用于将一种不确定的可能性或选择（即「是否」）作为讨论的主题。
Whether the new policy will be accepted by the public remains to be seen.
新政策是否会被大众接受仍有待观察。
EN： The verb 'remain' is used here as a linking verb (copula) meaning 'to continue to be'. It is followed by a noun phrase complement ('an open question') to describe the ongoing state of the subject.
中文： 动词 'remain' 在此处用作系动词，意思是「保持、依然是」。其后面接名词短语补足语（'an open question'），用以描述主语持续处于的状态。
Despite the peace talks, the border situation remains a major concern.
尽管进行了和平谈判，边境局势依然是一个主要令人担忧的问题。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with far-reaching implications' functions as an adjectival modifier describing 'an open question'. 'Far-reaching' is a compound adjective meaning having important and widely applicable effects.
中文： 介词短语 'with far-reaching implications' 作为形容词性修饰语，修饰前面的 'an open question'。其中 'far-reaching' 是一个复合形容词，意为「影响深远的」。
The supreme court's decision has far-reaching implications for digital privacy.
最高法院的裁决对数字隐私有着深远的影响。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 开创性的、先驱的，指在某领域首开先河或引领新趋势的
在本文中： 强制、立法授权，指通过法律或官方命令要求某事必须执行
在本文中： 补救、纠正、改善（不良状况或损害）
在本文中： 激励、鼓励，指通过提供奖励或诱因来促使某人采取行动
在本文中： 被迫的、强制的，指受到法律、环境或道德力量驱使而不得不做某事
在本文中： 吹捧、宣传，指极力赞扬或宣传某事物的优点（有时带有夸大意味）
在本文中： 合规、顺从，指遵守法律、法规或行业标准的行为
在本文中： 缩减、限制，指减少或限制某事物的数量或范围
在本文中： 可行性、生存能力，指计划、方案或系统在经济或实际运作上成功的可能性
在本文中： 平息、安抚，指通过满足对方的要求来消除其不满或愤怒
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The gradual discontinuation or elimination of something over time.
逐步淘汰、分阶段废除
Newly manufactured plastic resin produced directly from petrochemical feedstocks, containing no recycled materials.
原生塑料、新料
An excessive, unfair, or unjustifiable difficulty or cost imposed on someone.
过度负担、不合理的负担
A matter or issue that has not yet been decided, resolved, or answered with certainty.
仍是未知数、尚无定论