EN： The past participle phrase 'named + [Name]' acts as an adjective (reduced relative clause) modifying the preceding noun 'homemaker'. It is a shortened form of 'who is named...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「named + [名字]」在此作为形容词（简化关系从句），用来修饰前方的名词「homemaker」（家庭主妇）。这是「who is named...」的省略形式。
A young boy named Leo found the lost puppy.
一个名叫里奥的年轻男孩找到了迷路的小狗。
EN： The verb 'attach' is commonly used with the preposition 'to' in the pattern 'attach A to B', which means to fasten, join, or connect one object to another.
中文： 动词「attach」通常与介词「to」搭配使用，形成「attach A to B」（将 A 固定/连接于 B）的句型，表示将一个物体固定或连接到另一个物体上。
Please attach a recent photo to your application form.
请在您的申请表上贴上一张近照。
EN： Chennai, the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is a major cultural, economic, and educational center in South India. In recent years, India has become a hub for 'data labor' due to its large, tech-savvy, and English-speaking population, where many workers perform micro-tasks like data labeling and video recording to train global AI models.
中文： 清奈是印度泰米尔纳德邦的首府，也是南印度的文化、经济和教育中心。近年来，由于拥有大量熟悉科技且具备英语能力的劳动力，印度已成为「数据劳动」（data labor）的枢纽，许多工作人员通过数据标注和视频录制等微任务，来协助训练全球的人工智能模型。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In this sentence, 'while' connects the main action (capturing hands) with three simultaneous background actions.
中文： 从属连词「while」（当……时候）用于连接两个同时发生的动作，引导时间状语从句。在本句中，「while」将主要动作（捕捉双手）与三个同时发生的背景动作连接起来。
The teacher writes on the board while the students take notes.
老师在黑板上写字，而学生们则在记笔记。
EN： Parallel structure (parallelism) is used when listing items or actions. Here, three verbs in the 'while' clause ('slices', 'folds', and 'washes') are in the same simple present tense and third-person singular form to maintain grammatical balance.
中文： 平行结构（排比）用于列举项目或动作。在这里，「while」从句中的三个动词（slices、folds 和 washes）都使用相同的一般现在时和单数第三人称形式，以保持语法平衡。
He wakes up early, exercises for an hour, and eats a healthy breakfast.
他很早起床、运动一小时，并吃一顿健康的早餐。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns like 'which' (preceded by a comma) to add extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun phrase or the entire previous clause. In this sentence, 'which' refers back to the amount '250 rupees per hour of video'.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（Non-defining relative clauses）由关系代词（如前面带有逗号的 'which'）引导，用来对前面的名词短语或整个前句补充额外的、非必要的信息。在本句中，'which' 指代的是前面的金额「每小时视频 250 卢比」。
He bought a new laptop, which cost him a thousand dollars.
他买了一台新笔记本电脑，花了他一千美元。
EN： The preposition 'per' is used to express 'for each' or 'for every' when stating rates, prices, or measurements (e.g., 'per hour', 'per person').
中文： 介词 'per' 用于表示比率、价格或测量单位中的「每一」（例如：'per hour' 每小时、'per person' 每人）。
The speed limit is 60 miles per hour.
时速限制是每小时 60 英里。
EN： The sentence highlights the global economic disparity in the AI supply chain. While four dollars (about 250 rupees) per hour is a low wage by Western standards, in India, especially for home-based work, it represents a viable income source. This micro-task economy is a crucial part of training modern AI systems.
中文： 这句话凸显了人工智能（AI）供应链中的全球经济差异。虽然每小时四美元（约 250 卢比）以西方标准来看是低薪，但在印度（特别是对于家庭主妇而言），这代表了一份切实可行的收入来源。这种微任务经济（micro-task economy）是训练现代 AI 系统至关重要的一环。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice (has/have been + past participle) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or has relevance to the present, with the focus on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has/have been + 过去分词）用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在，或与现在密切相关的动作，其焦点在于动作的承受者而非执行者。
This traditional craft has been kept alive by local artisans for centuries.
这项传统工艺数百年来一直由当地工匠传承下来。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause of reason, explaining the cause or motive behind the action in the main clause.
中文： 从属连词「because」（因为）用于引导原因从属子句，解释主句动作背后的原因或动机。
The flight was delayed because the weather was extremely bad.
班机延误了，因为天气非常糟糕。
EN： The term 'data labor' reflects a modern shift in the global gig economy. In developing nations like India, traditional household chores are being digitized and monetized to feed the hungry algorithms of Western and global AI firms, creating a new class of digital working-class citizens.
中文： 「数据劳动」（data labor）一词反映了全球零工经济的现代转变。在印度等发展中国家，传统的家务劳动正被数字化并转化为经济收益，用以喂养西方和全球人工智能公司的算法，从而创造出一个全新的数字劳动阶级。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a connection to the present, emphasizing the current state of this ongoing trend.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个始于过去且与现在有联系的动作，强调这一持续趋势的现状。
Many companies have started using AI to improve their services.
许多公司已经开始使用人工智能来改善他们的服务。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) to indicate the beginning of an activity. 'Filming' acts as the direct object of the verb 'started'.
中文： 动词「start」（开始）后面可以接动名词（动词-ing）来表示某项活动的开始。在这里，「filming」（拍摄）作为动词「started」的直接宾语。
She started learning English last year.
她去年开始学习英文。
EN： This sentence highlights a growing global trend where individuals in developing countries, such as India, participate in 'data labor'. Due to lower labor costs and high smartphone penetration, many workers earn income by generating real-world data to train advanced artificial intelligence and robotics systems.
中文： 这句话凸显了发展中国家（如印度）个人参与「数据劳动」这一日益增长的全球趋势。由于较低的劳动力成本和高智能手机普及率，许多劳动者透过产生真实世界数据来训练先进的人工智能和机器人系统，以此赚取收入。
EN： The sentence uses a noun clause introduced by the question word 'how' acting as the direct object of the verb 'show'. Inside this noun clause, three verbs ('grasp', 'move', and 'complete') are connected in a parallel structure using commas and the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 本句使用了由疑问词「how」（如何）引导的名词子句，作为动词「show」（展示）的直接宾语。在此名词子句中，三个动词（grasp、move 和 complete）使用逗号与对等连接词「and」连接，形成平行结构。
This manual explains how we assemble the parts, test the system, and pack the product.
这本手册解释了我们如何组装零件、测试系统并包装产品。
EN： The phrase 'step by step' is an adverbial phrase of manner, meaning 'gradually' or 'one stage at a time'. It modifies the verb 'complete' to describe how the action is performed.
中文： 短语「step by step」是一个表示方式的副词短语，意思是「一步一步地」或「循序渐进地」。它修饰动词「complete」，用来描述该动作是如何进行的。
She explained the recipe step by step so that everyone could follow.
她一步一步地解释食谱，以便每个人都能跟着做。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies the noun phrase 'a kind of "behavior textbook"'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject, followed by the verb 'teaches'.
中文： 关系代词「that」引导一个形容词子句（关系子句），用来修饰前面的名词短语「a kind of "behavior textbook"」（一种「行为教科书」）。在此子句中，「that」充当主语，后面接动词「teaches」。
She wrote a book that inspires young children to protect nature.
她写了一本启发幼童保护大自然的书。
EN： The question word 'how' followed by an infinitive ('to' + verb) forms a noun phrase that functions as the direct object of the verb 'teaches'. It expresses the method or way of doing something.
中文： 疑问词「how」后面接不定词（to + 动词）形成一个名词短语，作为动词「teaches」的直接受词，用来表示做某事的方法或途径。
The instructor showed us how to operate the new machine safely.
指导员向我们示范了如何安全地操作这台新机器。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that this trend is growing quickly across India') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'reported'. In English, 'that' in this position is often optional in informal speech but is kept in formal writing.
中文： 名词子句作宾语（受词）：单词「that」引导一个名词子句（that this trend is growing quickly across India），在句中作为报道动词「reported」的直接宾语。在英语中，非正式口语中常可省略此处的「that」，但在正式写作中通常会保留。
The scientist proved that the experiment was successful.
科学家证明了该实验是成功的。
EN： Present Continuous Tense in Past Context: The verb phrase 'is growing' uses the present continuous tense to describe an ongoing, active trend. Even though the reporting verb 'reported' is in the past tense, the present tense 'is growing' is used here to emphasize that the trend is still actively continuing at the time of reading.
中文： 过去语境中的现在进行式：动词短语「is growing」使用现在进行式来描述一个持续进行且活跃的趋势。虽然主要动词「reported」为过去式，但此处使用现在式「is growing」是为了强调该趋势在阅读当下仍然在活跃地发展中。
She said that the population of the city is increasing.
她说该城市的人口正在增加。
EN： Agence France-Presse (AFP) is one of the world's oldest and largest international news agencies, headquartered in Paris. Its mention here highlights the global journalistic coverage of India's emerging tech-labor market, showing how local economic shifts in Chennai are gaining international attention.
中文： 法新社（Agence France-Presse，简称 AFP）是世界上历史最悠久且规模最大的国际通讯社之一，总部位于巴黎。此处提及法新社，凸显了国际媒体对印度新兴科技劳动力市场的关注，显示出钦奈当地的经济转变已受到全球瞩目。
EN： The phrase 'be different from' is a common prepositional collocation used to contrast two things. It indicates that the subject possesses characteristics that do not match those of the object.
中文： 短语「be different from」（与……不同）是用来对比两事物的常见介词搭配。它表示主语所具备的特征与宾语不一致。
Her teaching style is different from that of her predecessor.
她的教学风格与她前任的风格不同。
EN： The relative clause 'that was done for...' is a defining relative clause modifying the noun 'work'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the subject of the passive verb phrase 'was done'.
中文： 关系从句「that was done for...」是一个限定性关系从句，用来修饰名词「work」（工作）。关系代词「that」在从句中担任被动语态动词短语「was done」的主语。
The project that was completed yesterday was a huge success.
昨天完成的那个项目取得了巨大的成功。
EN： The sentence highlights a shift in the AI industry. Early AI development (like ChatGPT) relied heavily on digital text and language data, which was often scraped from the internet. The new wave of 'physical AI' and robotics requires capturing real-world, physical human actions, leading to a new category of manual 'data labor' in developing nations.
中文： 这句话凸显了人工智能产业的转移。早期的人工智能发展（如 ChatGPT）高度依赖从网络抓取的数字文本和语言数据。而新一波的「实体人工智能」与机器人技术，则需要捕捉真实世界中人类的肢体动作，从而在发展中国家催生了一种新型态的劳力密集型「数据劳动」。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Tense ('were trained'): The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. It is formed with 'be' + past participle. Here, 'were trained' indicates that the training of the models was done by researchers in the past.
中文： 过去式被动语态（'were trained'）：当焦点在于动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时，会使用被动语态。其结构为「be 动词 + 过去分词」。在此处，「were trained」表示这些模型在过去是由研究人员进行训练的。
These algorithms were developed by a team of experts last year.
这些算法是去年由一个专家团队开发的。
EN： Past Perfect Tense in Relative Clauses ('had already been organized'): The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to show that one action in the past happened before another action in the past. In this sentence, the organizing and categorizing of the text happened before the models were trained.
中文： 关系从句中的过去完成式（'had already been organized'）：过去完成式（had + 过去分词）用于表示过去的某个动作发生在另一个过去动作之前。在本句中，文本的整理和分类发生在模型接受训练之前。
She used the data that had already been collected by her colleagues.
她使用了同事们先前已经收集好的数据。
EN： This sentence highlights the technological shift in AI development. Early generative AI, like ChatGPT, relied heavily on digital text data that was already structured, cleaned, and categorized by humans online. In contrast, the 'physical AI' mentioned in the context requires raw, real-world physical movement data, which is much harder to standardize and has created a new global gig economy of 'data labor' in developing countries like India.
中文： 这句话凸显了人工智能（AI）发展中的技术转变。早期的生成式 AI（如 ChatGPT）高度依赖已被人类在网络上整理、清理和分类过的数字文字数据。相比之下，背景信息中提到的「实体 AI」则需要真实世界的物理动作数据，这类数据极难标准化，进而在印度等发展中国家催生了一种新型的全球零工经济——「数据劳动」。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used here to connect two compound subjects: 'physical AI' and 'humanoid robots'. When two singular or plural nouns are joined by 'and' to form a compound subject, they take a plural verb (in this case, 'need').
中文： 对等连接词「and」（和）在此处用于连接两个复合主语：「physical AI」（实体人工智能）与「humanoid robots」（人形机器人）。当两个名词由「and」连接形成复合主语时，动词需使用复数形（在此句中为「need」）。
Both smartphones and smartwatches require regular software updates.
智能手机和智能手表都需要定期进行软件更新。
EN： Noun adjuncts (or noun premodifiers) occur when nouns like 'real-world' and 'movement' function as adjectives to describe another noun ('data'). In English, these modifying nouns are placed directly before the main noun to specify its type or purpose.
中文： 名词修饰语（或称名词前置修饰词）是指像「real-world」（真实世界的）和「movement」（运动的）这样的名词，在此处充当形容词来修饰另一个名词（「data」）。在英文中，这些修饰性名词会直接置于主要名词之前，以具体说明其类型或用途。
The company collects customer feedback data to improve its services.
该公司收集客户反馈数据以改善其服务。
EN： The term 'physical AI' refers to artificial intelligence systems that interact directly with the physical world through sensors and actuators, as opposed to purely digital or software-based AI like chatbots. This distinction is crucial in modern technology discussions as the industry shifts from virtual language models to embodied robotics.
中文： 「实体人工智能」（physical AI）是指通过传感器和驱动器与物理世界直接互动的人工智能系统，这与像聊天机器人这类纯数字或基于软件的 AI 不同。随着科技产业从虚拟语言模型转向具身智能（embodied robotics），这一区分在现代科技讨论中变得至关重要。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'say'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main clause with the subordinate clause, and it can often be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句在此作为述说动词「say」的直接宾语。在这种结构中，「that」是一个连接主句与从句的连接词，在非正式语境中通常可以省略。
Researchers believe that artificial intelligence will transform healthcare.
研究人员相信人工智能将会改变医疗保健。
EN： The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong necessity or obligation. It is followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), which in this case is 'learn'.
中文： 情态助动词「must」用于表示强烈的必要性或义务。其后须接动词原形（不带 to 的不定式），在此句中为「learn」。
Students must submit their assignments before Friday.
学生必须在星期五之前缴交他们的作业。
EN： This sentence reflects a major shift in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). While early AI development focused heavily on digital data (like text and code), the rise of physical AI and humanoid robotics requires 'embodied AI' learning. This means robots must learn from physical, real-world human interactions and sensory data to navigate the physical world successfully.
中文： 这句话反映了人工智能（AI）领域的一大转变。早期的 AI 开发主要集中在数字数据（如文本和代码）上，但具身智能（Physical AI）和人形机器人的兴起，需要“具身人工智能”的学习。这意味着机器人必须从物理世界中人类的实际互动和感官数据中学习，才能成功在现实世界中运作。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause (also called a content clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is commonly retained in formal or written contexts to maintain clarity.
中文： 连接词“that”用于引导名词从句（也称为内容从句），在句中作为动词“believe”的直接宾语。在非正式英语中，“that”常被省略，但在正式或书面语境中通常会保留以保持结构清晰。
Many scientists believe that climate change requires urgent action.
许多科学家认为气候变化需要采取紧急行动。
EN： The future simple tense 'will' is combined with the linking verb 'become' and the comparative adjective 'more common' to describe a state or trend that is expected to develop or increase in frequency in the future.
中文： 简单将来式“will”与连系动词“become”以及比较级形容词“more common”结合，用来描述预期在未来会发展或频率增加的状态或趋势。
Remote work will become more common as technology improves.
随着科技进步，远程工作将会变得更加普遍。
EN： Adverb Placement: Adverbs of manner (like 'naturally') are typically placed before the main verb (or after the auxiliary verb) to describe how an action is performed.
中文： 副词位置：情状副词（如 'naturally'，自然地）通常放在主要动词之前（或助动词之后），用来修饰并描述动作进行的方式。
She easily solved the complex puzzle.
她轻松地解开了这个复杂的谜题。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time with 'when': The conjunction 'when' introduces a dependent clause that indicates the time at which the action in the main clause takes place.
中文： 由 'when' 引导的时间副词子句：连接词 'when'（当……时）用来引导一个从属子句，以指出主要子句动作发生的时间点。
The dog barks when someone knocks on the door.
当有人敲门时，那只狗就会叫。
EN： The past participle phrase 'performed by ordinary people' acts as an adjective (a reduced relative clause) modifying the noun phrase 'everyday activities'. It is short for 'which are performed by ordinary people'.
中文： 过去分词短语「performed by ordinary people」（由一般人所进行的）在此作为形容词使用（简化自关系子句），用来修饰名词短语「everyday activities」（日常活动）。这相当于「which are performed by ordinary people」的省略。
The songs written by this young artist became very popular.
由这位年轻艺术家所创作的歌曲变得非常受欢迎。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have become') is used to describe a state or action that started in the past and continues to be relevant or true in the present.
中文： 现在完成式（have become）用于描述一个从过去开始，并持续影响到现在或在目前仍为属实的状态或动作。
Online shopping has become an essential part of our lives.
线上购物已成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成式（has + 过去分词）在此用于描述一个始于过去、且对现在有直接影响或关联的动作或状态。
The rise of online learning has changed the way students study.
线上学习的兴起已经改变了学生的学习方式。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the target, recipient, or purpose of an action or object, as seen in 'demand for' (demand targeted at something) and 'opportunities for' (opportunities available to someone).
中文： 介词「for」在此用于表示动作或事物的目标、对象或目的，例如「demand for」（对某物的需求）与「opportunities for」（给某人的机会）。
There is a high demand for organic food among health-conscious consumers.
注重健康的消费者对有机食品有着很高的需求。
EN： The term 'developing countries' refers to nations with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index relative to other countries. In the context of the global tech economy, these regions (like India) have become hubs for 'data labor' due to lower labor costs and a large, tech-savvy workforce seeking flexible income.
中文： 「developing countries」（发展中国家）是指与其他国家相比，工业基础较不发达且人类发展指数较低的国家。在全球科技经济的背景下，这些地区（如印度）由于劳动力成本较低，且有大量寻求弹性收入并熟悉科技的劳动人口，因而成为「数据劳动」的枢纽。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 家庭主妇或家庭主夫，主要负责管理家务的人
在本文中： 系上、贴上、连接
在本文中： 日常惯例、例行公事
在本文中： 抓取、紧握
在本文中： 将…归类、分类
在本文中： 感官的、感觉的
在本文中： 自动化
在本文中： 调整、适应（以适应变化）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Work that involves generating, labeling, or processing data to train artificial intelligence systems.
数据劳动
Progressing gradually from one stage to the next; in a detailed and orderly sequence.
一步一步地、循序渐进地
Artificial intelligence that is integrated into physical systems, such as robots, allowing them to interact with the physical world.
实体人工智能
An event or activity that is perceived through the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste).
感官体验