EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has drawn') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present.
中文： 现在完成式（has drawn）用于描述过去某个未明确说明的时间点所发生的动作，且该动作与现在有直接的关系或影响。
The new space program has attracted many young scientists.
这项新的太空计划已经吸引了许多年轻的科学家。
EN： The Relative Clause ('that are planned for the Moon') is introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the preceding noun phrase 'the growing number of missions'.
中文： 关系子句（that are planned for the Moon）由关系代词「that」引导，用来修饰前面的名词短语「the growing number of missions」（日益增加的任务数量）。
These are the technologies that are needed for Mars exploration.
这些是探索火星所需要的技术。
EN： International Moon Day is celebrated on July 20th to commemorate the anniversary of the first human landing on the Moon by Apollo 11 in 1969. It was officially declared by the United Nations General Assembly to raise public awareness about sustainable lunar exploration.
中文： 国际月球日于每年的 7 月 20 日庆祝，以纪念 1969 年阿波罗 11 号实现人类首次登陆月球的历史性时刻。此节日由联合国大会正式宣布设立，旨在提高公众对可持续性月球探测的认识。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have/has been + V-ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时（have/has been + 现在分词）：此时态用于描述一个从过去开始、至今仍在进行的动作，强调该活动的持续性与未完结性。
Scientists have been studying the effects of climate change for decades.
科学家们数十年来一直在研究气候变迁的影响。
EN： Infinitive of Purpose (to + verb): The infinitive form 'to explore' is used here to express the purpose or reason why countries are developing new technologies.
中文： 不定词表目的（to + 动词原形）：此处的不定词「to explore」用来表示各国开发新技术的目的或原因（为了探索）。
She saved money to buy a new computer.
她存钱是为了买一部新电脑。
EN： The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to single out one member from a group that shares a common, extreme characteristic. It is important to remember that the noun following 'one of the' must be plural (e.g., 'missions'), but the verb that agrees with 'one' must be singular (e.g., 'is').
中文： 「One of the + 最高级形容词 + 复数名词」的结构用于从具有共同极端特征的群体中挑选出其中一个。需要特别注意的是，紧跟在「one of the」后面的名词必须是复数形式（例如「missions」），但与「one」一致的动词必须是单数形式（例如「is」）。
One of the most popular tourist destinations in Asia is Japan.
亚洲最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一是日本。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' (preceded by a comma) to provide extra, non-essential information about the noun before it ('China's Chang'e-7'). If you remove this clause, the main sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限制性关系从句由「which」（前面有逗号）引导，用来对前面的名词（「中国的嫦娥七号」）提供额外的、非必要的补充说明。如果删除这个从句，主句的意思依然完整。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with the adverb 'already' to emphasize that an action has been completed prior to the present moment, and its result is relevant now.
中文： 现在完成式（have/has + 过去分词）在此与副词「already」（已经）连用，用以强调某个动作在现在之前的某个时间点已经完成，且其结果与现在相关。
The team has already completed the safety checks for the new satellite.
团队已经完成了新卫星的安全检查。
EN： Compound Nouns and Noun Adjuncts: In English, nouns can modify other nouns (e.g., 'carrier rocket', 'launch site'). The first noun acts like an adjective to describe the type or purpose of the second noun.
中文： 复合名词与名词修饰语：在英文中，名词可以用来修饰另一个名词（例如「carrier rocket」运载火箭、「launch site」发射场）。第一个名词的作用类似形容词，用来描述第二个名词的类型或用途。
The space agency is building a new control center.
该太空机构正在建造一个新的控制中心。
EN： Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site, located in Hainan Province, is China's southernmost spaceport. Unlike older inland launch sites, its coastal location allows for the transport of large rocket components (like the Long March-5) by sea, and launching over the ocean provides safety benefits.
中文： 位于海南省的文昌航天发射场是中国最南端的航天发射场。与较旧的内陆发射场不同，其沿海位置允许通过海运运输大型火箭组件（如长征五号），且朝向海洋发射具有更高的安全优势。
EN： Present Continuous Tense (be + V-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently in progress at the moment of speaking. 'Are working' indicates that the engineering work is happening right now.
中文： 现在进行式（be 动词 + 现在分词）在此用于描述说话当下正在进行的动作。「are working」表示工程师们目前正在进行这项工作。
The scientists are conducting an experiment in the laboratory now.
科学家们现在正在实验室里进行一项实验。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'work on' means to spend time and effort improving, building, or repairing something. It is commonly followed by a noun or a gerund.
中文： 介系词片语「work on」意为「致力于、从事于」某事的改善、建造或修复。后面通常接名词或动名词。
She is working on a new book about space exploration.
她正在撰写一本关于太空探索的新书。
EN： The comparative structure 'closer than ever to + gerund/noun' is used to show that the current state has reached a historical peak. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it must be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) like 'understanding' rather than an infinitive.
中文： 比较级结构「closer than ever to + 动名词/名词」用于表示目前的状态达到了历史之最。请注意，这里的「to」是介词，因此后面必须接动名词（动词-ing，如 understanding），而非不定词。
With the new technology, we are closer than ever to finding a cure.
有了这项新技术，我们比以往任何时候都更接近找到治疗方法。
EN： Apposition (Noun Phrase in Apposition): 'a senior space scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' is an appositive phrase that provides extra information about the noun phrase 'Doctor Li Wei'. It is separated by commas.
中文： 同位语（名词短语同位语）：「a senior space scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences」是一个同位语短语，用来提供关于名词短语「李伟博士」的额外信息，前后用逗号隔开。
Mr. Green, a talented local artist, designed the new community park.
格林先生是一位才华横溢的当地艺术家，他设计了新的社区公园。
EN： The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the world's largest research organization and plays a leading role in China's space exploration programs, including the Chang'e lunar missions. In scientific news reporting, it is common to introduce a scientist's full title and affiliation to establish authority and credibility.
中文： 中国科学院（CAS）是全球最大的研究机构，在中国的太空探索计划（包括嫦娥月球探测任务）中扮演主导角色。在科学新闻报道中，通常会介绍科学家的完整职称与所属机构，以建立权威性与公信力。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by a comma, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前通常加上逗号，且不能用 'that' 来代替 'which'。
The new space telescope, which cost billions of dollars, has sent back its first images.
这台耗资数十亿美元的新太空望远镜已经传回了它的首批影像。
EN： The passive voice structure 'is considered' (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performs it. It is often followed by a noun phrase or adjective phrase.
中文： 被动语态结构「is considered」（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于将焦点放在动作本身或接受动作的对象，而非执行动作的人。其后常接名词短语或形容词短语作为补语。
The project is considered a major breakthrough in renewable energy.
该项目被认为是可再生能源领域的一大突破。
EN： The Moon's south pole is a major focus of 21st-century space exploration. It is highly valued because scientists believe its permanently shadowed craters contain water ice, which could be vital for sustaining future human bases and producing rocket fuel.
中文： 月球南极是21世纪太空探索的重中之重。该区域极具价值，因为科学家相信其永久阴影区的陨石坑中存在水冰，这对于维持未来人类基地与制造火箭燃料至关重要。
EN： The simple future tense with 'will' is used to express future actions, decisions, or predictions. It is formed by 'will' followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive).
中文： 使用“will”的简单将来时（Simple Future Tense）用于表达未来的行为、决定或预测。其结构为“will”后接动词原形。
The scientists will analyze the lunar soil samples next week.
科学家们下周将分析月球土壤样本。
EN： The verb 'conduct' is a formal transitive verb meaning to organize and perform a particular activity, such as a survey, experiment, or investigation.
中文： 动词“conduct”（进行/实施）是一个正式的及物动词，意指组织并执行某项特定的活动，例如调查、实验或研究。
The research team will conduct a series of tests on the new equipment.
研究团队将对新设备进行一系列测试。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause (also called an adjective clause) to modify the noun phrase 'water ice'. It acts as the subject of the relative clause, followed by the modal verb 'may' and the main verb 'exist'.
中文： 关系代词「that」引导一个限定修饰的关系从句（又称形容词从句），用来修饰名词短语「water ice」（水冰）。在此从句中，「that」充当主语，后面接情态助动词「may」与主要动词「exist」。
The telescope detected a planet that may support human life.
这架望远镜探测到一颗可能维持人类生命的行星。
EN： The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a present or future state. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('exist').
中文： 情态助动词「may」用于表示对现在或未来状态的可能性或不确定性。其后须接动词原形（在此为「exist」）。
There are dark clouds in the sky, so it may rain later.
天空中有乌云，所以待会儿可能会下雨。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun.
中文： 动名词当主语：动名词（动词 + -ing）可以当作名词使用，并在句子中担任主语。在语法上被视为单数名词。
Learning a new language opens up many career opportunities.
学习一门新语言会开启许多职涯机会。
EN： Conditional 'Would' for Hypothetical Situations: 'Would' is used here to express a hypothetical or future possibility that depends on a condition (finding water).
中文： 表示假设情况的助动词「Would」：此处使用「would」来表示一种假设或未来的可能性，该可能性取决于某个前提条件（即发现水）。
Living on Mars would be very challenging for humans.
居住在火星上对人类来说将会非常具有挑战性。
EN： The term 'lunar surface' is preferred in scientific and formal contexts over 'the surface of the Moon' as 'lunar' (derived from the Latin word for moon, 'Luna') is the standard scientific adjective for things relating to the Moon.
中文： 在科学和正式语境中，人们更倾向于使用「lunar surface」而非「the surface of the Moon」。「lunar」（源自拉丁语中代表月亮的词「Luna」）是与月球相关事物的标准科学形容词。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'In addition to' is used to mean 'besides' or 'as well as'. It must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or a gerund (verb-ing). In this sentence, it is followed by the gerund 'searching'.
中文： 介词短语「In addition to」意为「除了……之外（还）」。后面必须接名词、代词或动名词（V-ing）。在本句中，它后面接的是动名词「searching」。
In addition to learning English, she also studies Spanish.
除了学习英文之外，她也学习西班牙文。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples that illustrate a category. It is followed by nouns or noun phrases (here, 'precision landing' and 'hopping exploration').
中文： 短语「such as」用于引入具体例子来解释说明某个类别。后面接名词或名词短语（在此处为「precision landing」和「hopping exploration」）。
The museum has many historical artifacts, such as ancient coins and weapons.
这间博物馆有许多历史文物，例如古代钱币和武器。
EN： Present Continuous Passive (am/is/are + being + past participle) is used to describe an action that is currently in progress, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 现在进行时的被动语态（am/is/are + being + 过去分词）用于描述目前正在进行的动作，强调动作的承受者而非执行者。
New renewable energy systems are being developed to reduce carbon emissions.
新型再生能源系统正在被研发，以减少碳排放。
EN： The infinitive of purpose (to + verb) is used to express the reason or purpose for doing something. In this sentence, 'to help...' explains why the technologies are being developed.
中文： 不定词表示目的（to + 动词原形）用于表达做某事的原因或目的。在本句中，「to help...」解释了研发这些技术的目的。
She saved money to buy a new laptop for college.
她存钱是为了买一台上大学用的新笔记本电脑。
EN： First Conditional (Conditional Type 1): Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + present simple, will + infinitive'. It expresses a real possibility.
中文： 第一类条件句（真实条件句）：用于描述未来可能发生的真实情况。结构为“If + 现在简单式，will + 原形动词”，表示极有可能实现的结果。
If we complete the project on time, we will receive the funding.
如果我们按时完成这个项目，我们将会获得资金。
EN： Appositive (Noun Phrase in Apposition): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'a rocket engineer' explains the identity of 'Professor Zhang Ming'.
中文： 同位语（名词短语同位语）：紧跟在另一个名词后面，用以解释或补充说明该名词。在此处，“a rocket engineer（火箭工程师）”用来补充说明“Professor Zhang Ming（张明教授）”的身份。
EN： In English news reporting, it is common to place the reporting verb (e.g., 'explained', 'said') before the subject (e.g., 'Professor Zhang Ming') when it follows a direct quote. Additionally, professional titles and affiliations are often appended as appositives (e.g., ', a rocket engineer') to establish the speaker's authority and credibility immediately.
中文： 在英文新闻报道中，当直接引语放在句首时，后续的说话动词（如 'explained'、'said'）常会倒装至主词（如 'Professor Zhang Ming'）之前。此外，报道中常会以同位语（如 ', a rocket engineer'）的形式紧跟在人名后，用以说明其专业头衔，从而迅速建立说话者的权威性与可信度。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice ('has been' + past participle): This structure is used to describe an action that started in the past and has relevance to the present, focusing on the receiver of the action (the Chang'e-7 mission) rather than the doer.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态（has been + 过去分词）：此结构用于描述一个始于过去且与现在相关的动作，其焦点在于动作的承受者（嫦娥七号任务），而非动作的执行者。
The project has been described as a major breakthrough by scientists.
该项目已被科学家们描述为一项重大突破。
EN： Infinitive Phrase as an Adjective ('to build...'): The infinitive 'to build' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'plan', explaining the purpose or content of the plan.
中文： 不定词片语作形容词修饰（to build...）：不定词「to build」在此作为形容词修饰名词「plan」（计划），用以说明该计划的目的或具体内容。
She has a plan to study abroad next year.
她有一个明年出国留学的计划。
EN： The 'Chang'e' missions are named after the Chinese goddess of the Moon, reflecting a cultural connection between traditional mythology and modern space exploration. The goal of building a joint International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) is a major focus of China's space program in collaboration with other nations.
中文： 「嫦娥」系列任务是以中国神话中的月亮女神命名的，体现了传统神话与现代太空探索之间的文化联系。建造国际月球科研站（ILRS）是中国与其他国家合作的航天计划之重点项目。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： （太空）任务，特定目标的行
在本文中： 探索，勘探
在本文中： 组装，装配
在本文中： 进行，实施（调查、实验等）
在本文中： 永久地，终年地
在本文中： 精准的，精确的
在本文中： 掌握，精通（技术或知识）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The outer ground or crust of the Moon.
月球表面
To make people notice or think about something.
引起对……的注意或关注
To make it possible for something to happen or exist; to create opportunities.
为……打开大门；为……创造机会
Water in its solid state, especially on other planets or moons, to distinguish it from other frozen gases.
水冰