Brian Cox says physics faces ‘unquantifiable’ threat under punishing funding cutsPemotongan Dana UK: Fizik Berdepan Ancaman Tak Terukur
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EN: The Present Perfect tense ('have cautioned') is used here to indicate a recent action that has ongoing relevance to the current situation, often used in news reporting to introduce a topic.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have cautioned) digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang baru berlaku dan mempunyai kesan berterusan terhadap keadaan semasa, sering digunakan dalam laporan berita untuk memperkenalkan topik.
Economists have warned that inflation might persist throughout the year.
Ahli ekonomi memberi amaran bahawa inflasi mungkin berterusan sepanjang tahun.
EN: The verb 'confront' is used transitively here to describe a subject facing a difficult situation or challenge. It conveys a sense of direct encounter with a problem.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "confront" digunakan secara transitif di sini untuk menerangkan subjek yang menghadapi situasi atau cabaran yang sukar, menyampaikan rasa mendesak dalam menghadapi masalah secara langsung.
The industry confronts a major labor shortage due to demographic shifts.
Industri ini sedang menghadapi kekurangan tenaga kerja yang serius akibat perubahan demografi.
EN: The preposition 'following' functions as a temporal marker meaning 'after' or 'as a result of', frequently used in formal writing to establish a cause-and-effect timeline.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata sendi nama "following" berfungsi sebagai penanda masa yang bermaksud "selepas" atau "akibat daripada", sering digunakan dalam penulisan formal untuk mewujudkan garis masa sebab-akibat.
The company restructured its board following the financial scandal.
Selepas skandal kewangan itu, syarikat menyusun semula lembaga pengarahnya.
EN: The mention of 'Senior British scientists' and 'University research funding' reflects the UK's historical prestige in science and the current political tensions regarding post-Brexit funding and public spending priorities.
EN: The verb 'amount to' is a phrasal verb used to indicate that something is equivalent to or has the same effect as something else, often used to describe a cumulative result or a serious consequence.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa kerja 'amount to' digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa sesuatu bersamaan dengan atau mempunyai kesan yang sama seperti perkara lain, biasanya digunakan untuk menerangkan hasil kumulatif atau akibat yang serius.
His silence amounts to an admission of guilt.
Diamnya bersamaan dengan pengakuan bersalah.
EN: Apposition: 'a prominent physicist at the University of Manchester' is an appositive phrase that provides additional information about the subject 'Professor Brian Cox'. It is set off by commas.
Bahasa Melayu: Aposisi: 'a prominent physicist at the University of Manchester' ialah frasa aposisi yang memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang objek 'Professor Brian Cox', biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma.
Dr. Smith, a leading expert in robotics, will give the keynote speech.
Dr. Smith, pakar terkemuka dalam bidang robotik, akan menyampaikan ucaptama.
EN: The adverb 'effectively' is used here to emphasize that while the reductions might not be a literal destruction on paper, their practical impact is the same as destruction.
Bahasa Melayu: Adverba 'effectively' digunakan di sini untuk menekankan bahawa walaupun pemotongan belanjawan mungkin tidak secara literal memusnahkan, kesan sebenarnya tidak berbeza daripada kemusnahan (secara efektif, pada dasarnya).
The new law effectively bans all protests in the city center.
Undang-undang baharu itu secara efektif mengharamkan semua protes di pusat bandar.
EN: Professor Brian Cox is a real-life celebrity physicist in the UK, known for making complex science accessible to the public through BBC documentaries. His public criticism carries significant weight in British science policy debates.
EN: The Past Perfect Passive ('had been slashed') is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action (the universities learning about it). It emphasizes the state of the grants being reduced by an external force.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna pasif (had been slashed) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum tindakan lampau yang lain (universiti mengetahui berita itu). Ia menekankan keadaan peruntukan yang telah dipotong secara drastik oleh kuasa luar (kerajaan atau institusi).
The budget had been finalized before the department head announced the new policy.
Sebelum ketua jabatan mengumumkan dasar baharu, belanjawan telah pun dimuktamadkan.
EN: The verb 'slash' is a high-register, emotive verb used in news reporting to describe a drastic or violent reduction in costs, prices, or funding, rather than using the neutral 'reduce'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "slash" ialah perkataan berdaftar tinggi dan emotif yang sering digunakan dalam laporan berita untuk menerangkan "pemotongan drastik" atau "pengurangan mendadak" dalam kos, harga, atau dana, lebih berkesan daripada kata neutral "reduce".
The airline slashed ticket prices to attract more passengers during the off-season.
Syarikat penerbangan itu memotong harga tiket secara drastik untuk menarik lebih ramai penumpang semasa musim perlahan.
EN: The structure 'The warning came after...' uses a noun phrase as a subject to create a formal, journalistic tone, linking a specific event (the warning) to its preceding cause.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur "The warning came after..." menggunakan frasa nama sebagai subjek untuk mewujudkan nada laporan berita yang formal, menghubungkan peristiwa tertentu (amaran) dengan punca sebelumnya.
The resignation came after weeks of intense public pressure.
Selepas beberapa minggu tekanan awam yang kuat, kenyataan peletakan jawatan itu datang.
EN: In the UK, university research is heavily dependent on government-funded councils like the STFC. A 'seventy percent' cut is catastrophic in the British academic context, where long-term stability is usually expected for fundamental science.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense ('have shaped') is used here to describe an action that began in the past and continues to have relevance or impact up to the present moment, often accompanied by time expressions like 'for over a century'.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (have shaped) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan masih memberi kesan sehingga kini, biasanya digunakan dengan frasa keterangan masa seperti "for over a century" (lebih daripada satu abad).
The company has dominated the tech industry for decades, influencing how we communicate.
Syarikat ini telah mendominasi industri teknologi selama beberapa dekad, mempengaruhi cara kita berkomunikasi.
EN: The Present Participle Phrase ('making groundbreaking contributions...') acts as a supplementary clause, providing additional information about the result or manner of the main action. It functions similarly to 'and they made...'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa Partisipel Kini (making groundbreaking contributions...) bertindak sebagai klausa tambahan, memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang hasil atau cara tindakan dalam klausa utama. Fungsinya serupa dengan "and they made...".
The artist spent years traveling, capturing the essence of rural life in her paintings.
Artis itu menghabiskan masa bertahun-tahun mengembara, menangkap intipati kehidupan desa dalam lukisan-lukisannya.
EN: The correlative structure 'ranging from A to B' is used to illustrate the breadth or scope of a category, highlighting the diversity between two extremes.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur korelatif "ranging from A to B" (julat dari A hingga B) digunakan untuk menggambarkan keluasan atau skop sesuatu kategori, menekankan kepelbagaian antara dua ekstrem.
The festival features music ranging from classical symphonies to modern electronic beats.
Festival itu menampilkan pelbagai genre muzik, daripada simfoni klasik hingga rentak elektronik moden.
EN: The sentence alludes to the UK's long-standing dominance in physics, from Isaac Newton to Stephen Hawking. Mentioning 'quantum mechanics' and 'cosmology' highlights the UK's role in both the study of the very small (subatomic particles) and the very large (the universe), which is a point of national pride in British academia.
EN: This is an inverted conditional structure (Second Conditional). When 'if' is omitted in formal writing, the auxiliary verb 'were' is moved to the front of the clause. It expresses a hypothetical or unlikely future scenario.
Bahasa Melayu: Ini ialah struktur ayat bersyarat terbalik (Kondisional Jenis Kedua). Dalam penulisan formal, apabila kata hubung 'if' digugurkan, kata bantu 'were' dipindahkan ke awal klausa. Ini digunakan untuk menyatakan andaian tentang situasi masa hadapan atau situasi yang tidak mungkin berlaku.
Were the CEO to resign tomorrow, the company's stock price would likely plummet.
Jika Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif meletak jawatan esok, harga saham syarikat mungkin akan jatuh dengan mendadak.
EN: The phrase 'to proceed unchecked' uses 'unchecked' as an adjective functioning as a predicative adjunct, describing the state in which the action (proceeding) occurs—meaning without being stopped or controlled.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'to proceed unchecked' menggunakan 'unchecked' sebagai penerang berbentuk adjektif yang menerangkan keadaan semasa tindakan (berlaku) berlaku, bermaksud "dalam keadaan tanpa halangan atau tanpa kawalan".
The virus spread unchecked throughout the region for several weeks.
Virus itu merebak tanpa kawalan di kawasan tersebut selama beberapa minggu.
EN: The phrase 'fewer than' is used with countable nouns (researchers), whereas 'less than' is traditionally used with uncountable nouns. In formal academic or journalistic contexts, this distinction is strictly maintained.
Bahasa Melayu: 'fewer than' digunakan dengan kata nama boleh dikira (researchers), manakala 'less than' secara tradisinya digunakan dengan kata nama tidak boleh dikira. Dalam konteks akademik atau kewartawanan formal, perbezaan ini dipatuhi dengan ketat.
Fewer than ten students applied for the advanced physics seminar.
Kurang daripada sepuluh pelajar memohon untuk bengkel fizik lanjutan.
EN: The term 'postdoctoral researchers' (postdocs) refers to a critical stage in academic careers in the UK and globally. These are PhD holders who conduct research to gain further expertise. A drastic reduction in their numbers signifies a 'brain drain' and a threat to the long-term sustainability of scientific innovation in a nation.
EN: The phrase 'be likely to' is used to express probability or a high chance of something happening. In this sentence, 'were likely to' is used in the past tense to maintain backshift consistency with the reporting verb 'emphasized'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'be likely to' digunakan untuk menyatakan kebarangkalian atau peluang tinggi sesuatu berlaku. Dalam ayat ini, penggunaan kala lampau 'were likely to' adalah untuk mengekalkan keselarasan masa dengan kata kerja pengantar 'emphasized' (menekankan) (peralihan masa).
The government is likely to face intense criticism over the new tax policy.
Kerajaan mungkin akan menghadapi kritikan hebat akibat dasar cukai baharu ini.
EN: The adverb 'altogether' is used here to mean 'completely' or 'entirely'. It modifies the verb 'close' to emphasize the total nature of the potential shutdown, rather than just a partial reduction.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan 'altogether' di sini bermaksud "sepenuhnya" atau "secara keseluruhannya". Ia menerangkan kata kerja 'close' untuk menekankan keseluruhan penutupan yang berpotensi, bukan sekadar pengurangan separa.
The project was abandoned altogether due to a lack of interest.
Oleh kerana kekurangan minat, projek itu ditinggalkan sepenuhnya.
EN: The noun clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'emphasized'. This structure is common in formal reporting to convey detailed information or statements.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa nama yang dimulakan dengan 'that' berfungsi sebagai objek langsung bagi kata kerja 'emphasized'. Struktur ini sangat biasa dalam laporan formal untuk menyampaikan maklumat atau kenyataan yang terperinci.
Experts emphasized that early detection is key to successful treatment.
Pakar menekankan bahawa pengesanan awal adalah kunci kepada rawatan yang berjaya.
EN: In the UK, 'prestigious institutions' often refers to the Russell Group universities (similar to the Ivy League in the US). The mention of physics departments closing is particularly significant because these departments are often seen as the bedrock of a nation's scientific standing and industrial innovation.
EN: Non-restrictive relative clauses with 'where' provide additional, non-essential information about a specific place. They are separated by commas and add descriptive depth without changing the core meaning of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan restriktif dengan 'where' memberikan maklumat tambahan yang tidak penting tentang lokasi tertentu, bukannya mentakrifkan lokasi tersebut. Klausa jenis ini biasanya dipisahkan dengan koma dan boleh digugurkan tanpa menjejaskan makna utama ayat.
The laboratory, where the breakthrough was first achieved, has been upgraded with new equipment.
Makmal yang pada mulanya mencapai kejayaan besar itu telah menaik taraf peralatannya.
EN: The present perfect passive voice ('has been' + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct impact or relevance to the present situation.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif kala kini sempurna (has been + partisipel lampau) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang berlaku pada masa lampau yang tidak spesifik dan mempunyai kesan langsung atau kaitan dengan keadaan semasa.
The local community has been significantly affected by the recent policy changes.
Komuniti tempatan sangat terjejas oleh perubahan dasar yang baru-baru ini.
EN: The adverb 'particularly' is used here to intensify the adjective 'hard', emphasizing that among all entities affected, this specific one experienced a greater degree of impact.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan 'particularly' digunakan di sini untuk menguatkan kata adjektif 'hard', menekankan bahawa di kalangan semua yang terjejas, individu ini mengalami impak yang paling ketara.
The retail sector has been hit particularly hard by the rise of e-commerce.
Industri runcit terjejas teruk oleh kebangkitan e-dagang.
EN: Ernest Rutherford is known as the 'father of nuclear physics.' The University of Manchester holds a prestigious place in scientific history because of his work there in the early 20th century. Mentioning this history emphasizes the gravity of the current budget cuts, suggesting that a legacy of global importance is at risk.
EN: The present perfect passive voice ('have been slashed') is used to describe a completed action that has current relevance, emphasizing the result rather than the actor.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif kala kini sempurna (have been slashed) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan yang telah selesai dan berkaitan dengan keadaan semasa, menekankan hasil dan bukannya pelaku.
The historic building has been renovated to meet modern safety standards.
Bangunan bersejarah ini telah diubah suai untuk memenuhi piawaian keselamatan moden.
EN: The adverb 'reportedly' is used to indicate that the information is based on reports or rumors and has not been independently verified by the speaker.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata keterangan "reportedly" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa maklumat itu berdasarkan laporan atau khabar angin, dan penutur belum mengesahkan kebenarannya secara peribadi.
The CEO has reportedly resigned following the scandal.
Menurut laporan, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif telah meletak jawatan selepas skandal itu.
EN: The phrase 'as much as' is used to emphasize a surprisingly large quantity or degree, highlighting the severity of the reduction.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa "as much as" digunakan untuk menekankan kuantiti atau tahap yang menghairankan besar, di sini menonjolkan keterukan pemotongan tersebut.
The temperature can drop by as much as twenty degrees overnight.
Suhu boleh turun sebanyak dua puluh darjah dalam satu malam.
EN: The mention of 'slashed' budgets in UK academia reflects ongoing tensions regarding public funding for 'blue-skies research' (fundamental research without immediate commercial application) versus applied sciences.
EN: Negative Inversion: When a sentence begins with a negative expression like 'Not only', the auxiliary verb (does/do/did) is placed before the subject. This structure is used for emphasis and is common in formal writing and speeches.
Bahasa Melayu: Penyongsangan negatif: Apabila ayat bermula dengan ungkapan negatif seperti 'Not only', kata bantu (seperti does/do/did) mesti diletakkan sebelum subjek. Struktur ini digunakan untuk menekankan nada dan sering ditemui dalam penulisan dan ucapan formal.
Not only did she win the race, but she also broke the world record.
Bukan sahaja dia memenangi pertandingan itu, malah dia memecahkan rekod dunia.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'Not only... but (also)...' connects two parallel clauses or phrases. In formal contexts, 'also' can be omitted or moved to the end of the second clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata hubung korelatif 'Not only... but (also)...' digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa atau frasa yang selari. Dalam konteks formal, 'also' boleh digugurkan atau dipindahkan ke hujung klausa kedua.
The project not only requires significant funding but also demands extensive manpower.
Projek itu bukan sahaja memerlukan dana yang besar, tetapi juga tenaga kerja yang ramai.
EN: The use of the present participle 'accumulated' as an adjective describes expertise that has been gathered over a long period. It functions as a past participle used adjectivally to indicate a completed state of growth.
Bahasa Melayu: Partisipel lampau 'accumulated' digunakan sebagai adjektif untuk menerangkan kepakaran yang dikumpul dalam tempoh masa yang panjang. Ia berfungsi sebagai penerang kata nama, menunjukkan keadaan pengumpulan yang telah selesai.
The company relies on the accumulated experience of its senior engineers.
Syarikat ini bergantung pada pengalaman terkumpul jurutera kanannya.
EN: The term 'historic institution' in a British context often refers to universities like Manchester or Cambridge that have centuries of scientific heritage. The mention of 'fundamental research' highlights a common tension in UK policy between funding 'blue-skies' research (knowledge for its own sake) versus applied science with immediate economic returns.
EN: The verb 'characterize' is often used with the pattern 'characterize A as B' to describe the nature or quality of someone or something in a specific way.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "characterize" sering digunakan dengan pola "characterize A as B" untuk menerangkan ciri atau sifat seseorang atau sesuatu.
The media characterized the new policy as a desperate attempt to win votes.
Media menggambarkan dasar baharu itu sebagai percubaan terdesak untuk memenangi undi.
EN: The present participle phrase 'noting that...' acts as an adverbial modifier, providing additional information or a simultaneous action related to the main clause.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa partisipel kini "noting that..." bertindak sebagai penerang keterangan, memberikan maklumat tambahan atau tindakan serentak yang berkaitan dengan klausa utama.
The CEO resigned, stating that he wanted to spend more time with his family.
Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif meletak jawatan, sambil menyatakan bahawa dia ingin menghabiskan lebih banyak masa bersama keluarganya.
EN: The verb 'underpin' is a formal term meaning to provide a strong base or foundation for a system, theory, or argument.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja "underpin" ialah istilah formal yang bermaksud menyediakan asas atau sokongan yang kukuh untuk sistem, teori, atau hujah.
These core values underpin the entire educational philosophy of the school.
Nilai-nilai teras ini menyokong keseluruhan falsafah pendidikan sekolah ini.
EN: Professor Brian Cox is a well-known British physicist and TV presenter who has played a significant role in popularizing science in the UK. His involvement adds weight to the scientific community's concerns regarding funding.
EN: Non-restrictive relative clauses: The phrase starting with 'which' provides extra information about the subject (The Council) but is not essential to identify it. It is set off by commas.
Bahasa Melayu: Klausa relatif bukan restriktif: Frasa yang bermula dengan 'which' memberikan maklumat tambahan tentang subjek (jawatankuasa) tetapi tidak diperlukan untuk mengenal pasti subjek tersebut. Klausa jenis ini mesti dipisahkan dengan koma di awal dan akhir.
The local hospital, which was built in 1920, is undergoing major renovations.
Hospital tempatan yang dibina pada tahun 1920 ini sedang menjalani pengubahsuaian besar-besaran.
EN: Reporting verbs with 'that' clauses: The verb 'acknowledged' is used here to report a fact or state of affairs. In formal contexts, 'that' is rarely omitted after such verbs.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja pelapor dengan klausa 'that': Kata kerja 'acknowledged' (mengakui/mengesahkan) digunakan di sini untuk menyatakan fakta atau keadaan. Dalam konteks formal, 'that' selepas kata kerja jenis ini biasanya tidak digugurkan.
The spokesperson acknowledged that the project had faced significant delays.
Jurucakap mengakui bahawa projek itu menghadapi kelewatan yang serius.
EN: The Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is a key UK government body. In British academic culture, funding is highly centralized, meaning a single council's decision can impact the entire nation's research trajectory, leading to the 'existential crisis' mentioned in the context.
EN: The preposition 'of' is used after the verb 'warn' to specify the nature of the danger or problem. While 'warn about' is also common, 'warn of' is often preferred in formal or journalistic registers to signal an impending or potential threat.
Bahasa Melayu: Preposisi 'of' digunakan selepas kata kerja 'warn' untuk menyatakan sifat bahaya atau masalah tersebut. Walaupun 'warn about' juga sering digunakan, dalam konteks formal atau kewartawanan, 'warn of' lebih digemari untuk membayangkan ancaman yang akan datang atau berpotensi.
Economists have warned of a potential recession if interest rates continue to rise.
Para ahli ekonomi memberi amaran tentang kemungkinan kemelesetan ekonomi jika kadar faedah terus meningkat.
EN: The use of 'the health and sustainability of' is a metaphorical extension often found in C1-level academic and professional English. Here, 'health' refers not to biological wellness, but to the robustness, vitality, and functional integrity of an abstract system or community.
Bahasa Melayu: Penggunaan 'the health and sustainability of' ialah lanjutan metafora yang sering ditemui dalam bahasa Inggeris akademik dan profesional pada tahap C1. Di sini, 'health' tidak merujuk kepada kesihatan fizikal, tetapi kepada keteguhan, daya hidup, dan keutuhan fungsi sesebuah sistem atau komuniti yang abstrak.
The report assesses the long-term health of the nation's financial markets.
Laporan itu menilai kesihatan jangka panjang pasaran kewangan negara.
EN: In the UK, research funding is often managed by 'Councils' (like the STFC mentioned in the context). The term 'community' in a scientific context refers to the collective group of researchers, professors, and students within a specific field, emphasizing their interconnectedness and shared interests.
EN: This sentence uses an inverted conditional structure for the third conditional (past unreal). By placing 'Had' at the beginning and omitting 'if', the tone becomes more formal and literary. It expresses a hypothetical situation in the past that did not happen.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan struktur ayat bersyarat terbalik untuk kondisional jenis ketiga (bertentangan dengan fakta lampau). Dengan meletakkan kata bantu 'Had' di awal ayat dan menggugurkan 'if', nada menjadi lebih formal dan bersifat sastera. Ini digunakan untuk menyatakan situasi hipotesis yang tidak pernah berlaku pada masa lalu.
Had the company invested in new technology earlier, it would not have gone bankrupt.
Jika syarikat itu telah melabur dalam teknologi baharu lebih awal, ia tidak akan muflis.
EN: The verb 'address' in this context means to think about and begin to deal with an issue or problem. It is a high-register alternative to 'deal with' or 'solve', commonly used in professional and academic settings.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'address' dalam konteks ini bermaksud "menangani" atau "mengendalikan" sesuatu isu atau masalah. Ia merupakan alternatif yang lebih tinggi tarafnya untuk 'deal with' atau 'solve', dan sering digunakan dalam konteks profesional dan akademik.
The CEO promised to address the concerns raised by the employees.
Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif berjanji untuk menangani kebimbangan yang dibangkitkan oleh pekerja.
EN: The modal perfect 'might have been averted' expresses a past possibility that did not occur. 'Avert' specifically means to prevent something bad or dangerous from happening.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata bantu kala sempurna 'might have been averted' menyatakan kemungkinan pada masa lalu yang tidak berlaku. 'Avert' secara khusus bermaksud "mengelakkan" atau "mencegah" perkara buruk atau bahaya daripada berlaku.
A potential disaster might have been averted if the warning signs had been noticed.
Jika isyarat amaran awal telah diberi perhatian pada masa itu, bencana yang berpotensi mungkin dapat dielakkan.
EN: The sentence reflects a common rhetorical style in British political and academic discourse, where hypothetical 'what-if' scenarios are used to subtly criticize government policy or lack of foresight. The use of 'institutional challenges' is a polite, formal way to refer to systemic failures or bureaucratic problems.
EN: The past perfect tense ('had already meant') is used to describe an action or state that was completed before another point in time or event in the past (the 'cuts'). It emphasizes the sequence of events.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala lampau sempurna (had already meant) digunakan untuk menerangkan tindakan atau keadaan yang telah selesai sebelum titik masa atau peristiwa lampau yang lain (iaitu "pemotongan ini"), menekankan urutan kejadian.
By the time the manager arrived, the technical glitch had already caused several delays.
Sebelum pengurus tiba, kerosakan teknikal telah pun menyebabkan beberapa kelewatan.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Prior to' functions as a formal alternative to 'before'. It is commonly used in academic and journalistic registers to establish a temporal relationship.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa sendi nama "Prior to" berfungsi sebagai alternatif formal untuk "before". Ia sering digunakan dalam wacana akademik dan kewartawanan untuk mewujudkan hubungan kronologi.
Prior to the implementation of the new policy, staff were consulted extensively.
Sebelum pelaksanaan dasar baharu, pandangan pekerja telah dirujuk secara meluas.
EN: The passive voice 'were created' focuses on the result (the lack of positions) rather than the agent responsible for the action, which is typical in formal reporting.
Bahasa Melayu: Suara pasif "were created" menumpukan perhatian kepada hasil (kekurangan jawatan) dan bukannya pihak yang melaksanakan tindakan, yang sangat biasa dalam laporan formal.
No new records were broken during the preliminary rounds of the competition.
Tiada rekod baharu dipecahkan semasa peringkat kelayakan pertandingan itu.
EN: The term 'postdoctoral positions' (often shortened to 'postdocs') refers to temporary research positions held by individuals who have completed their doctoral studies. In the UK and global scientific community, these roles are crucial for early-career researchers to gain expertise and are highly sensitive to government funding cycles.
EN: The phrase 'extend well beyond' is a common idiomatic expression used to indicate that the influence, scope, or consequences of something are much broader than a specific area or initial expectation. 'Well' acts as an intensifier for 'beyond'.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'extend well beyond' ialah ungkapan idiomatik yang biasa digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa kesan, skop, atau akibat sesuatu perkara adalah jauh lebih luas daripada bidang tertentu atau daripada yang dijangkakan pada mulanya. 'Well' di sini berfungsi sebagai penguat bagi 'beyond', bermaksud 'jauh melebihi'.
The benefits of regular exercise extend well beyond physical fitness to include mental well-being.
Faedah senaman yang kerap jauh melebihi kesihatan fizikal, termasuk juga kesihatan mental.
EN: The word 'implications' (plural) refers to the possible future effects or results of an action or decision. It is often used in formal or academic contexts to discuss consequences that are not immediately obvious.
Bahasa Melayu: 'Implications' (bentuk jamak) merujuk kepada kesan atau akibat masa hadapan yang mungkin berlaku akibat sesuatu tindakan atau keputusan. Ia sering digunakan dalam konteks formal atau akademik untuk membincangkan akibat yang tidak semestinya jelas.
We need to consider the legal implications of this new policy.
Kita perlu mempertimbangkan implikasi undang-undang dasar baharu ini.
EN: In British English discourse, 'academia' is often discussed as a distinct sector from 'industry' or 'the real world'. This sentence reflects a common debate in the UK regarding the value of taxpayer-funded fundamental research and its long-term economic and societal contributions beyond university walls.
EN: The Present Perfect tense ('has driven') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have relevance or effect in the present. The adverb 'historically' reinforces this long-term continuity.
Bahasa Melayu: Kala Kini Sempurna (has driven) digunakan di sini untuk menerangkan tindakan yang bermula pada masa lalu dan masih memberi kesan atau berkaitan dengan masa kini. Adverba 'historically' (dari segi sejarah) mengukuhkan lagi ciri jangka panjang ini.
The company has consistently prioritized sustainability in its manufacturing processes.
Syarikat itu sentiasa mengutamakan kelestarian dalam proses pembuatannya.
EN: The verb 'drive' is used figuratively to mean 'to provide the power or motivation for something to happen or develop'. It is a high-register alternative to 'cause' or 'lead to' in academic and professional contexts.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'drive' digunakan secara kiasan untuk bermaksud 'memberikan kuasa atau motivasi untuk sesuatu berlaku atau berkembang'. Dalam konteks akademik dan profesional, ia merupakan alternatif yang lebih tinggi tarafnya daripada 'cause' atau 'lead to'.
Market demand often drives technological breakthroughs.
Permintaan pasaran sering mendorong kejayaan teknologi.
EN: Parallel structure in lists: When listing multiple items ('technology, healthcare, and industry'), they should all belong to the same grammatical category (in this case, nouns) to maintain clarity and professional tone.
Bahasa Melayu: Struktur selari dalam senarai: Apabila menyenaraikan beberapa item (teknologi, penjagaan kesihatan dan industri), item-item tersebut hendaklah tergolong dalam kategori tatabahasa yang sama (di sini, kata nama) untuk mengekalkan kejelasan dan nada profesional.
The policy aims to improve education, infrastructure, and public safety.
Dasar itu bertujuan untuk menambah baik pendidikan, infrastruktur dan keselamatan awam.
EN: The sentence highlights the 'spillover effect' of fundamental science. In the UK and globally, particle physics (like research at CERN) is often defended against budget cuts by pointing to its practical applications, such as the World Wide Web or MRI scanners, which emerged from basic research.
EN: The sentence uses an inverted conditional structure where 'Should' replaces 'If'. This is a formal way to express a first conditional (If + subject + present simple). It suggests a possibility that is slightly more formal or hypothetical than using 'If'.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan struktur ayat bersyarat terbalik di mana 'Should' menggantikan 'If'. Ini ialah cara formal untuk menyatakan kondisional jenis pertama (If + subjek + kala kini ringkas). Ia membawa nada yang lebih formal atau hipotetikal berbanding menggunakan 'If'.
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our office.
Sekiranya anda memerlukan bantuan lanjut, sila hubungi pejabat kami pada bila-bila masa.
EN: The verb 'risk' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when it means to do something that may result in something bad happening. In this context, 'risks losing' indicates the potential negative consequence of failing to act.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'risk' diikuti oleh gerund (kata kerja + -ing) apabila ia bermaksud melakukan sesuatu yang mungkin menyebabkan perkara buruk. Dalam konteks ini, 'risks losing' menunjukkan akibat negatif yang mungkin berlaku jika tindakan tidak diambil.
By ignoring the safety protocols, the company risks facing heavy fines.
Disebabkan mengabaikan protokol keselamatan, syarikat itu berisiko dikenakan denda yang besar.
EN: The term 'brain drain' is often used in British media to describe the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country. This sentence reflects a deep-seated concern in the UK about losing its historical edge in global science due to domestic policy changes.
EN: The sentence uses a 'Whether-clause' as a noun clause serving as the subject. This structure is used to present a question or a choice between two possibilities (whether they will or will not) as the topic of the sentence.
Bahasa Melayu: Ayat ini menggunakan 'klausa Whether' sebagai klausa nama yang berfungsi sebagai subjek. Struktur ini digunakan untuk menjadikan soalan atau dua kemungkinan (sama ada tindakan akan diambil) sebagai topik perbincangan keseluruhan ayat.
Whether the new law will effectively reduce carbon emissions remains a subject of intense debate.
Sama ada undang-undang baharu itu dapat mengurangkan pelepasan karbon dengan berkesan masih menjadi topik perdebatan hangat.
EN: The phrase 'remains to be seen' is a common idiomatic expression used to indicate that the outcome of a situation is currently unknown and will only be revealed in the future.
Bahasa Melayu: Frasa 'Remains to be seen' ialah ungkapan idiomatik biasa yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahawa keputusan sesuatu keadaan masih tidak jelas dan hanya akan diketahui pada masa hadapan.
The long-term effects of the treatment remain to be seen.
Kesan jangka panjang terapi tersebut masih belum dapat dipastikan.
EN: The verb 'heed' is a formal synonym for 'pay attention to' or 'follow advice.' It is frequently used in journalistic or academic contexts when discussing warnings or instructions.
Bahasa Melayu: Kata kerja 'heed' ialah sinonim formal untuk 'pay attention to' atau 'follow advice'. Ia sering digunakan dalam konteks kewartawanan atau akademik apabila membincangkan amaran atau arahan.
The hikers failed to heed the warnings about the approaching storm.
Pendaki gunung itu gagal menghiraukan amaran tentang ribut yang akan datang.
EN: The sentence reflects the ongoing tension in the UK between scientific research institutions and government funding bodies. The term 'scientific community' implies a unified voice of experts, often used in political discourse to contrast expert opinion with political decision-making.
Kosa kata utama dengan sebutan IPA, definisi, contoh ayat, dan kuiz interaktif.
Dalam konteks: Berkaitan dengan kelangsungan hidup atau kewujudan; soal hidup mati
Dalam konteks: Membinasakan; sangat merosakkan
Dalam konteks: Memotong secara drastik (peruntukan, harga, dsb.)
Dalam konteks: Menerobos; bersifat perintis
Dalam konteks: Tanpa kawalan; dibiarkan berterusan
Dalam konteks: Membahayakan; menjejaskan
Dalam konteks: Tidak dapat diukur; sukar dianggarkan
Dalam konteks: Menjadi asas kepada; menyokong
Dalam konteks: Kelestarian; keupayaan untuk berkekalan
Dalam konteks: Mencegah; mengelakkan (bencana, dsb.)
Dalam konteks: Lintasan perkembangan; hala tuju
Dalam konteks: Mengendahkan; mematuhi (nasihat atau amaran)
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, nota penggunaan, dan contoh ayat.
To be equivalent to; to result in.
Sama dengan; setara dengan
Used to say that it is not yet certain whether something will happen or be true.
masih belum dapat dipastikan; belum diketahui
Basic research that aims to improve scientific theories for better understanding of a subject.
penyelidikan asas
To be badly affected by something.
terjejas teruk
A branch of physics that uses mathematical models and abstractions to understand the nature of subatomic particles, as opposed to experimental physics.
Teori zarah
A committee of experts who evaluate research proposals and decide how funding should be allocated.
Panel geran
The path followed by a projectile or, metaphorically, the course of development of a situation or trend.
Trajektori pembangunan / Trend