EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened in the recent past, where the exact time is not specified, but the result is important to the present situation.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述在最近过去发生、且未指定确切时间的动作，其结果对目前的情况具有重要影响。
The company has invested millions in renewable energy.
该公司已在可再生能源上投资了数百万美元。
EN： The infinitive 'to avoid' is used as an infinitive of purpose, which explains 'why' the grid operator paid the money. It is equivalent to 'in order to avoid'.
中文： 不定式「to avoid」（为了避免）在此作为目的状语，用来解释电网运营商为何付钱。这相当于「in order to avoid」。
She woke up early to catch the first train.
她提早起床是为了赶上第一班火车。
EN： In the UK, the electricity grid is managed by private and government-regulated bodies. During extreme weather events (like heatwaves or extreme cold), the grid operator must sometimes buy emergency power from neighboring European countries (via undersea cables called interconnectors) at very high prices to prevent blackouts.
中文： 在英國，電網是由私營且受政府監管的機構營運。在極端天氣事件（如熱浪或嚴寒）期間，電網營運商有時必須以極高價格向鄰近的歐洲國家（透過稱為海底聯絡線的電纜）購買緊急電力，以防止停電。
EN： The past participle phrase 'known as...' is used as a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'which is known as...') to provide additional information about the noun preceding it.
中文： 过去分词短语「known as...」（被称为...）用作简化关系从句（由「which is known as...」简化而来），用来对前面的名词提供补充说明。
The local charity, known as Hope, helps homeless people.
这个名为「希望」的当地慈善机构帮助无家可归的人。
EN： The past continuous tense ('was putting') is used to describe an ongoing action or state that was happening at a specific time in the past, often providing background context for another past event.
中文： 过去进行时（was putting）用于描述在过去特定时间点正在发生的持续动作或状态，通常用来为另一个过去事件提供背景。
The company was facing financial difficulties when the new CEO took over.
当新任首席执行官接管时，该公司正面临财务困难。
EN： The National Energy System Operator (Neso) is an independent body responsible for ensuring that Great Britain's electricity and gas systems run safely and reliably. Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, increasingly challenge modern power grids globally due to the sudden surge in air conditioning use.
中文： 國家電力系統營運商（Neso）是一個獨立機構，負責確保大不列顛的電力和天然氣系統安全可靠地運行。隨著全球氣候變遷，極端天氣事件（如熱浪）因冷氣空調使用量驟增，正日益對現代電網構成嚴峻挑戰。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense ('have been turning on') is used to describe an action that started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, often emphasizing the ongoing nature or duration of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时（have been turning on）用于描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在的动作，通常用来强调该活动的持续性或时间长度。
They have been working on the project all morning.
他们整个上午都在忙这个项目。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used to add extra information about the entire preceding clause rather than just the noun before it. It takes a singular verb ('has increased') because it refers to the whole situation.
中文： 由「, which」引导的非限定性关系从句，用于对前面整个从句所描述的情况（而非仅仅是紧邻的名词）进行补充说明。因为它指的是整个情况，所以后接单数动词（has increased）。
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.
他通过了考试，这让他父母非常高兴。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause (relative clause) modifying the noun 'notice'. In this sentence, 'that' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'that asked power generators...'.
中文： 关系代词「that」引导一个形容词性从句（关系从句），用来修饰名词「notice」（通知）。在此句中，「that」在关系从句「that asked power generators...」中充当主语。
The company released a report that detailed the financial losses.
该公司发布了一份详细说明财务损失的报告。
EN： The verb 'ask' is used in the pattern 'ask someone to do something', which means to request or direct someone to perform an action.
中文： 动词「ask」在此处使用「ask someone to do something」（要求某人做某事）的句型，表示请求或指示某人执行某个动作。
The manager asked the employees to submit their reports by Friday.
经理要求员工在周五前提交报告。
EN： Neso (National Energy System Operator) is the independent body responsible for ensuring that Great Britain's electricity and gas systems run safely and reliably. In extreme weather conditions, such as severe heatwaves or cold snaps, grid operators across Europe often collaborate to balance power loads by importing or exporting electricity through undersea interconnectors.
中文： Neso（國家電力系統營運商）是一個獨立機構，負責確保大不列顛的電力和天然氣系統安全可靠地運行。在極端氣候條件下（如嚴重熱浪或寒流），歐洲各地的電網營運商通常會透過海底聯絡線進口或出口電力，以協助彼此平衡電力負載。
EN： The verb 'agree' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to express consent or a decision to perform an action. This is a common pattern for verbs expressing plans, decisions, or promises.
中文： 动词「agree」（同意）后面接不定式（to + 动词原形），用来表示同意或决定执行某个动作。这是表示计划、决定或承诺的动词的常见句型。
They agreed to sign the contract tomorrow.
他们同意明天签署合同。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate exchange, specifically the price paid in return for a service or commodity (imported electricity).
中文： 介词「for」在此处用于表示交换，特别是为了换取某种服务或商品（进口电力）所支付的价格或代价。
She bought the book for ten dollars.
她花了十美元买那本书。
EN： The mention of paying high prices for imported electricity from Europe highlights the interconnected nature of the European energy grid. Great Britain (via undersea interconnectors) can trade electricity with neighboring European countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands to balance supply and demand during peak times.
中文： 提及向歐洲支付高昂價格購買進口電力，凸顯了歐洲能源電網相互連結的特性。大不列顛（透過海底聯絡線）能與法國、比利時和荷蘭等鄰近歐洲國家進行電力交易，以便在用電尖峰時期平衡供需。
EN： To express how many times one thing is greater than another, use the pattern: '[number] times + comparative adjective (e.g., higher/larger) + than'. 'Nearly' can be added before the number to mean 'almost'.
中文： 要表达一个事物是另一个事物的几倍时，可以使用「[数字] times + 比较级形容词（如 higher/larger）+ than」的句型。在数字前加上「nearly」表示「几乎、接近」。
The new model is three times faster than the old one.
新机型比旧机型快了三倍。
EN： The word 'nearly' is an adverb of degree used to modify numbers or quantities, meaning 'almost' or 'not quite but very close to'.
中文： 「nearly」是一个程度副词，用来修饰数量或数字，意思是「几乎」或「接近（但还差一点）」。
It took nearly two hours to finish the test.
花了几乎两个小时才完成这项测试。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. In this sentence, 'was cancelled' and 'had been secured' are both passive constructions because the focus is on the warning and the power, not who cancelled or secured them.
中文： 被动语态（be + 过去分词）用于当焦点放在动作本身或动作的接受者，而非执行者时。在本句中，「was cancelled」（被取消）和「had been secured」（已被确保）皆为被动结构，因为重点在于「警告」和「电力」，而非是谁取消或确保了它们。
The meeting was postponed because the manager was ill.
会议因为经理生病而延期了。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used to show that an action was completed before another action in the past. Here, 'had been secured' happened before the warning 'was cancelled'.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于表示某个动作在过去另一个动作发生之前就已经完成。在此处，「had been secured」（已被确保）发生在警告「was cancelled」（被取消）之前。
The train had already left when we arrived at the station.
当我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。
EN： The conjunction 'both... and...' is used to emphasize that two different things, people, or concepts are included in a statement. It connects two grammatically equal elements (in this case, two proper nouns acting as objects).
中文： 连词「both... and...」（两者都...；既...又...）用于强调陈述中同时包含两个不同的事物、人或概念。它连接两个语法上对等的元素（在此句中为两个作为宾语的专有名词）。
The new policy will affect both local businesses and international companies.
新政策将同时影响本地企业和国际公司。
EN： The past continuous tense (were affecting) is used here to describe an ongoing action or state that was happening around a specific time in the past, often serving as the background context for another event.
中文： 过去进行时（were affecting）在此用于描述在过去某个特定时间点正在发生且持续进行的动作或状态，通常作为另一个事件的背景。
EN： The term 'European continent' (or mainland Europe) is often used in Great Britain to distinguish the continental landmass from the British Isles. This distinction is common in British English, reflecting both geographical and cultural perspectives.
中文： 在大不列顛，「European continent」（歐洲大陸，或稱歐洲本土）一詞常用於區分歐洲大陸與不列顛群島。這種區分在英式英語中非常常見，反映了地理與文化上的雙重觀點。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had reduced') is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past. In this sentence, the reduction of electricity happened before the spokesperson made the statement (which is in the simple past 'said').
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词，如 'had reduced'）用于描述在过去某个动作或时间点之前已经完成的动作。在本句中，电量的减少发生在发言人发表声明（过去式 'said'）之前。
The train had already left when we arrived at the station.
当我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。
EN： Reduced Relative Clauses with Past Participles: 'produced by wind farms' is a reduced relative clause modifying 'electricity'. It is shortened from 'which was produced by wind farms'. The past participle 'produced' has a passive meaning.
中文： 过去分词引导的简化关系从句：'produced by wind farms'（由风力发电厂所产生）是一个简化关系从句，用来修饰名词 'electricity'（电量）。它是由 'which was produced by wind farms' 简化而来，其中的过去分词 'produced' 具有被动意义。
The books written by this author are very popular.
这位作家写的书（被这位作家所写的书）非常受欢迎。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the direct object of reporting verbs like 'state', 'say', or 'believe'. The conjunction 'that' can often be omitted in informal contexts, but is usually retained in formal writing.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词性从句，在「state」（表示）、「say」（说）或「believe」（相信）等转述动词后充当直接宾语。在非正式语中，「that」常可省略，但在正式写作中通常保留。
The spokesperson stated that the project was completed on time.
发言人表示该项目已按时完成。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at risk' is an idiomatic expression meaning 'in a situation where something bad or harmful could happen'. It is commonly used after the verb 'to be'.
中文： 介词短语「at risk」是一个惯用语，意思是「处于可能发生坏事或受害的危险处境中」。它常用在 be 动词之后。
Without immediate action, many species will be at risk of extinction.
若不立即采取行动，许多物种将面临灭绝的风险。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to issue a warning' acts as an adjective (adjectival infinitive) modifying the noun 'decision'. It explains what kind of decision is being referred to.
中文： 不定式短语「to issue a warning」在此用作形容词（形容词性不定式），修饰名词「decision」（决定），说明是什么样的决定。
His decision to study abroad surprised everyone.
他出国留学的决定让每个人都感到惊讶。
EN： The verb 'mean' is followed by a noun clause starting with the conjunction 'that' (which can be omitted in informal contexts). This clause functions as the direct object of the verb 'mean' and contains its own subject and verb.
中文： 动词「mean」（意味着）后面接由连接词「that」引导的名词性从句（在非正式语境中可省略）。该从句作为动词「mean」的直接宾语，其内部有自己的主语和谓语。
The dark clouds mean that it is going to rain.
乌云意味着快要下雨了。
EN： The Present Simple tense is used here to describe a permanent fact or state. Since the subject 'Neso' is a singular proper noun (third-person singular), the verb 'manage' takes the suffix '-es' to become 'manages'.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时（Present Simple）来描述一个永久的事实或状态。由于主语「Neso」是单数专有名词（第三人称单数），因此动词「manage」加上词尾「-es」成为「manages」。
The company operates several factories in Europe.
这家公司在欧洲运营着几家工厂。
EN： The Oxford comma (also known as the serial comma) is the comma placed immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually 'and' or 'or') in a list of three or more items. In 'England, Scotland, and Wales', the comma after 'Scotland' is the Oxford comma, which helps prevent ambiguity.
中文： 牛津逗号（Oxford comma，也称序列逗号）是指在三个或更多项目的列表中，紧接在并列连词（通常是「and」或「or」）之前的逗号。在「England, Scotland, and Wales」中，「Scotland」后面的逗号就是牛津逗号，有助于避免歧义。
She bought apples, bananas, and oranges.
她买了苹果、香蕉和橙子。
EN： Great Britain consists of three countries: England, Scotland, and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) includes these three plus Northern Ireland. Neso manages the electricity and gas networks for Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales), but not Northern Ireland, which operates on a different grid system shared with the Republic of Ireland.
中文： 大不列顛（Great Britain）由三個國家組成：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾斯。而英國（UK）則包括這三者加上北愛爾蘭。Neso 管理大不列顛（英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾斯）的電力與天然氣網路，但不包括北愛爾蘭，因為北愛爾蘭與愛爾蘭共和國共用另一個不同的電網系統。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had warned') is used to show that an action was completed before another past action or a specific time in the past (in this case, before the events of Wednesday).
中文： 过去完成时（had warned）用于表示某个动作在过去的另一个动作或特定时间（在此指周三的事件）之前就已经完成。
By the time the meeting started, the manager had already sent the report.
在会议开始之前，经理就已经寄出报告了。
EN： Future in the Past ('would need') is used to describe an action that was in the future when viewed from a point in the past. It uses 'would' instead of 'will'.
中文： 过去将来时（would need）用于从过去的某个时间点来看未来将要发生的动作。此时会使用 would 代替 will。
She promised that she would call me the next day.
她答应她第二天会打电话给我。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Without + noun' is used here to express a conditional idea, equivalent to 'If there were not...' or 'If we didn't have...'. It sets up a hypothetical condition in the present or future.
中文： 介词短语「Without + 名词」在此处用于表达条件，相当于「If there were not...」（如果没有...）。它为现在或未来设定了一个假设的前提。
Without your help, we would not finish the project on time.
如果没有你的帮助，我们就无法按时完成这个项目。
EN： The structure 'would + not + be' is used in the main clause of a conditional sentence (Second Conditional) to describe an unlikely or hypothetical situation in the present or future.
中文： 「would + not + be」结构用于条件句（第二类条件句）的主句中，用来描述现在或未来不太可能发生或假设性的情况。
If it rained tomorrow, the game would not be held outdoors.
如果明天下雨，比赛就不会在户外举行。
EN： The gerund ('securing') is used here as the object of the preposition 'of'. A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun, allowing us to express an action as a concept or activity.
中文： 动名词（在此为 'securing'）在此用作介词 'of' 的宾语。动名词是动词的 '-ing' 形式，其功能相当于名词，让我们能将某个动作表达为一个概念或活动。
The cost of renting an apartment in the city center is very high.
在市中心租公寓的成本非常高。
EN： The multiplier expression 'X times the [noun]' is used to make comparisons of scale or quantity. 'More than' is added before the multiplier to indicate that the amount exceeds that specific multiple.
中文： 倍数表达法「X times the [名词]」用于进行规模或数量的比较。在倍数前加上「more than」（超过/以上），表示数量超过了该特定倍数。
The new stadium is three times the size of the old one.
新体育场的尺寸是旧体育场的三倍。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 运营商、操作者，此处指负责管理和运行电网的机构
在本文中： （物资、资金等）严重不足、紧缺、危机
在本文中： 需求、需求量
在本文中： 进口的、外来的
在本文中： 获得、争取到（尤指经过努力）
在本文中： 影响、对…产生作用
在本文中： 减少、降低
在本文中： 停电、断电
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The source of electrical power, or the system that provides electricity to consumers.
电力供应、电源
To start the operation of an appliance, light, or engine by pushing a button or turning a switch.
打开（电器、开关等）
An area of land or water with a group of wind turbines used for generating electricity.
风力发电厂、风电场
In a situation where there is danger of loss, harm, or failure.
处于危险之中、面临风险