EN： In news headlines, the infinitive ('to + verb') is frequently used to indicate future actions or plans instead of 'will' or 'is going to'.
中文： 在新闻标题中，常用“不定式（to + 动词原形）”来表示即将发生的未来事件或计划，省略了 be 动词或 will 以节省版面。
Government to introduce new carbon tax next month.
政府将于下个月推出新的碳税。
EN： The present participle clause (', causing...') acts as an adverbial of result, describing the inevitable consequence of the main clause action.
中文： 现在分词短语（“, causing...”）在此用作结果状语，用于补充说明主句动作带来的直接或必然结果。
Heavy rain flooded the streets, causing traffic chaos.
大雨淹没了街道，导致交通混乱。
EN： David Jones is Australia's oldest and most iconic upmarket department store, founded in 1838. In recent years, traditional department stores globally have faced intense pressure from e-commerce and specialized retailers, making store closures a major economic and cultural talking point in Australia.
中文： 大卫·琼斯创立于1838年，是澳大利亚历史最悠久且最具指标性的高级百货公司。近年来受到电商冲击与专门店竞争，传统百货业陷入困境，因此其门店大规模关闭在澳大利亚属于相当重大的财经与民生新闻。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' (set off by commas) to provide extra, non-essential information about a proper noun or specific noun. It cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定关系从句：由逗号隔开、并以关系代词「which」引导，用来为专有名词（如 David Jones）提供额外的补充信息。此类非限定从句不可使用「that」替代。
Harrods, which is a famous luxury department store in London, attracts millions of tourists every year.
伦敦著名的奢华百货公司哈洛德，每年吸引数百万名游客。
EN： The quantifier phrase 'half of + noun phrase' expresses 50% of an amount or collection. Before determiners like possessives (its), 'of' is used ('half of its stores').
中文： 数量词短语「half of + 名词词组」表示某事物或群体的一半（50%）。当后面接所有格等限定词（如 its）时，通常搭配介词 of（例如 half of its stores）。
The company decided to sell half of its shares to private investors.
该公司决定将其一半的股份出售给私人投资者。
EN： David Jones, founded in Sydney in 1838, is Australia's oldest continuously operating department store chain and one of the oldest in the world. It long represented upscale retail and prestige shopping in Australian urban life, making its major store closures and financial struggles a significant national news event.
中文： 大卫·琼斯（David Jones）于1838年在悉尼创立，是澳大利亚历史最悠久且持续运营至今的连锁百货公司，也是全球历史最悠久的百货之一。它长期代表着澳大利亚都市生活中高端精致的零售象征，因此其大规模关店与财务危机在澳大利亚引发了广泛的社会与经济关注。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle, e.g., 'had suffered') is used to describe an action that was completed before another past event ('collapsed'). It clarifies the chronological sequence of past events.
中文： 过去完成式（had + 过去分词，例如 had suffered）用来表示在过去某个事件（如 collapsed）之前就已经发生并完成的动作。它能清楚交代过去事件发生的时间先后顺序。
She had already left the office before the manager called.
在经理打电话来之前，她就已经离开办公室了。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a dependent adverbial time clause ('after it had suffered heavy losses for several years'), showing why or when the main clause event occurred.
中文： 从属连词 'after' 用于引导时间状语从句（after it had suffered heavy losses for several years），说明主句事件发生的时间点或前因。
He decided to sell the car after it had broken down three times.
在车子抛锚三次之后，他决定把它卖掉。
EN： In Australian corporate law, 'voluntary administration' is an insolvency procedure where an independent administrator takes control of a struggling company to assess whether it can be saved or should be liquidated. It is similar to Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the US.
中文： 在澳大利亚破产法中，「voluntary administration」（自愿接管程序）是指当公司面临财务困难时，由独立接管人接管业务，评估公司是否有重组转机或必须清算拍卖。这相当于美国的破产法第十一章（Chapter 11）破产保护程序。
EN： A relative clause introduced by 'that' is used here as a defining relative clause to modify the noun 'restructure'. 'That' acts as the subject of the clause, followed by the verb phrase 'will lead to'.
中文： 此处使用由「that」引导的关系从句（形容词从句），用来限定修饰先行词「restructure」（重组）。「that」在关系从句中担任主语，接续动词短语「will lead to」。
The company introduced a new policy that will improve working conditions.
该公司推出了一项将改善工作环境的新政策。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or result in a particular situation. It is followed by a noun or gerund.
中文： 动词短语「lead to」意为「导致、引起」，后面须接名词或动名词作为宾语。
Poor communication can lead to serious misunderstandings.
沟通不良可能会导致严重的误会。
EN： In corporate law (especially in Commonwealth jurisdictions like Australia and the UK), 'receivers' are independent insolvency practitioners appointed by creditors to take control of an insolvent company's assets to recover debts, often requiring severe restructuring or liquidation.
中文： 在英联邦法系（如澳洲、英国等）的商业法中，“receivers”（破产管理人／接管人）通常是由债权人指派的专业清算专家，接管陷入财务危机的企业资产以清偿债务，过程往往伴随着重组、关店或大规模裁员。
EN： Compound sentence with 'and': Two independent clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and', separated by a comma. Each clause contains its own subject and predicate.
中文： 对等连接词“and”构成的复合句：两个独立子句由对等连接词“and”连接，前方通常会加上逗号。每个子句各自具有独立的主语与谓语结构。
The company launched a new website, and customers responded very positively.
该公司推出了一个新网站，而顾客的反响非常积极。
EN： Present Perfect Passive voice ('have been told'): Formed by 'have/has + been + past participle'. It indicates an action that was received/completed prior to the present moment, emphasizing the result rather than who delivered the message.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（have been told）：结构为“have/has + been + 过去分词（p.p.）”。表示在现在之前已经承受或完成的动作，强调目前的状态或结果，而非主动执行告知的人是谁。
All passengers have been informed about the flight delay.
所有乘客均已收到班机延误的通知。
EN： David Jones is Australia's oldest and most iconic luxury department store chain, founded in 1838. In corporate communication and business journalism, the passive phrase 'have been told about the closures' reflects the legal and ethical requirement for companies to consult and inform affected workers directly before public announcements are finalized.
中文： 大卫·琼斯（David Jones）创立于 1838 年，是澳大利亚历史最悠久且最具代表性的顶级百货公司连锁品牌。在商务新闻报道中，使用「have been told about the closures（已被告知关店消息）」这种被动语态，反映出企业在面临裁员或缩编时，通常有义务在正式对外宣布前先行通知并咨询受影响员工的职场惯例。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund ('keep + V-ing') means to continue doing an action without stopping. It often expresses persistence or habitual continuity.
中文： 动词「keep」后面接动名词（keep + V-ing），表示「持续、一直做某动作」，强调该行为不间断或维持现状。
He kept working even after everyone else had left.
即使其他人都离开了，他仍继续工作。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' is used to talk about anticipated events or future predictions based on current plans or beliefs. It means 'something is anticipated to happen'.
中文： 被动结构「be expected to + 原形动词」用来表达根据目前的规划、消息或预期，某件事预计会发生，意为「预期／预计会……」。
The train is expected to arrive at noon.
火车预计将在中午抵达。
EN： In British and Australian business contexts, the verb 'trade' is standard for 'do business' or 'operate' (e.g., 'trading hours' means opening hours). In American English, 'remain open' or 'continue operating' is more commonly used.
中文： 在英国与澳洲的商务用语中，「trade」常作为「营业、开门做生意」的意思（例如「trading hours」即营业时间）。相比之下，美式英语更习惯使用「stay open」或「continue operating」。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('has struggled', 'have taken') is formed using 'have/has + past participle'. It indicates actions that began in the past and continue into or have a direct impact on the present situation.
中文： 现在完成式（has struggled、have taken）由「have/has + 过去分词」构成，在此用来表达过去发生且持续影响到现在的状态或动作结果。
Many local bookstores have closed because digital reading has become popular.
许多在地书店已经歇业，因为数字阅读已变得普及。
EN： The subordinate conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('because online shops and smaller upmarket stores have taken...'), explaining the cause behind the main clause's action.
中文： 从属连词「because」引导原因副词子句，用来解释主要子句「The company has struggled」发生的根本原因。
She stayed home because the weather was stormy.
她待在家里，因为外头暴风雨肆虐。
EN： 'Upmarket' (mainly British and Australian English, equivalent to 'upscale' in American English) describes goods, services, or shops designed for high-income customers. Traditional department stores globally have faced severe pressure from both cheap e-commerce and specialized upmarket boutiques.
中文： “Upmarket”（主要见于英式与澳式英语，美式英语常称作 upscale）指专门锁定高消费客群的高档商品或精品店。全球传统大型百货公司普遍同时面临平价电商崛起与特色高档专门店的双重夹击。
EN： The verb 'tell' takes an indirect object (someone) followed by a direct object, often in the form of a 'that'-clause: 'tell + someone + that-clause'. In reported speech, tenses often shift back (e.g., 'can' becomes 'could').
中文： 动词“tell”的句型为“tell + 间接宾语 (人) + that 从句 (直接宾语)”，用来转述某人说的话。在间接叙述（Reported Speech）中，主句若是过去式（told），从句的助动词通常也要配合时态后退（例如 can 变为 could）。
The manager told the team that they needed to improve sales.
经理告诉团队，他们需要提升销售额。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by a gerund (-ing form) or an infinitive (to + verb) with virtually no difference in meaning: 'continue doing something' or 'continue to do something'.
中文： 动词“continue”（继续）后方可接动名词（V-ing）或不定词（to V），两者语义几乎相同：“continue doing sth”或“continue to do sth”。
Despite the storm, they continued working on the project.
尽管有暴风雨，他们仍继续进行该专案。
EN： In corporate crisis communications, especially regarding insolvency or administration, leaders often reassure or inform 'suppliers' early on. Maintaining clear communication with suppliers is critical because suppliers supply the goods on credit and risk severe financial losses if the retailer fails.
中文： 在企业面临破产或重组危机时，向「供应商（suppliers）」发布说明是极具关键性的公关与营运步骤。零售业极度依赖供应商提供赊销货品，若缺乏沟通可能导致供应商立即断货，加速企业倒闭。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： （公司或體系）倒閉、崩潰
在本文中： 破產管理人，接管人
在本文中： 緊急的，迫切的
在本文中： 重組，改組
在本文中： 停業，倒閉，關閉
在本文中： 艱難奮鬥，掙扎求存
在本文中： 高檔的，高級的
在本文中： 供應商，供貨商
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A process where an insolvent company places itself in the hands of an independent administrator to assess all options.
自愿接管，自愿托管
The situation in which people lose their jobs, typically as a result of company cutbacks or closures.
失业，裁员
Large amounts of money lost by a business over a period of time.
严重亏损，巨额损失
A large retail store selling a wide variety of goods organized into separate departments.
百货公司