EN: The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a recent action that has a result or relevance in the present. In this case, the agreement has already been made and its effects are ongoing.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have/has + kata kerja lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku baru-baru ini dan mempunyai kesan atau kaitan dengan masa kini. Dalam teks ini, tindakan "bersetuju" telah berlaku, dan kesannya berterusan sehingga kini.
The company has decided to change its policy.
Syarikat telah memutuskan untuk mengubah dasar mereka.
EN: The verb 'agree' is often followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject has consented to perform.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "agree" (bersetuju) selalunya diikuti oleh "infinitif" (to + kata kerja dasar) untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang dipersetujui oleh subjek untuk dilakukan.
They agreed to meet again next week.
Mereka bersetuju untuk bertemu lagi minggu hadapan.
EN: In the UK, labor unions (often called 'trade unions') have a long history of collective bargaining. The mention of 'Acas' in the context refers to a public body that helps resolve industrial disputes, highlighting the structured nature of labor relations in Britain.
EN: The use of 'voted to + verb' indicates the purpose or the result of a voting process. In English, the infinitive (to + base verb) often follows specific verbs to show intention.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan "voted to + kata kerja" menunjukkan tujuan atau hasil proses pengundian. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, infinitif (to + kata kerja dasar) sering mengikuti kata kerja tertentu untuk menunjukkan niat atau keputusan.
The committee voted to postpone the meeting.
Jawatankuasa itu mengundi untuk menangguhkan mesyuarat.
EN: The word 'recently' is an adverb of time used with the past simple tense to describe an action that happened a short time ago.
Bahasa Melayu: "Recently" ialah kata adverba masa yang digunakan dengan kala lampau mudah untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku tidak lama dahulu.
She recently moved to a new apartment.
Dia baru-baru ini berpindah ke sebuah apartmen baharu.
EN: In the UK and US tech industries, unionization has historically been rare compared to manufacturing. However, recent years have seen a surge in 'white-collar' tech workers organizing to influence company ethics and working conditions, as seen here with workers in London.
EN: The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has been + -ing) is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and is still continuing or has a strong connection to the present, emphasizing the process of 'growing'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna Berterusan (have/has been + kata kerja -ing) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan atau keadaan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan berterusan sehingga kini, atau yang mempunyai kaitan yang kuat dengan masa kini; di sini ia menekankan proses "kebimbangan" yang semakin meningkat.
Public interest in renewable energy has been growing for several years.
Minat orang ramai terhadap tenaga boleh diperbaharui telah meningkat selama beberapa tahun.
EN: The word 'how' introduces a noun clause that functions as the object of the preposition 'about'. It explains the specific content of the workers' concerns.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa kata nama yang diperkenalkan oleh "how" berfungsi sebagai objek kata depan "about", digunakan untuk menjelaskan secara khusus perkara yang dibimbangkan oleh para pekerja.
We are discussing how the new policy affects our team.
Kami sedang membincangkan bagaimana dasar baharu ini akan menjejaskan pasukan kami.
EN: The sentence reflects ongoing ethical debates in the tech industry regarding 'dual-use' technology—AI developed for commercial purposes being adapted for military or surveillance use, which often leads to internal conflict between tech employees and management.
EN: The phrasal verb 'take place' is used to say that an event happens, especially something that has been planned or organized. It is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja "take place" digunakan untuk menyatakan bahawa sesuatu peristiwa berlaku, terutamanya aktiviti yang dirancang atau dianjurkan. Ini ialah kata kerja tak transitif, bermakna ia tidak memerlukan objek langsung selepasnya.
The graduation ceremony will take place in the main hall.
Majlis graduasi akan berlangsung di dewan besar.
EN: Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information about a noun (in this case, the Service). They are separated by commas and use 'which' to refer to things or organizations. They cannot be introduced by 'that'.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan pembatas memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang kata nama (di sini, pejabat perkhidmatan tersebut). Klausa jenis ini biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma dan menggunakan "which" untuk merujuk kepada benda atau institusi, dan tidak boleh menggunakan "that" untuk memperkenalkannya.
He works for the BBC, which is a famous broadcasting company.
Dia bekerja di BBC, yang merupakan sebuah syarikat penyiaran terkenal.
EN: Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that aims to improve organizations and working life through better employment relations. It is often called in to help resolve major industrial disputes between employers and trade unions.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action. In this sentence, 'is led' indicates that Google DeepMind receives the action of leading.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif (kata kerja be + kata kerja lampau): Digunakan apabila tumpuan diberikan kepada penerima tindakan, bukan pelaku. Dalam ayat ini, "is led" menunjukkan bahawa Google DeepMind ialah pihak yang "dipimpin".
The project is managed by a team of experts.
Projek itu diuruskan oleh pasukan pakar.
EN: Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. 'Nobel prize winner' provides extra information about 'Demis Hassabis'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Apositif: Kata nama atau frasa nama yang terletak bersebelahan dengan kata nama lain untuk mentakrifkan semula atau menambah maklumat tentang kata nama tersebut. "Nobel prize winner" (pemenang Hadiah Nobel) memberikan maklumat identiti tambahan tentang "Demis Hassabis".
My friend Sarah is a talented musician.
Rakan saya Sarah ialah seorang pemuzik yang berbakat.
EN: Demis Hassabis, the co-founder of DeepMind, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2024 for his work on protein structure prediction using AI, highlighting the growing intersection of technology and traditional science.
EN: The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) when expressing that someone says they will not do something.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "refuse" (menolak) diikuti oleh "infinitif" (to + kata kerja dasar) untuk menyatakan bahawa seseorang tidak mahu melakukan sesuatu.
He refused to answer the question.
Dia enggan menjawab soalan itu.
EN: The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the purpose or reason for an action (collective bargaining).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "for" digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tujuan atau sebab bagi sesuatu tindakan (di sini, rundingan kolektif).
They met for a private discussion.
Mereka bertemu untuk mengadakan perbincangan peribadi.
EN: In labor relations, 'collective bargaining' is a formal process where workers, through their union, negotiate contracts with employers regarding wages, hours, and working conditions. 'Recognizing' a union is the essential first legal step for this process to begin.
EN: The verb 'tell' is a ditransitive verb that often takes an indirect object (the person being told) followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object (the information being shared).
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "tell" ialah kata kerja dwitransitif yang selalunya mengambil objek tak langsung (orang yang diberitahu), diikuti oleh klausa yang diperkenalkan oleh "that" sebagai objek langsung (maklumat yang dikongsi).
She told the manager that she would finish the report by Friday.
Dia memberitahu pengurus bahawa dia akan menyiapkan laporan itu sebelum hari Jumaat.
EN: The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a future event.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu "may" digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan atau ketidakpastian tentang peristiwa masa hadapan.
The heavy rain may cause a delay in the flight schedule.
Hujan lebat mungkin menyebabkan kelewatan jadual penerbangan.
EN: Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that helps resolve workplace disputes. Its involvement indicates a formal stage in labor relations where an independent third party facilitates negotiation.
EN: Present Continuous Tense (is facing): Used here to describe a current, ongoing situation or trend that is happening around the present time.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Berterusan (is facing): Digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan situasi atau trend yang sedang berlaku dan berterusan pada masa kini.
The company is facing many difficulties this year.
Syarikat ini sedang menghadapi banyak kesulitan tahun ini.
EN: Prepositional Phrase 'of [heritage/origin]': Used to describe a person's ethnic or cultural background.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Sendi Nama 'of [keturunan/asal]': Digunakan untuk menerangkan latar belakang etnik atau budaya seseorang.
She is a writer of Italian heritage.
Dia ialah seorang penulis yang berketurunan Itali.
EN: The mention of 'Palestinian heritage' is significant here because it provides context for the researcher's protest against the company's work for the Israeli government, highlighting the intersection of personal identity and corporate ethics in the tech industry.
EN: The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'claims'. This structure is used to report statements, thoughts, or beliefs.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'klausa-that' sebagai klausa kata nama untuk berfungsi sebagai objek langsung kata kerja "claims". Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk melaporkan kenyataan, idea, atau kepercayaan.
She believes that the project will be successful.
Dia percaya bahawa projek itu akan berjaya.
EN: The passive voice 'was wrongfully dismissed' (be + past participle) is used to emphasize the person who experienced the action (the researcher) rather than who performed the action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif "was wrongfully dismissed" (kata kerja be + kata kerja lampau) digunakan untuk menekankan orang yang menerima tindakan (penyelidik), bukan orang yang melakukan tindakan itu.
The employee was dismissed for violating company policy.
Pekerja itu dipecat kerana melanggar dasar syarikat.
EN: The term 'wrongful dismissal' is a specific legal concept in labor law, referring to a situation where an employee's contract is terminated by the employer in breach of one or more terms of the contract or a statutory provision.
EN: The verb 'dispute' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to question whether a statement or account is true or valid. In the third person singular present tense, an '-s' is added to the base verb.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "dispute" digunakan di sini sebagai kata kerja transitif yang bermaksud mempersoalkan sama ada sesuatu kenyataan atau dakwaan itu benar atau sah. Dalam kala kini orang ketiga tunggal, kata kerja dasar perlu ditambah dengan "-s".
The company disputes the claims made by the former employee.
Syarikat itu menafikan dakwaan yang dikemukakan oleh bekas pekerja itu.
EN: The phrase 'what happened' acts as a noun clause (nominal relative clause) serving as the object of the preposition 'of'. It functions like a noun to represent the events that occurred.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "what happened" bertindak sebagai klausa kata nama (klausa relatif nominal) yang berfungsi sebagai objek kata depan "of". Ia berfungsi seperti kata nama, mewakili peristiwa yang berlaku.
I want to know what happened at the meeting.
Saya ingin tahu apa yang berlaku dalam mesyuarat itu.
EN: In legal and corporate contexts, 'disputes' is a formal way to say the company disagrees with a version of events. It is a neutral but firm term often used in official statements to avoid direct accusations of lying while still denying the claims.
EN: The verb 'be' (is) acts as a linking verb, connecting the subject 'The researcher' to the subject complement 'a member', which describes who the subject is.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "be" (is) bertindak sebagai kata kerja penghubung, menghubungkan subjek "The researcher" dengan pelengkap subjek "a member", untuk menerangkan identiti subjek.
She is a talented engineer at the company.
Dia ialah seorang jurutera yang berbakat di syarikat itu.
EN: The preposition 'of' is used to show belonging or membership, indicating that the person belongs to a specific organization.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata depan "of" digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepunyaan atau keahlian, menunjukkan bahawa orang itu tergolong dalam organisasi tertentu.
He is a member of the local chess club.
Dia ialah ahli kelab catur tempatan.
EN: The 'United Tech and Allied Workers' Union' is a real-world branch of the Communication Workers Union in the UK, representing workers in the technology sector who are increasingly organizing to address ethical concerns and labor rights.
EN: The phrasal verb 'credit A with B' is used to say that someone or something is responsible for a good thing. 'A' is the person or entity receiving the credit, and 'B' is the achievement or action (often a gerund ending in -ing).
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja "credit A with B" digunakan untuk menyatakan bahawa seseorang atau sesuatu dianggap bertanggungjawab atas sesuatu pencapaian atau kejayaan. A ialah pihak yang menerima kredit, manakala B ialah pencapaian atau tindakan tersebut (biasanya menggunakan bentuk gerund -ing).
The team credited their coach with winning the championship.
Pasukan itu mengkreditkan kemenangan kejuaraan mereka kepada jurulatih mereka.
EN: The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have + kata kerja lampau) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu pada masa yang tidak spesifik, dan tindakan itu mempunyai kaitan dengan keadaan semasa.
Scientists have discovered a new planet in a distant galaxy.
Para saintis telah menemui planet baharu dalam galaksi yang jauh.
EN: The mention of 'Gaza' and 'Israeli officials' refers to the ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. In the tech industry, this highlights the ethical debate over 'dual-use' technology—commercial software being used for military applications.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, or a completed action with visible results.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have + kata kerja lampau): Kala ini digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lalu pada masa yang tidak pasti, dan tindakan itu berkaitan dengan masa kini, atau tindakan yang telah selesai dan mempunyai hasil yang jelas.
Many residents have signed the letter to protest the new law.
Ramai penduduk telah menandatangani surat itu untuk membantah undang-undang baharu itu.
EN: Passive Voice in Continuous Tense (be + being + past participle): This structure is used to emphasize that an action is currently being performed on the subject, rather than the subject performing the action.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara Pasif dalam Kala Berterusan (be + being + kata kerja lampau): Struktur ini digunakan untuk menekankan bahawa tindakan sedang dikenakan ke atas subjek, bukannya subjek yang melakukan tindakan itu.
The old building is being renovated by the construction crew.
Bangunan lama itu sedang diubah suai oleh pasukan pembinaan.
EN: The use of AI in military and defense is a highly sensitive ethical topic in the tech industry. Employees at major companies like Google often use 'petitions' and 'unions' as tools to voice their moral concerns and influence corporate policy, reflecting a culture of internal activism.
EN: The verb 'represent' is used here to indicate that something serves as a sign or symbol of a particular quality or situation. It is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "represent" (mewakili/melambangkan) digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan bahawa sesuatu berfungsi sebagai tanda atau simbol bagi kualiti atau keadaan tertentu. Ini ialah kata kerja transitif, bermakna ia memerlukan objek langsung selepasnya.
This discovery represents a major breakthrough in cancer research.
Penemuan ini mewakili satu kejayaan besar dalam penyelidikan kanser.
EN: Prepositional phrases starting with 'for' and 'in' are used here as modifiers to provide more specific information about the 'moment'. 'For AI ethics' specifies the field, and 'in the technology industry' specifies the location/context.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama yang bermula dengan "for" dan "in" digunakan di sini sebagai penerang untuk memberikan maklumat yang lebih khusus tentang "moment" (detik). "For AI ethics" menunjukkan bidang, manakala "in the technology industry" menunjukkan tempat atau konteks.
It was a difficult time for the family in that small town.
Itu adalah masa yang sukar bagi keluarga-keluarga di bandar kecil itu.
EN: The sentence highlights the growing global concern over 'AI ethics,' a field that addresses the moral implications of artificial intelligence, especially its use in warfare and surveillance. This reflects a shift where tech workers increasingly hold their employers accountable for the social impact of their products.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'how' as the object of the verb 'affect'. A noun clause functions as a noun and follows the word order of a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan "Klausa Kata Nama" yang bermula dengan "how" sebagai objek kata kerja "affect". Klausa kata nama berfungsi sama seperti kata nama dan mesti menggunakan susunan kata penyata (subjek + kata kerja), bukan susunan kata soalan.
I don't know how the machine works.
Saya tidak tahu bagaimana mesin ini berfungsi.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential future impact, rather than past ability.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja bantu "could" digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan "kemungkinan" atau kesan masa hadapan yang berpotensi, bukan merujuk kepada keupayaan masa lalu.
This new law could change everything.
Undang-undang baharu ini boleh mengubah segala-galanya.
EN: In the tech industry, unionization is a relatively new and significant trend. Traditionally, tech workers relied on individual bargaining power, but concerns over ethics (like AI in warfare) and job security are driving collective action.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: ibu pejabat; lokasi pejabat utama
Dalam konteks: kebimbangan; perkara yang membimbangkan
Dalam konteks: pertahanan; pertahanan negara
Dalam konteks: mengiktiraf; mengakui (status sesebuah organisasi) secara rasmi
Dalam konteks: dipecat; dibuang kerja
Dalam konteks: menafikan; mempertikaikan
Dalam konteks: dikreditkan; dianggap berjasa
Dalam konteks: petisyen; surat bantahan
Dalam konteks: etika; prinsip moral
Dalam konteks: hasil; keputusan akhir
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
Kesatuan sekerja
Negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.
Perundingan kolektif
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
Berlangsung; berlaku
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data.
Pengkomputeran awan
To express strong objection or disapproval of something.
Memprotes; menentang