EN: The relative pronoun 'whose' indicates possession. It introduces a relative clause that modifies a preceding noun (the antecedent 'rail passengers'), showing that the trains belong to or are associated with those passengers.
Students whose names are called should step forward.
EN: The present perfect tense ('has announced') connects a past action to the present, commonly used in news reports to present recent, relevant developments as current news.
The company has launched a new customer support service.
EN: Britain's railway network consists of multiple private train operating companies. Historically, tickets were often strictly non-transferable across different operators when disruptions occurred, causing severe inconvenience for passengers.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'without + V-ing' is used to express that an action does not happen or something is not done while the main action takes place.
You can renew your membership without paying any penalty.
EN: 'The right to + verb' uses a to-infinitive as an adjective modifying the noun 'right', specifying what kind of right or entitlement is granted.
Citizens have the right to vote in local elections.
EN: In Britain, the railway network is run by multiple private train operating companies (TOCs). Historically, a ticket bought for one operator was usually not valid on another, causing severe frustration when services were cancelled.
EN: The structure 'describe [something] as [something]' is used to explain what someone thinks of something or how they characterize it.
The local media described the event as a huge success.
EN: A defining relative clause starting with 'that' modifies the noun phrase 'a commonsense reform'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject followed by the verb phrase 'puts passengers first'.
We need a policy that supports small businesses.
EN: In the UK, the rail system was privatised in the 1990s, leading to fragmented franchises run by private train operating companies. Critics frequently argue that this model prioritised private shareholders and profits over passenger convenience, so government rhetoric often emphasizes 'putting passengers first'.
EN: The phrase 'until now' indicates a situation that was true up to the present or the reference moment, and is commonly paired with the Present Perfect tense ('have not been') to contrast past conditions with a recent change.
Until now, passengers have had very few options during rail delays.
EN: The adjective phrase 'valid on + noun' expresses that a ticket, permit, or document is officially acceptable or usable on a particular service or transport mode.
This travel card is only valid on local buses, not express coaches.
EN: Britain's railway network was privatised in the 1990s and is divided among multiple competing private Train Operating Companies (TOCs). Unlike state-run rail networks elsewhere in Europe, a ticket bought for one operator often cannot be used on another operator's train running on the same route, which historically caused widespread frustration during service cancellations.
EN: The sentence begins with a dependent adverbial time clause introduced by 'When' ('When services were disrupted'). When an adverbial clause precedes the main clause, it is typically followed by a comma.
When flights were delayed, travelers waited patiently at the gate.
EN: 'Had to' is the past simple form of the semi-modal 'have to', expressing past obligation or necessity. It is followed by a base verb ('wait').
Because the elevator was broken, we had to take the stairs.
EN: In Britain's privatised rail network, train services are run by several different private train operating companies (TOCs). Historically, ticket acceptance between competing companies during service disruptions required bilateral commercial agreements, frequently leaving stranded passengers with limited flexibility.
EN: The passive structure 'be forced to + base verb' expresses that someone has no choice but to do something due to external pressure or circumstances. Here, 'were forced to buy' indicates past obligation imposed on travelers.
Residents were forced to evacuate the building after the fire alarm went off.
EN: Coordinated infinitives after 'to': when two actions share the same infinitive marker 'to' connected by 'and', the second 'to' is commonly omitted (ellipsis) — 'to [buy...] and [apply...]'.
He decided to sell his old car and buy an electric one.
EN: In Britain, the railway network is divided among multiple private operating companies (franchises). Because pre-booked advance tickets were typically tied to a specific operator, disrupted passengers previously could not simply board another company's train, creating widespread public frustration with rail fragmentation.
EN: The past perfect continuous tense ('had been paying') is formed with 'had been' + present participle (-ing). It emphasizes an ongoing, continuous action that took place before another past action or reference point (here, before the Department 'said').
Local residents had been complaining about the noise before the new regulations were introduced.
EN: The structure 'prioritise A over B' means to treat A as more important than B. In this sentence, the relative clause 'which prioritised shareholders over travellers' modifies the noun 'system'.
The hospital prioritises emergency cases over routine check-ups.
EN: Britain's railway network was privatised in the 1990s, resulting in multiple independent train operating companies. Critics have long argued that this fragmentation prioritised private profit and shareholder dividends over seamless public service, which is why government statements often stress putting passengers first.
EN: A defining relative clause (starting with 'who') is used to specify exactly which 'customers' are being referred to. Here, 'who hold a valid ticket' modifies 'customers' and acts as the subject of the subordinate clause.
Passengers who arrive late must wait for the next service.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Under the new rule' is placed at the beginning of the sentence as an adverbial of condition/framework, setting the legal or procedural context for the main clause.
Under the current policy, staff can work remotely on Fridays.
EN: In the UK, the passenger rail network is privatised and split among multiple private train operating companies (TOCs). Historically, tickets bought for one operator were strictly invalid on another's services unless formal mutual arrangements were activated during disruptions. This rule change was widely hailed as a major pro-passenger reform.
EN: The structure '[time duration] before or after [event]' specifies a flexible time window surrounding a reference point. The noun phrase 'two hours' acts as an adverbial modifier to the prepositions.
Passengers can change their tickets one day before or after the scheduled departure.
EN: Prepositional phrases indicating place and circumstance: 'on a reasonable alternative route' uses the preposition 'on' to denote travel along a transport line or designated route.
You are allowed to travel on any valid route without extra charges.
EN: In the UK railway network, which is divided among multiple private operating companies (train operating companies or TOCs), tickets have historically been strictly restricted to specific operators. Passengers whose trains were cancelled frequently faced 'ticket acceptance' barriers, where other operators would not honour their tickets without official emergency agreements.
EN: The relative clause 'that puts passengers first' defines the preceding noun phrase 'a simple, commonsense change'. 'That' acts as the subject pronoun of the relative clause, followed directly by the singular verb 'puts'. The idiom 'put [someone/something] first' means to prioritize them above all else.
We need a healthcare policy that puts patients first.
EN: 'Should be left stranded' combines the modal verb 'should' with a passive construction ('be left') followed by an adjective functioning as an object/subject complement ('stranded'). 'Leave someone + adjective' means to cause someone to remain in a particular state; in the passive voice, the subject 'is left + adjective'.
Hundreds of commuters were left stranded after the severe storm hit the city.
EN: The phrase 'fragmented railway' refers to the legacy of Britain's rail privatization in the 1990s, which split the national network into dozens of independent train operating companies (TOCs) and track infrastructure. Historically, each company had separate ticketing restrictions, meaning a ticket for one operator was often invalid on another even during severe disruptions.
EN: Indirect reporting with a conditional clause: The verb 'added' introduces a noun clause ('that...'), which contains a first conditional structure ('if + present simple, modal + bare infinitive') to express a real possibility and its outcome.
She explained that if the flight is delayed, passengers can request a meal voucher.
EN: Preposition + Gerund ('without + V-ing'): The preposition 'without' is followed by a gerund ('paying') to indicate an action that does not take place while performing another action.
You can exchange the product within thirty days without showing a receipt.
EN: The railway network in Great Britain is fragmented across multiple private train operating companies (TOCs). Historically, tickets bought for one specific company were rarely accepted by another, leading to passenger frustration during cancellations until cross-operator acceptance rules were introduced.
EN: Reported Speech with Past Continuous: When reporting what someone said in the past, the present continuous ('is working') shifts back to past continuous ('was working'). The conjunction 'that' is omitted here after 'said'.
The company said it was trying to improve customer service.
EN: Causative structure 'make + object + complement': The verb 'make' is followed by the direct object ('the railway') and parallel adjectives functioning as object complements ('simpler, fairer, and easier to use').
New technology makes our lives faster and more convenient.
EN: The UK rail network was privatised in the 1990s, resulting in dozens of private Train Operating Companies (TOCs). This fragmentation often caused severe customer service issues when journeys were disrupted across different operators, leading to frequent government interventions and reform promises.
IPA 발음, 정의, 예문, 인터랙티브 퀴즈가 포함된 핵심 단어입니다.
유형 태그, 이중 언어 정의, 사용 설명, 예문이 포함된 구문입니다.
To treat someone or something as the most important priority.
To make a formal request for something, such as a job, a visa, or a refund.
To suffer the bad consequences of an action, mistake, or situation.
To leave someone in a helpless position where they cannot travel or get home.