EN： The present perfect tense ('has experienced') is used here to connect a past event (the month of April) to the present state of records and environmental data, emphasizing the ongoing relevance of the situation.
中文： 现在完成时（has experienced）在此用于将过去事件（四月份）与目前的记录及环境数据状态联系起来，强调该情况持续存在的相关性。
The region has experienced several heatwaves this year.
该地区今年已经经历了几次热浪。
EN： The present participle phrase ('receiving...') acts as an adverbial clause of result or accompaniment, providing additional detail about the main clause's subject (New South Wales).
中文： 现在分词短语（receiving...）作为结果或伴随状语从句，提供关于主句主语（新南威尔士州）的额外细节。
The company expanded its operations, creating hundreds of new jobs.
该公司扩大了业务规模，创造了数百个新工作岗位。
EN： The use of 'mere' as an adjective emphasizes how small or insignificant a quantity is, often used in formal or journalistic contexts to highlight a deficiency.
中文： 形容词「mere」的用法强调了数量是多么微小或微不足道，通常用于正式或新闻语境中以突显不足之处。
He lost the race by a mere two seconds.
他仅以两秒之差输掉了比赛。
EN： In Australia, rainfall records are critical due to the continent's susceptibility to extreme drought and bushfires. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is the primary authority for these records, and their data significantly influences agricultural planning and emergency management.
中文： 在澳洲，由於該大陸極易受到極端乾旱和叢林大火的影響，降雨紀錄至關重要。氣象局 (BOM) 是這些紀錄的主要權威機構，其數據顯著影響著農業規劃和應急管理。
EN： The present participle phrase 'hovering over the state' functions as an adjective modifying 'persistent high-pressure systems'. This is a reduced relative clause (which are hovering...).
中文： 现在分词短语「hovering over the state」作为形容词使用，修饰「persistent high-pressure systems」（持续的高压系统）。这是一种简化的定语从句（省略了 which are）。
The clouds lingering near the mountain peak suggest a storm is coming.
徘徊在山顶附近的云层暗示着暴风雨即将到来。
EN： The phrase 'be responsible for' is used here to indicate the cause of a specific phenomenon. 'Primarily' is an adverb of degree used to show that while there might be other factors, this is the main one.
中文： 短语「be responsible for」在此用于表示特定现象的成因。「Primarily」是一个程度副词，用来表示虽然可能还有其他因素，但这是最主要的因素。
Human activity is primarily responsible for the increase in global temperatures.
人类活动是全球气温上升的主要原因。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is a formal way to cite a source of information, commonly used in journalism and academic writing to attribute data or opinions.
中文： 介词短语「According to」是引用信息来源的一种正式方式，常用于新闻报道和学术写作中，用以归功数据或观点。
According to the latest report, the economy is expected to grow by three percent.
根据最新报告，预计经济将增长百分之三。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (often called 'The BOM') is a critical government agency due to the continent's extreme weather patterns, including severe droughts and bushfires. Terms like 'dry spell' are common in Australian news to describe periods of low rainfall that impact agriculture.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局（通常簡稱為「The BOM」）是一個至關重要的政府機構，因為該大陸擁有極端的天氣模式，包括嚴重的乾旱和森林大火。像「dry spell」（乾旱期）這樣的術語在澳洲新聞中非常常見，用來描述影響農業的低降雨時期。
EN： The present participle phrase starting with 'underscoring' functions as a resultative clause or a supplementary comment. It modifies the entire preceding clause, indicating the effect or consequence of the main action.
中文： 以 'underscoring' 开头的现在分词短语在此作为结果状语或补充说明。它修饰前面的整个从句，用来表示主句动作所产生的影响或后果。
The company reported record profits, boosting investor confidence.
公司报告了创纪录的利润，这提振了投资者的信心。
EN： The verb 'prove' is used here as a linking verb (copula), meaning 'to be found to be' or 'to turn out to be' over time or after experience. It is followed by an adjective ('drier').
中文： 动词 'prove' 在此用作系动词，意思是「证明是」或「结果显示为」。其后接形容词（在此为 drier）来描述主体。
The initial concerns about the project proved groundless.
最初对该项目的担忧证明是毫无根据的。
EN： The phrase 'on record' is a prepositional phrase used to specify that the information is based on officially documented history or data.
中文： 短语 'on record' 是一个介词短语，用于说明该信息是基于官方记录的历史或数据。
Last year was the hottest year on record.
去年是有记录以来最热的一年。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is the primary authority for climate data. Mentioning 'on record' refers to the standardized meteorological records that began in the late 19th or early 20th century, which are crucial for discussing climate change and extreme weather events like droughts in the Australian context.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局 (BOM) 是氣候數據的主要權威機構。提到「有紀錄以來」(on record) 是指始於 19 世紀末或 20 世紀初的標準化氣象記錄，這在討論澳洲氣候變遷和乾旱等極端天氣事件時至關重要。
EN： The use of 'with' as a preposition to introduce a circumstantial clause. It describes a secondary situation or condition that exists simultaneously with the main action, often following the structure 'with + noun + participle'.
中文： 使用 'with' 作为介词来引导伴随状语从句。它描述了与主句动作同时存在的次要情况或条件，通常遵循「with + 名词 + 分词」的结构。
The hikers continued their journey, with the sun setting behind the mountains.
登山者继续他们的旅程，此时太阳正从山后落下。
EN： The phrasal verb 'dry out' emphasizes the process of becoming completely dry or losing all moisture, which is more intense than just 'dry'.
中文： 短语动词 'dry out' 强调完全变干或失去所有水分的过程，比单纯的 'dry' 语气更强烈且彻底。
After the flood, it took several weeks for the wooden floors to dry out completely.
洪水过后，木地板花了几周的时间才完全干透。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'well below' uses 'well' as an intensifier to mean 'considerably' or 'to a great degree', common in formal reporting and data analysis.
中文： 副词短语 'well below' 使用 'well' 作为加强语气的词，意为「远低于」或「在很大程度上低于」，常见于正式报告和数据分析中。
The company's profits this quarter were well below expectations.
该公司本季度的利润远低于预期。
EN： In Australia, the 'state' often refers to New South Wales in this context, which is highly susceptible to bushfires and drought. Climatologists like Hugh McDowell play a crucial role in public safety by providing early warnings for the bushfire season, which is a significant part of the Australian national consciousness.
中文： 在澳洲，此處的「該州」指的是新南威爾斯州，該地區極易受到叢林大火和乾旱的影響。像休·麥克唐納這樣的氣候學家透過為叢林大火季節提供預警，在公共安全中扮演著至關重要的角色，這也是澳洲國民意識中非常重要的一部分。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect two balanced parts of a sentence, emphasizing that both elements are equally important or relevant. In formal contexts, 'also' can sometimes be omitted or replaced by 'as well' at the end.
中文： 关联连词「not only... but also...」（不仅……而且……）用于连接句子中两个对等的成分，强调两者同样重要或相关。在正式语境中，「also」有时可以省略，或在句尾改用「as well」。
The new policy aims to improve not only economic growth but also social equality.
新政策的目的不仅在于促进经济增长，也在于促进社会平等。
EN： The verb 'pose' is a high-level collocate often used with nouns like 'risk', 'threat', 'challenge', or 'danger' to indicate that something presents or creates a particular problem.
中文： 动词「pose」是一个高阶词汇，常用于与「risk」（风险）、「threat」（威胁）、「challenge」（挑战）或「danger」（危险）等名词搭配，表示某事呈现或造成了特定的问题。
Rising sea levels pose a significant threat to coastal cities.
海平面上升对沿海城市构成了重大威胁。
EN： The present participle 'deteriorating' is used here as an adjective to describe a continuous process of getting worse. It adds a sense of ongoing decline to the noun 'conditions'.
中文： 现在分词「deteriorating」在此用作形容词，描述一个不断恶化的持续过程。它为名词「conditions」（情况）增添了一种持续衰退的语感。
The patient's deteriorating health concerned the doctors.
病人不断恶化的健康状况令医生们感到担忧。
EN： In Australia, 'bushfire season' is a critical period of the year, typically during summer, but as noted by Hugh McDowell, dry conditions in autumn can lead to early concerns. The mention of 'agricultural communities' highlights the economic sensitivity of regional Australia to climate patterns.
中文： 在澳洲，「林火季節」（bushfire season）是一年中至關重要的時期，通常發生在夏季。但正如休·麥克唐納所指出的，秋季的乾旱情況可能導致擔憂提前出現。提到「農業社區」則凸顯了澳洲偏遠地區經濟對氣候模式的高度敏感性。
EN： Inversion in conditional sentences: When 'if' is omitted in a formal conditional sentence, the auxiliary verb (were, had, should) is moved to the front of the subject. 'Were the drought to persist' is a formal equivalent of 'If the drought were to persist'.
中文： 条件句中的倒装：在正式的条件句中，若省略 'if'，助动词（如 were, had, should）须移至主语前。「Were the drought to persist」是「If the drought were to persist」的正式用法。
Were the company to fail, hundreds of jobs would be lost.
倘若公司倒闭，数百个工作岗位将会流失。
EN： The structure 'be to + verb' in conditional clauses: This structure is used to talk about hypothetical future situations, often emphasizing the remoteness of the possibility or the gravity of the potential event.
中文： 条件从句中的「be to + 动词」结构：此结构用于讨论假设性的未来情况，通常强调可能性较低或潜在事件的严重性。
If you were to win the lottery, what would you do?
如果你真的中了彩票，你会做什么？
EN： The linking verb 'prove': In formal contexts, 'prove' can function as a linking verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be'. It is often followed by an adjective.
中文： 系动词「prove」：在正式语境中，「prove」可作为系动词，意为「结果证明是」或「显得是」。其后通常接形容词。
The new strategy proved effective in the long run.
从长远来看，这项新策略证明是有效的。
EN： In Australia, 'fire preparedness' is a critical term referring to the strategic planning and physical measures taken to mitigate the impact of bushfires, which are a recurring environmental threat. The mention of 'winter' is significant because winter is typically the period for controlled burns and preparation before the summer fire season begins.
中文： 在澳洲，「fire preparedness」（防火準備）是一個關鍵術語，指為減輕叢林大火影響而採取的戰略規劃和物理措施。文中提到「冬季」具有重要意義，因為冬季通常是夏季火災季節開始前，進行受控燒除（controlled burns）和各項準備工作的關鍵時期。
EN： The use of 'except' as a preposition to exclude a specific case from a general statement. It is often followed by a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase.
中文： 使用 'except' 作为介词，用以从一般性陈述中排除特定案例。它通常后接名词短语或介词短语。
All the students passed the exam except for John.
除了约翰以外，所有的学生都通过了考试。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clauses starting with 'which' provide additional information about a preceding noun (in this case, 'the Northern Territory'). They are separated by a comma and do not limit the meaning of the noun.
中文： 以 'which' 开头的非限定性定语从句，为前面的名词（在此为「北领地」）提供额外信息。它们由逗号隔开，且不限制该名词的意义。
The report was published by the Bureau of Meteorology, which is based in Melbourne.
该报告由气象局发布，该机构总部位于墨尔本。
EN： The use of 'sole' as an adjective to emphasize that there is only one of something. It is more formal than 'only' and often used in legal or official contexts.
中文： 使用 'sole' 作为形容词，用以强调某物是唯一的。它比 'only' 更正式，常用于法律或官方情境中。
She was the sole survivor of the accident.
她是那场事故中的唯一幸存者。
EN： Australia is divided into six states and two major mainland territories. The Northern Territory is known for its tropical climate in the north, which often experiences different weather patterns compared to the more temperate southern states like New South Wales. In Australian news, 'jurisdiction' is a formal way to refer to these individual states and territories collectively.
中文： 澳洲分為六個州和兩個主要領地。北領地以其北部的熱帶氣候而聞名，與新南威爾斯州等氣候較溫和的南部各州相比，通常會經歷不同的天氣模式。在澳洲新聞中，「jurisdiction」（管轄區）是用來統稱這些州和領地的正式用語。
EN： The phrase 'be likely to' is used to express probability or likelihood. In formal contexts like news reports, it is often paired with 'well into' to emphasize the duration or extent of a future state.
中文： 短语「be likely to」用于表达可能性。在新闻报道等正式语境中，它经常与「well into」搭配使用，以强调未来某种状态持续的时间之长或程度之深。
The economic recovery is likely to continue well into next year.
经济复苏很可能会持续到明年很长一段时间。
EN： The use of 'well into' as a prepositional phrase indicates that something continues deep into a period of time, rather than just reaching the beginning of it.
中文： 「well into」作为介词短语，表示某事持续进入某段时间的深处，而不仅仅是到达该时段的开始。
The party lasted well into the night.
派对一直持续到深夜。
EN： Reported speech backshift: Since the main verb 'indicated' is in the past tense, the subordinate clause uses 'were' instead of 'are' to maintain tense consistency, even if the situation is still true.
中文： 间接引语的时态回推：由于主句动词「indicated」是过去式，从句使用「were」而非「are」以保持时态一致性，即使该情况在说话时仍然属实。
The study confirmed that the chemicals were harmful to humans.
该研究证实这些化学物质对人体有害。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (often called 'The BOM') is a critical government agency, especially given the continent's susceptibility to extreme weather like droughts and bushfires. A 'long-range forecast' is particularly vital for farmers and emergency services to prepare for seasonal shifts.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局（通常簡稱為「The BOM」）是一個至關重要的政府機構，考慮到澳洲大陸容易受到乾旱和森林大火等極端天氣的影響。「長期預測」對於農民和應急服務部門準備季節性變化尤為重要。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here to indicate that evidence or data points toward a conclusion without stating it as an absolute certainty. In academic and scientific contexts, it is a common 'hedging' verb used to maintain objectivity.
中文： 动词「suggest」在此处用于表示证据或数据指向某个结论，而非陈述绝对的事实。在学术和科学语境中，这是一个常见的「避险（hedging）」动词，用于保持客观性。
Recent data suggests that global temperatures are rising faster than previously estimated.
最近的数据显示，全球气温上升的速度比先前估计的还要快。
EN： The use of the modal verb 'may' combined with the continuous form 'be driving' expresses a possibility about an ongoing action or situation in the present. It suggests a likely cause for current observations.
中文： 情态动词「may」结合进行式「be driving」表达了对目前正在发生的动作或情况的可能性推测。它暗示了目前观察到现象的可能原因。
Economic factors may be driving the current shift in consumer behavior.
经济因素可能正在推动目前消费者行为的转变。
EN： The phrase 'much of' is used with uncountable nouns (like 'atmospheric shift') to indicate a large part or quantity of something, rather than the whole.
中文： 短语「much of」与不可数名词（如「atmospheric shift」）连用，表示某事物的很大一部分或大量，而非全部。
Much of the research was funded by private organizations.
这项研究的大部分经费是由私人机构资助的。
EN： The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a critical climate pattern for Australia. In this context, 'the continent' refers specifically to Australia, where El Niño typically brings drier conditions and increased fire risk to the eastern states like New South Wales.
中文： 聖嬰現象-南方振盪（ENSO）對澳洲來說是至關重要的氣候模式。在此語境中，「the continent（這塊大陸）」特指澳洲；聖嬰現象通常會為新南威爾斯州等東部各州帶來較乾燥的天氣並增加火災風險。
EN： Appositives are noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or clarification. In this sentence, 'a climate scientist at the University of Melbourne' identifies who 'Doctor Mandy Freund' is.
中文： 同位语是跟在另一个名词后面的名词短语，用于提供额外信息或澄清。在本句中，「a climate scientist at the University of Melbourne」识别了「曼迪·弗罗因德博士」的身份。
Mr. Smith, the principal of our school, will give a speech tomorrow.
史密斯先生，也就是我们学校的校长，明天将发表讲话。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to characterize something or someone in a specific way. 'As' functions here as a preposition introducing the complement.
中文： 「describe A as B」结构用于以特定方式描述某事或某人。这里的「as」作为介词，引导补语部分。
Critics described the new film as a masterpiece of modern cinema.
影评人将这部新电影描述为现代电影的杰作。
EN： The present participle 'looming' is used as an adjective to describe something (usually something unwanted or threatening) that is about to happen soon.
中文： 现在分词「looming」被用作形容词，用来描述即将发生（通常是不受欢迎或具威胁性）的事情。
The company is preparing for the looming financial crisis.
公司正为即将到来的金融危机做准备。
EN： The idiom 'elephant in the room' refers to a major problem or controversial issue that is present and obvious, but which everyone ignores or avoids discussing. The addition of 'proverbial' signals that the speaker is using a well-known metaphor.
中文： 成語「elephant in the room」（房間裡的象）是指一個顯而易見、非常重要但大家卻刻意忽視或避而不談的問題。加上「proverbial」（眾所周知的）一詞，表示說話者正在使用一個廣為人知的比喻。
EN： The verb 'translate into' is used here figuratively to mean 'to result in' or 'to lead to a particular outcome'. In formal or scientific contexts, it describes how one set of data or conditions manifests as a specific real-world effect.
中文： 动词短语「translate into」在此处为比喻用法，意指「导致」或「转化为某种特定结果」。在正式或科学语境中，它描述了一组数据或条件如何体现为具体的现实影响。
Increased investment in education does not always translate into higher economic growth.
增加教育投资并不总是能转化为更高的经济增长。
EN： The use of 'though' as a conjunction introduces a concession clause, providing a qualification or contrast to the preceding statement. In C1 level English, this structure is often used to balance a strong claim with necessary nuance.
中文： 使用「though」作为连词引导让步状语从句，为前面的陈述提供限制条件或对比。在 C1 级别的英语中，这种结构常用于在提出强烈主张时平衡必要的细微差别。
The results were promising, though the researchers admitted the sample size was small.
结果令人期待，尽管研究人员承认样本量较小。
EN： The adverb 'remarkably' functions as an intensifier for the adjective 'strong'. It suggests that the degree of strength is unusual or worthy of notice, which is more precise than using 'very' or 'extremely'.
中文： 副词「remarkably」作为形容词「strong」的强化词。它暗示强度的程度是不寻常的或值得注意的，这比使用「very」或「extremely」更为精确。
The new material is remarkably resilient to extreme temperatures.
这种新材料对极端温度的抵抗力异常强韧。
EN： In scientific communication, experts often use hedging language (e.g., 'careful to note', 'does not automatically') to avoid oversimplification. This reflects the complexity of climate systems where one phenomenon (El Niño) increases the probability of an event but does not guarantee it.
中文： 在科學交流中，專家經常使用限制性語言（例如「careful to note」、「does not automatically」）來避免過度簡化。這反映了氣候系統的複雜性，即一種現象（如聖嬰現象）雖然增加了事件發生的可能性，但並不保證其必然發生。
EN： The adverb 'Rather' is used as a transition word to correct a previous statement or to introduce a more precise alternative. In this context, it clarifies that the El Niño phenomenon doesn't guarantee drought but changes the statistical probability.
中文： 副词「Rather」用作转折词，用于修正前述语句或引入更精确的替代说法。在此语境中，它澄清了厄尔尼诺现象并不保证一定会发生干旱，而是改变了统计上的可能性。
The ending of the movie wasn't happy; rather, it was bittersweet and thought-provoking.
这部电影的结局并非快乐收场；更确切地说，它是种苦乐参半且发人深省的结局。
EN： The use of 'substantially' as a degree adverb modifies the verb 'elevates'. In formal or scientific registers (C1 level), precise adverbs like 'substantially', 'significantly', or 'considerably' are preferred over 'a lot' to indicate a large degree.
中文： 使用「substantially」作为程度副词来修饰动词「elevates」。在正式或科学语域（C1 级别）中，比起使用「a lot」，更倾向使用如「substantially」、「significantly」或「considerably」等精确副词来表示程度之深。
The new policy substantially reduces the administrative burden on small businesses.
新政策显著减轻了小型企业的行政负担。
EN： In Australia, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a critical climate driver. Scientists like Mandy Freund use precise language to manage public expectations, as an El Niño event increases the 'risk' of drought but is not a 'guarantee' of one, which is a vital distinction for the agricultural sector.
中文： 在澳洲，聖嬰-南方振盪現象（ENSO）是關鍵的氣候驅動因素。像曼迪·弗羅因德這樣的科學家使用精確的語言來管理大眾預期，因為聖嬰現象增加了乾旱的「風險」，但並非「保證」會發生，這對農業部門來說是至關重要的區別。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 前所未有的，史无前例的
在本文中： 强调，突显其重要性或严重性
在本文中： 恶化中的，品质或状况下降的
在本文中： 管辖区域，行政区域
在本文中： 降水（包括雨、雪、雹等）
在本文中： （不愉快的事）即将发生的，逼近的
在本文中： 众所周知的，常被提及的
在本文中： 提高，提升（概率或程度）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A major problem or controversial issue that is present but everyone is ignoring or avoiding.
显而易见却被忽视的问题
A period of little or no rain; a period of time when someone is not as successful as they usually are.
干旱期，枯竭期
A climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
厄尔尼诺现象
A weather forecast that covers a period of more than five days, often weeks or months.
长期预报