EN： Non-defining relative clauses (set off by commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. The relative pronoun 'which' refers back to 'David Jones'. Removing this clause still leaves a grammatically complete sentence.
中文： 非限定关系子句（前后用逗号隔开）用来提供名词的补充说明，省略后句子结构依然完整。这里的关系代词 'which' 代替先行词「大卫琼斯」。
Harrods, which is a famous luxury department store in London, attracts millions of visitors each year.
哈洛德百货是伦敦著名的高级百货公司，每年吸引数百万名游客。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has gone') is formed with 'have/has' + past participle. Here, it connects a recent past event to the present moment, especially when combined with a current time frame like 'this week'.
中文： 现在完成时由「have/has + 过去分词」构成。在此处用来描述刚发生且与现状相关的事件，并搭配尚未结束的时间副词「this week（本周）」。
The tech company has entered liquidation this month.
这家科技公司已于这个月进入清算程序。
EN： In Australian commercial law, 'voluntary administration' is an insolvency procedure where an independent administrator takes control of a struggling company to evaluate whether it can be restructured, sold, or liquidated. It is similar to Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization in the United States.
中文： 在澳大利亚商法中，「自愿托管」（voluntary administration）是一种破产重组程序。公司董事在无力偿债时主动任命独立破产托管人，评估公司是否能重组重整、整体出售或最终清算。这类似于美国的破产法第十一章（Chapter 11）重组保护。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has been', 'has lost') is used here to describe an ongoing state or action that started in the past and continues into the present, especially when combined with time expressions like 'for many years'.
中文： 现在完成时（has been, has lost）在此用来描述从过去开始并持续到现在的状态或动作，特别常与「for + 一段时间」（如 for many years）搭配使用。
The company has faced severe challenges for several months.
这家公司几个月来一直面临严峻的挑战。
EN： Compound adjectives with hyphens: When numbers and nouns function together as an adjective before a noun, hyphens are used and the noun remains singular (e.g., '188-year-old', not '188-years-old').
中文： 连字号复合形容词：当数字与名词组合置于名词前做修饰时，需用连字号连接且名词保持单数形式（例如「188-year-old」，而非「188-years-old」）。
They bought a 50-year-old historic house in the city.
他们在城里买下了一栋有50年历史的老房子。
EN： Founded in 1838, David Jones is one of the world's oldest continuously operating department stores. In Australian retail culture, it represents a traditional upscale shopping experience, making its financial collapse a major national news event.
中文： 大卫·琼斯创立于1838年，是全球运营历史最悠久的百货公司之一。在澳大利亚零售文化中，它象征着传统的高端购物体验，因此其陷入财务危机成为震撼全澳的重大新闻焦点。
EN： The phrasal verb 'fall behind on (something)' means to fail to keep up with a schedule or make payments on time. 'Rent' is the noun object of the preposition 'on'.
中文： 短语动词“fall behind on (something)”表示“在……方面落后、拖欠（款项）”，此处接名词 rent 作为介词 on 的宾语。
He fell behind on his mortgage payments after losing his job.
失业后，他的房贷缴款便拖欠了。
EN： The phrase 'the owner of Westfield' functions as an appositive (同位語), set off by commas, giving extra explanatory information about the preceding noun phrase 'its main landlord'.
中文： “the owner of Westfield”作为“同位语（appositive）”，前后用逗号隔开，用来补充说明前面的名词短语“its main landlord（其主要房东）”。
Mr. Davis, the principal of the school, gave an inspiring speech.
该校校长戴维斯先生发表了鼓舞人心的演讲。
EN： Westfield is a major shopping centre operator founded in Australia, well-known globally. In Australia, large department stores like David Jones often serve as anchor tenants in Westfield malls, making Westfield their primary commercial landlord.
中文： 西田（Westfield）是源自澳大利亚的知名大型购物中心运营商。在澳大利亚，像大卫·琼斯这样的大型百货通常是西田购物商场的「主力店（anchor tenant）」，因此西田集团也是其最关键的商业房东。
EN： The structure 'is being + past participle' forms the Present Continuous Passive. It describes an action currently in progress being done to the subject by an external agent (introduced by 'by').
中文： 「is/am/are being + 过去分词」构成「现在进行时的被动语态」，用来表示某个动作此时此刻「正在被进行」。此句中 'is being run by' 表示业务目前正由他人营运管理。
The historic building is being renovated by the local government.
这座历史建筑目前正由当地政府进行整修。
EN： 'While' acts as a coordinating subordinating conjunction used to contrast two parallel situations or events happening at the same time, similar to 'whereas'.
中文： 连接词 'while' 可用来对比两个同时发生的情况或动作，相当于「然而」或「而」，强调两者之间的对比关系。
Some employees prefer working from home, while others enjoy the office environment.
有些员工偏好居家办公，而其他人则喜欢办公室的环境。
EN： In Australian corporate insolvency law, 'receivers' (appointed by secured creditors to safeguard their assets) and 'administrators' (independent practitioners appointed during voluntary administration to restructure or sell the company) have distinct legal functions, though both step in when a company is in distress.
中文： 在澳洲破产与重组法规中，「接管人」（receivers）通常由有担保的债权人指派，主要任务是确保并回收资产；而「破产管理人」（administrators）则是在公司自愿托管期间指派，专注于重整企业或寻找整体买家。两者法律职责不同，常在大型破产重组案中并行。
EN： Reported speech with backshift: When introducing past reporting verbs like 'said', the modal verb 'will' shifts back to 'would' in the subordinate 'that' clause to maintain tense harmony.
中文： 间接引语与时态呼应：当主句使用过去式报告动词（如 said）时，that 引导的名词子句中的助动词 will 通常会退回过去式 would，以保持全句时态一致。
The manager said that we would start the project next Monday.
经理表示我们将在下周一正式开始进行该专案。
EN： Apposition (Appositive noun phrase): 'Christopher Hill' is an appositive renaming and identifying the noun 'receiver', set off by commas to add non-essential descriptive detail.
中文： 同位语（Appositive）：专有名词「克里斯多福·希尔」作为名词 receiver 的同位语，用逗号隔开以补充说明该接管人的具体身分。
My colleague, David Chen, organized the entire event.
我的同事陈大卫策划了整场活动。
EN： In corporate finance and insolvency under Australian law, a 'receiver' is an independent practitioner appointed by secured creditors to take control of specific charged assets, distinct from 'administrators' who oversee the entire business turnaround or liquidation.
中文： 在澳洲公司法与破产程序中，「receiver（接管人／破产管理人）」是由有担保债权人指定接管受押资产的专业人员，与负责整间公司自愿重整或清算的「administrator」职责有所不同。
EN： The reporting verb 'expect' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as a noun clause (direct object) to express a prediction or anticipated event.
中文： 动词「expect」（预期、预计）后接由「that」引导的名词子句作为受词，用来表达对未来的预测或推想。
Analysts expect that housing prices will decrease next year.
分析师预计明年的房价将会下跌。
EN： The structure 'will be + past participle' forms the future simple passive voice, indicating an action that will be performed on the subject by an unspecified agent.
中文： 结构「will be + 过去分词」构成「未来简单式的被动语态」，表示主词在未来将会受到某个动作的影响（动作执行者通常省略）。
The final decision will be announced tomorrow.
最终决定将于明天公布。
EN： In Australian geography and urban planning, 'regional areas' refers to towns and regions outside major capital cities (like Sydney or Melbourne), while 'outer suburbs' refers to residential areas on the distant outskirts of these metropolises. When department stores cut costs, these non-central locations are typically the first to face closures due to lower foot traffic.
中文： 在澳洲的地理与城市规划概念中，「regional areas」（偏远／地方区域）指各大首府（如悉尼、墨尔本）以外的城镇或乡村，而「outer suburbs」（外郊）则是都市最外围的住宅区。当大型百货公司面临营运重整时，这些远离精华商圈且人流较少的门店通常会最先面临关闭。
EN： The conjunction 'Because' introduces a subordinate clause of cause and effect (adverbial clause). When the adverbial clause comes before the main clause, a comma is placed between them.
中文： 从属连词「Because」（因为）引导原因状语从句。当状语从句置于主句之前时，两者之间通常需用逗号隔开。
Because the company expanded too quickly, it faced serious cash flow problems.
因为该公司扩张过快，它面临了严重的现金流问题。
EN： The idiom 'at risk' functions as a prepositional phrase meaning 'in danger of being lost, harmed, or destroyed'. It often follows linking verbs like 'be'.
中文： 短语「at risk」为介词短语，意思是「处于危险之中、面临风险」，常置于系动词（如 be 动词）之后作主语补语。
Without immediate financial support, hundreds of small businesses are at risk.
若无立即的财务支援，数百家小型企业将面临倒闭风险。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 高級的；高端的，針對高收入客群的
在本文中： 零售商；零售業店鋪
在本文中： 房東；地主（此指商場場地出租者）
在本文中： 破產接管人；破產財產託管人
在本文中： 破產管理人；行政清盤人
在本文中： 郊區；城郊住宅區
在本文中： 偏遠地區的；鄉鎮地區的（相對於都會區）
在本文中： 僱用；聘用
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A formal process where an insolvent company places itself in the hands of an independent administrator to assess future options.
自愿托管；自愿清盘程序
To fail to keep up a schedule or make payments on time.
拖欠（款项）；落后于（进度）
To fail or collapse, especially in negotiations or relationships.
（谈判、关系）破裂；失败
In a dangerous situation or vulnerable to loss, harm, or damage.
面临危险；处于险境中