EN： Present Perfect Tense ('has found') is commonly used in news and academic reporting to introduce recent research findings that remain relevant now.
中文： 现在完成式（has found）常用于新闻与学术报道中，用来引出最近完成且其结论对当下依然重要、具有影响力的研究发现。
A recent report has shown that regular exercise improves mental health.
最近的一份报告显示，规律运动能改善心理健康。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that' functioning as the direct object of the reporting verb 'found'. It contains a full clause: [subject: 'procrastination'] + [verb: 'is'] + [subject complement: 'the biggest threat...'].
中文： that 引导的名词子句，在句中作主要动词「found」的受词，结构完整，包含子句主词（procrastination）、动词（is）及主词补语（the biggest threat...）。
Doctors believe that adequate sleep is essential for recovery.
医生认为充足的睡眠对康复至关重要。
EN： In Western higher education research, 'procrastination' is frequently studied alongside mental health issues like stress and depression, as academic independence in universities requires strong self-regulation skills.
中文： 在欧美高等教育的研究脉络中，「拖延症」（procrastination）常与学业压力及抑郁等心理议题一同探讨，因为大学教育高度重视自主学习，对学生的自我管理能力要求极高。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They typically begin with 'which' (for things) or 'who' (for people) and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定关系从句（Non-defining relative clause）前后用逗号隔开，用来对先行词提供补充说明，拿掉后主要从句语义依然完整。指称事物时用 'which' 引导，不可替换为 'that'。
The report, which took three months to complete, was submitted yesterday.
那份耗时三个月完成的报告已於昨天提交。
EN： The passive voice is formed using 'be + past participle' (was published). It is frequently used in academic and news contexts when the focus is on the action or result rather than the agent performing it.
中文： 被动语态由「be 动词 + 过去分词」（如 was published）构成。在学术与新闻英文中极为常见，用来把焦点放在受影响的事物或事件本身，而非动作执行者。
The article was published in a major medical journal.
这篇文章发表在一本主流医学期刊上。
EN： PLOS ONE is a well-known peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal published by the Public Library of Science. The name is stylized as 'PLOS ONE' in formal academic citations.
中文： 《PLOS ONE》是由公共科学图书馆（Public Library of Science）出版的知名同行评审开放获取（Open Access）学术期刊。在正式学术引用中通常全部大写为 PLOS ONE。
EN： Gerund as Subject in a Noun Clause: The '-ing' form 'delaying' functions as a gerund heading the noun phrase 'delaying their work', which serves as the subject of the subordinate 'that'-clause.
中文： 名词从句中的动名词作主语：动词加上 -ing 形成动名词短语“delaying their work”，在此作为 that 引导的名词从句中的主语，后接动词 damaged。
Skipping breakfast reduced his energy during class.
不吃早餐降低了他在课堂上的精力。
EN： Noun + Infinitive Complement: The noun 'ability' is frequently complemented by a to-infinitive ('ability to do something') to specify the action one is capable of performing.
中文： 名词搭配不定式补语：“ability”（能力）后方常接“to + 原形动词”，用来具体说明具备做某事的能力。
She showed a remarkable ability to solve complex problems.
她展现了卓越的解决复杂问题之能力。
EN： The structure 'multiplier + as + adjective + as...' is used to express comparisons of proportion or scale. Adding 'more than' before the multiplier emphasizes that the amount exceeds that proportion.
中文： 倍数比较句型结构为「倍数词 + as + 形容词 + as...」，用以表达比例或数量倍数。在倍数词前加上「more than」（超过）则用于加强语气，表示「超过……的几倍」。
The sales this month were more than twice as high as last month's.
这个月的销售额是上个月的两倍以上。
EN： The relative clause 'who named depression' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the antecedent 'students', providing essential information about which specific group of students is being referred to.
中文： 关系从句「who named depression」以关系代词「who」引导，修饰先行词「students」（学生），用以明确指出是哪一群特定的学生（即提到忧郁症的学生）。
She thanked the doctor who saved her life.
她感谢了救了她一命的医生。
EN： An appositive phrase ('a lecturer at the University of Cambridge') is placed between commas to give additional, non-essential information about the noun before it ('Itamar Shatz').
中文： 同位语短语（'a lecturer at the University of Cambridge'）置于两个逗号之间，用来为前面的名词（'Itamar Shatz'）补充说明非必要的背景信息。
Dr. Davis, a professor at Oxford University, gave a fascinating lecture.
戴维斯博士是牛津大学的教授，他做了一场精彩的演讲。
EN： The subordinate conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason ('because the problem affected students so strongly') explaining why the subject was surprised.
中文： 从属连词 'because' 引导原因副词子句（'because the problem affected students so strongly'），用来解释主语感到惊讶的原因。
She was delighted because the team won the championship.
她很高兴，因为团队赢得了冠军。
EN： In the UK academic system, a 'lecturer' corresponds roughly to an assistant or associate professor in the US, holding a permanent teaching and research post at universities like Cambridge.
中文： 在英国学术体系中，'lecturer'（讲师）相当于美国大学体系中的助理教授或副教授，通常是在剑桥大学等顶尖学府拥有正式教研职位的学者。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the reporting verb 'explained'. Inside this clause, two independent clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'but' to show contrast.
中文： 由 that 引导的名词从句作为转述动词 explained 的宾语。在此从句内部，对等连接词 but 连接了两个具有对比关系的从句。
She admitted that exercise is difficult, but it is necessary for health.
她承认运动很难，但这对健康是必要的。
EN： The modal verb 'can' expresses possibility ('it is possible that it becomes...'), followed by the base form verb 'become' and a predicate noun phrase 'a major obstacle'.
中文： 情态助动词 can 在此表示「可能性」（有可能会变成……），后接原形动词 become 以及名词补语 a major obstacle。
Stress can become a serious problem if ignored.
如果被忽视，压力可能会成为严重的问题。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is followed here by a 'that'-noun clause functioning as the direct object, reporting the findings or implications of the study.
中文： 动词「suggest」后接由连接词「that」引导的名词从句作为宾语，用来客观陈述研究的发现或推论。
Recent research suggests that regular exercise improves mental health.
近期的研究指出，规律运动能改善心理健康。
EN： The structure 'make + object + complement (adjective)' means to cause something to become a certain state. Here, 'even' is an adverb used to emphasize the comparative adjective 'worse'.
中文： 「make + 宾语 + 宾语补语（形容词）」结构表示「使……变得……」。在此句中，副词「even」用来修饰并加强比较级形容词「worse」的语气。
Lack of sleep can make existing health problems even worse.
睡眠不足会使现有的健康问题变得更加恶化。
EN： In academic writing and journalism, verbs like 'suggest', 'indicate', or 'imply' are favored over 'prove' because scientific research aims to present evidence cautiously rather than make absolute claims.
中文： 在学术论文与新闻报道中，常使用「suggest」、「indicate」或「imply」等较为保留的动词，而非绝对的「prove」，体现科学研究客观且严谨的论述风格。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 拖延；拖延症
在本文中： 威脅；構成危害的事物
在本文中： 學業的；學術的
在本文中： 調查
在本文中： 延遲；拖延
在本文中： 損害；損害（能力或情況）
在本文中： 憂鬱症；沮喪
在本文中： 大學講師
在本文中： 障礙；阻礙
在本文中： 循環；惡性循環中的週期
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
How well a student does in their school or university studies.
学业表现；学业成绩
Two times greater in amount, degree, or number compared to something else.
是……的两倍之高
A significant problem or hurdle that prevents progress.
重大障碍
To cause a repeating series of events or reactions that reinforce each other.
形成恶性循环；造成循环